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4 - Biodiversity and Civil Engineering.pdf
- 1. Biodiversity and Civil Engineering Prof.Marselina Irasonia Tan Prof. Rizkita RE Dr. Ahmad Faizal
- 2. Biodiversity and CivilEngineering • Civil engineering and biodiversity are intertwined, as civil engineering projects can significantly impact ecosystems, and civil engineers have a role in mitigating negative impacts and promoting biodiversity through design choices and sustainable practices. What are the consequences of civil engineering on biodiversity AmnestyCanada on X: "Before & after images show destruction occurred as construction of #SiteC dam presses ahead: https://t.co/QRutYKs8ec
- 3. Impact of civilengineering on biodiversity Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Construction projects, roads, and infrastructure development can lead to the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats, disrupting ecosystems and reducing biodiversity. Pollution: Construction activities can introduce pollutants into water and soil, harming wildlife and ecosystems. Climate Change: Civil engineering projects contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, which exacerbate climate change, further impacting biodiversity. Material Sourcing: The extraction and processing of materials for construction can have negative impacts on biodiversity, such as deforestation for timber or quarrying for aggregates.
- 4. What is biodiversity •Bio means “Life” and diversity means “variety” • Hence biodiversity refers wide variety of life on the earth. • Biodiversity is the biological variety and variability of life on earth. Biodiversity is typically a measure of variation at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level • Biodiversity also differs from one ecosystem to another • It includes complete spectrum of living organism from microscopic level (Bacteria, viruses, fungsi etc) to macroscopic level (insects,fishes, reptiles, bird, mammals) Biodiversity
- 6. Stange, M., Barrett,R.D.H. & Hendry, A.P. The importance of genomic variation for biodiversity, ecosystems and people. Nat Rev Genet 22, 89–105 (2021).
- 7. Types of Biodiversity •Three different type of biodiversity: https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/ 10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_53-1
- 8. Types of Biodiversity •Genetic biodiversity • Refers to the variations among the genetic resources of the organisms • Every individual of a particular species differs from each other in their genetic constitution. That is every human looks different from each other • There are different varieties in the same species of rice, what, maize, barley, etc
- 9. Species biodiversity • Speciesdiversity refers to the variety of different types of species found in particular area • It is the biodiversity at the most basic level. It includes all the species ranging from plants to different microorganisms • No two individuals of the same species are exactly similar. For example, humans show a lot of diversity among themselves.
- 10. Ecological diversity • Anecosystem is a collection of living and nonliving organisms and their interaction with each other. Ecological biodiversity refers to the variations in the plant and animal species living together and connected by food chains and food webs. • It is the diversity observed among the different ecosystems in a different ecosystems like deserts, rainforests, mangroves, etc., include ecological diversity
- 11. Biodiversity value Conservation biologyseeks to counter the trend toward the extinction of thousands of plants and animals. Biodiversity is a highly valuable resource. Biodiversity value: • Direct value • Individual species provide services to humans and contribute to the value we should place on biodiversity. • Indirect value • biodiversity are widespread and difficult to assign a direct dollar value.
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- 13. Importance of biodiversity: Increaseecosystem productivity; each species in an ecosystem has a specific role to play Support a larger number of plant species and therefore, a greater variety of crops Protect freshwater resources Promote soils formation and protection Provide for nutrient storage and recycling Aid in breaking down pollutants Contribute to climate stability Speed recovery from natural disasters Provide more food resources Provide more medicinal resources and pharmaceutical drugs Offer environments for recreation and tourism
- 14. What factors influencethe distribution of biodiversity? lattitude Hunting and direct exploitation of flora and fauna Size of the area and topography The level of recording of species within the region Anthropogenic effects such as pollution, clearance for agriculture Growth of human population Endemism Rate of nutrient cycling Amount of light temperature Altitude Biodiversity climate
- 15. • Lost ofspecies is around 1000 times higher in the last 100.000 year. • Extirpation : lost of a species population • Extinction : lost of all population from a species permanently. Lost of genetic, species, and ecosystem biodiversity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Roads cut through forest Forest occurs in patches Destroyed areas Wildlife habitat is reduced c(top): Courtesy Woods Hole Research Center; (center): Courtesy R.O. Bierregaard, Jr.; (bottom): Courtesy Thomas Stone, Woods Hole Research Center
- 16. 0 20 4060 80 100 Habitat Loss Exotic Species Pollution Overexploitation Disease Threats to wildlife % Species Affected by Threat Threats to Biodiversity • Humans contribute to the biodiversity crisis. • 1,880 species in the U.S. are threatened or nearly extinct. the causes of species extinction : • Habitat loss(85%) • Exotic species(50%) • Pollution (24%) • Overexploitation(17%) • disease (3%)
- 17. Loss of habitat •Loss of habitat due to : • agriculture, • Urban development, • forestry, • mining, • Environmental pollution © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 18. Pollution • Pollution weakensthe organism and makes it more susceptible to disease • Five types of pollution which are threatening the biodiversity : • Acid deposition • Eutrophication: • The lake experiences stress due to excessive nutrients from waste. • Ozone depletion • Organic substance • Global warming
- 19. Concentration of PCBs Herring gull eggs 124ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm Smelt 1.04 ppm Phytoplankton 0.025 ppm Zooplankton 0.123 ppm
- 20. Human activities areresponsible for the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations Much of the rapid warming is caused by the burning of fossil fuels. • CO2 in the atmosphere does not exceed 300 ppm for 650,000 years. • Preindustrial concentrations below 300 ppm. • CO2 in the atmosphere is currently about 385 ppm. • Methane and nitrous oxide in high concentrations also trap heat.
- 21. Rapid warming ischanging the global climate • The increase in global temperatures caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases is changing climate patterns with serious consequences. • Global temperatures have risen by 0.8oC in the last 100 years. • A 0.6 oC increase has occurred in the last three decades. • An increase of 2 to 4.5oC is most likely to occur by the end of the 21st century. • Temperature rise is not evenly distributed. • Rainfall patterns also change. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 22. Climate change isan agent of natural selection • Phenotypic plasticity • have minimized the impact of global climate change on some species, and • Cases of microevolutionary changes have been observed. • The speed of environmental change makes it impossible for the evolutionary process to save many species from extinction. • Example: In Europe, the large tit bird • has shifted its mating season early, in the example of directed selection, • support individuals who lay eggs faster, and • more suitable for the appearance of previous caterpillars. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 23. How Civil EngineersCan Promote Biodiversity Mitigation Hierarchy: Civil engineers can use the mitigation hierarchy to prioritize biodiversity conservation and enhancement. This involves avoiding impacts, minimizing impacts, restoring degraded habitats, and offsetting unavoidable impacts. Nature-Based Solutions: Incorporating natural features and processes into infrastructure design, such as green roofs, green walls, and permeable pavements, can create habitats and enhance biodiversity. Sustainable Materials: Choosing sustainable and locally sourced materials can reduce the environmental impact of construction projects. Collaboration: Working with ecologists and other specialists to ensure that projects are designed with biodiversity in mind. Biodiversity Net Gain: Implementing Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG) initiatives, which require developers to demonstrate a net increase in biodiversity on- site or off-site. Embodied Biodiversity Impacts: Assessing the impacts of construction materials throughout their lifecycles, from extraction to disposal, to ensure that materials are chosen with minimal negative impacts on biodiversity.
- 24. CONNECTION: The studyof how to restore degraded habitats is a growing science • Restoration ecology uses ecological principles to restore degraded areas to their original state, a process that is possible: • detoxification of polluted ecosystems, • replanting native vegetation, and • return the waterways to their natural course. • Large-scale restoration project seeks to restore damaged landscape. • The Kissimmee River Restoration Project in Florida is • restore rivers and wetlands and • Improving wildlife habitats.
- 25. Figure 38.12A Widened canal Water control structureremaining Water control structure removed River channel restored Phase 1 completed Water control structure to be removed in Phase 2 Miles Kissimmee River Floodplain Canal backfilled FLORIDA 0 10 Former canal
- 26. Sustainable development isthe ultimate goal Sustainable development • striving to improve the human condition while preserving biodiversity, • depends on the improvement and application of ecological knowledge, and • Appreciate our connection to the biosphere. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.