The document discusses the development of a new biodegradable synthetic fiber made from polylactic acid (PLA), which is synthesized from renewable corn rather than fossil fuels. PLA fiber addresses issues of depleting resources and non-biodegradable synthetic fibers. PLA fiber has properties suitable for textiles, packaging, and other applications. It can be processed like conventional synthetics but is renewable and fully biodegradable, offering environmental benefits over existing fibers. The production process involves fermenting corn into lactic acid and polymerizing it into PLA fiber through established textile processes.
Lyocell, also known by the brand name Tencel, is a man-made cellulosic fiber produced by dissolving cellulose in an organic solvent without derivatization. It is produced from wood pulp through a solvent-spinning process using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) as the solvent. The manufacturing process involves dissolving cellulose pulp in NMMO, filtering the solution, extruding it through spinnerets into fibers, and removing the solvent to produce a strong yet soft fiber. Lyocell fibers have properties similar to cotton such as high strength, absorbency and softness but are more durable and easier to care for.
Spinning process
What is gel spinning
Gel spinning process
what are the factors affecting gel spinning
Gel spinning process polyethylene
Structure and Properties of Gel spun fiber
Applications
The document provides an overview of man-made fibers, including their history, classification, definitions, and applications. It discusses the major steps in the production of man-made staple fibers such as polymerization and spinning. The document also examines properties like crystallinity, molecular weight distribution, and structural models. Additionally, it provides insights into the global synthetic fiber market and common applications of various man-made fibers.
Here is a complete discription for students who are studying initial stages of Weaving
Thet may be able to understand the different types of Looms and End product from these Looms
Fancy Yarns by P.P Yarn Agencies provides an overview of different types of fancy yarns including their production methods and uses. Some key types are boucle, gimp and loop yarns which are made by twisting additional yarn around a core yarn. Other types include slub yarns with alternating thick and thin areas, and chenille yarns which have a soft pile bound to a core. Fancy yarns can be used for knitting, weaving, embroidery and other applications to enhance the visual appeal of fabrics and garments.
Fibers Forming Polymers and Polymer StructuresShaikh Alam
Fiber forming polymers are linear macromolecules that are usually suitable for making man-made fibers.
Based on molecular structure its divided by:
linear (end-to-end, flexible, like PVC, nylon)
branched
cross-linked (due to radiation, vulcanization, etc.)
network (similar to highly cross-linked structures)
There are several types of tensioning devices that are used in the winding process. Tensioning devices are used to apply the required tension to yarn as it passes through different parts of the machine. This helps reduce yarn breakage during weaving and allows the weaving process to be completed successfully. The main types of tensioning devices are defined by the working member that contacts the yarn and by the working principle employed. Common working principles include capstan, additive, combined, and automatic tensioning. The appropriate tensioning device is selected based on factors like maintaining uniform tension, ease of use, durability, and cost.
Lyocell, also known by the brand name Tencel, is a man-made cellulosic fiber produced by dissolving cellulose in an organic solvent without derivatization. It is produced from wood pulp through a solvent-spinning process using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) as the solvent. The manufacturing process involves dissolving cellulose pulp in NMMO, filtering the solution, extruding it through spinnerets into fibers, and removing the solvent to produce a strong yet soft fiber. Lyocell fibers have properties similar to cotton such as high strength, absorbency and softness but are more durable and easier to care for.
Spinning process
What is gel spinning
Gel spinning process
what are the factors affecting gel spinning
Gel spinning process polyethylene
Structure and Properties of Gel spun fiber
Applications
The document provides an overview of man-made fibers, including their history, classification, definitions, and applications. It discusses the major steps in the production of man-made staple fibers such as polymerization and spinning. The document also examines properties like crystallinity, molecular weight distribution, and structural models. Additionally, it provides insights into the global synthetic fiber market and common applications of various man-made fibers.
Here is a complete discription for students who are studying initial stages of Weaving
Thet may be able to understand the different types of Looms and End product from these Looms
Fancy Yarns by P.P Yarn Agencies provides an overview of different types of fancy yarns including their production methods and uses. Some key types are boucle, gimp and loop yarns which are made by twisting additional yarn around a core yarn. Other types include slub yarns with alternating thick and thin areas, and chenille yarns which have a soft pile bound to a core. Fancy yarns can be used for knitting, weaving, embroidery and other applications to enhance the visual appeal of fabrics and garments.
Fibers Forming Polymers and Polymer StructuresShaikh Alam
Fiber forming polymers are linear macromolecules that are usually suitable for making man-made fibers.
Based on molecular structure its divided by:
linear (end-to-end, flexible, like PVC, nylon)
branched
cross-linked (due to radiation, vulcanization, etc.)
network (similar to highly cross-linked structures)
There are several types of tensioning devices that are used in the winding process. Tensioning devices are used to apply the required tension to yarn as it passes through different parts of the machine. This helps reduce yarn breakage during weaving and allows the weaving process to be completed successfully. The main types of tensioning devices are defined by the working member that contacts the yarn and by the working principle employed. Common working principles include capstan, additive, combined, and automatic tensioning. The appropriate tensioning device is selected based on factors like maintaining uniform tension, ease of use, durability, and cost.
Lenzing Modal is a modal fiber made from beechwood sourced from sustainably managed forests, over half of which comes locally from Austria. It uses an innovative environmental technology to process the wood into a soft fiber through natural growth and stock rejuvenation processes. The end result is a fiber known for its heavenly softness on the skin.
New! Tough, flexible, affordable fabric for sewing and crafting! Meet Marutiwondertex, the tough new white polyester fabric with the soft, slightly pebbly texture. #fabric #marutiwondertex
Difference between viscose and lyocell fiberShaon Nirob
This document summarizes the key differences between viscose and lyocell fibers. Viscose is a regenerated cellulose fiber made from wood pulp that was discovered in 1891 and commercially produced starting in 1905. Lyocell is a type of rayon made through a solvent-spinning process using cellulose dissolved in N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, discovered in 1936 and first commercially produced in 1992 under the brand name Tencel. The document outlines the production processes, chemical properties, physical properties, and applications of each fiber type. Viscose is commonly used in clothing, home textiles, and hygiene products, while lyocell is used for apparel, upholstery, filters, and medical text
Medical textiles are textile products designed for medical applications. They can be classified as non-implantable materials like wound dressings and bandages, extracorporeal devices like artificial organs, and implantable materials like sutures and grafts. Key properties for medical textiles include being non-toxic, non-allergenic, able to be sterilized, and bio-compatible. Common fibers used are natural fibers like cotton as well as synthetic fibers like polyester and specialty fibers like collagen and chitosan. Medical textiles help improve patient comfort and aid in healing.
Mercerization physical andchemical changes in cottonAdane Nega
The document summarizes the process of mercerization of cotton, which was discovered and patented by British chemist John Mercer in the 1850s. When cotton fabric is treated with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, it causes the cotton fibers to shrink. Later developments applied tension to the fabric during NaOH treatment to reduce shrinkage. By the 1890s, the process of mercerizing cotton yarn and fabric using tension had been commercialized. Mercerization causes physical and chemical changes in cotton fibers that increase their strength, luster, and dye absorption capacity.
Assignment Dyeing of Cotton & Polyester Blend Fabric with suitable Dyes..pdfMd.Monirul Islam
The document discusses the dyeing process for cotton and polyester blend fabrics, including the objectives of blending fibers, suitable dyes used for each fiber type, and methods for dyeing the blend in one or two bath processes. Common dyeing methods include one-bath one-step dyeing or one-bath two-stage dyeing using disperse dyes for polyester and reactive dyes for cotton. The document provides details on dye recipes and dyeing procedures to successfully dye cotton/polyester blend fabrics with appropriate dyes.
Fancy yarns are special products of spinning, twisting, wrapping, texturing and knitting, etc. The demand for yarns with structural and/or optical effects is due to the special aesthetic and high decorative appeal to the woven, knitted materials, and other textiles as well. Textile materials that are produced using yarns with effects find applications in normal and high fashion clothing.
The document discusses textile chemical testing and mercerization. Some key points:
1) Textile chemical testing is performed to check quality before large-scale usage and includes testing fabrics, dyes, chemicals and processes. It aims to detect faults, standardize results and create data for the future.
2) Mercerization improves properties of cotton like luster, strength and dye affinity. It involves treating cotton in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution under tension. This causes fiber swelling and longitudinal shrinkage, modifying the fiber structure.
3) Effects of mercerization include increased luster, dye absorption, reactivity to chemicals, strength and smoothness. The quality of mercerization depends
This document provides an overview of composite materials. It defines composites as materials made of two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Composites consist of a reinforcement material embedded in a matrix to hold the reinforcements together. Common reinforcements include fibers, particles or flakes. The matrix materials are typically polymers, metals or ceramics. The document discusses various types of composites and their applications in areas like transportation, aerospace, sports equipment and infrastructure. Composites offer advantages like high strength, stiffness and corrosion resistance combined with lighter weight.
The document discusses different mechanical bonding processes used to make nonwoven fabrics, focusing on needle punching and hydroentanglement. It provides details on:
1) The needle punching process which uses barbed needles to mechanically interlock fibers. Key components of the needle loom and felting needles are described.
2) The hydroentanglement process which uses high pressure water jets to entangle fibers. Details are given on the precursor web formation, entanglement unit, water system, and dewatering/drying steps.
3) Common applications of needlepunched and hydroentangled nonwovens which include wipes, protective clothing, artificial leather, surgical fabrics, filtration media and automotive uses.
This document discusses nonwoven needle punching processes. It defines nonwovens and describes the three stages of nonwoven production: web formation, web bonding, and finishing treatments. It then focuses on the needle punching process, describing how barbed needles repeatedly penetrate a fibrous web to mechanically entangle the fibers. Key aspects of needle design like needle density and stroke frequency are discussed. The principles of needle punching and how it orientates fibers are also summarized. Applications of needle punched nonwovens are then listed.
Bicomponent fibers are filaments made of two different polymers extruded together within the same filament. This allows the fibers to exploit the desirable properties of both polymers. There are several types of bicomponent fiber geometries, including core-sheath, side-by-side, segmented pie, and islands-in-the-sea. Bicomponent fibers find applications in areas like apparel, home textiles, and nonwovens due to properties like bonding ability, dyeability, insulation, and strength. They can be processed further to produce microfibers for high strength nonwoven materials.
Textile fiber is the raw material used in the textile industry. There are several ways to classify textile fibers, including by their nature and origin, moisture absorption abilities, and source. Natural fibers come from plants, animals, or minerals. Plant fibers include those from seeds like cotton, from plant skins like flax, and from leaves like sisal. Animal fibers include silk from silkworms and wool from animal hair. Mineral fibers include asbestos. Man-made fibers are artificially produced from other substances, like polyester and nylon. Regenerated fibers are produced from natural cellulose sources like cotton. Fibers can also be classified as hydrophilic, able to absorb water like cotton, or hydrophobic
The compact spinning is a process where fiber strand drawn by drafting system is condensed before twisting it.Following methods are used by machine manufacturers to condense the fiber strand.
1. Aerodynamic condensing.
2. Mechanical condensing.
3. Magnetic condensing.
Compact spinning has a promising future because of the higher production and improved quality of compact yarns
This document contains a quiz on textile technology. It includes multiple choice objective questions, direct questions that require a short text response, open questions, and conversion problems. The topics covered include fibers, yarns, fabrics, manufacturing processes, and properties. There are a total of 30 multiple choice questions and 5 direct response questions. Conversion problems involve converting between units like ounces and grams, yards and centimeters, and kilograms and pounds.
This presentation discusses yarn twist, including its objectives and effects on yarn properties. Twist is inserted into staple fiber yarns to hold fibers together and impart strength and other properties. There are two types of twist: real twist, where one end of yarn is rotated relative to the other; and false twist, where both ends are clamped and twist inserted between. The level of twist impacts yarn strength, absorbency, and wear properties.
Modal is a type of rayon fiber that is stronger and more dimensionally stable when wet than regular viscose rayon. It is produced through a modified viscose process involving treatment with weaker caustic soda and lower concentrations of acids and salts in the coagulating bath. This results in longer polymer chains and a more crystalline structure compared to viscose rayon. Modal fiber is commonly blended with cotton or polyester and used in textiles like towels, bed sheets, and clothing due to its soft, absorbent properties and resemblance to cotton.
This PPT are used for textile engineering students, textile technology who takes textile testing courses. the PPt prepared from different books and NPTEL textile engineering web site.
Reference books of textile technologies weavingSamrat Dewan
The document discusses sectional warping, which involves winding warp threads onto a dresser or drum in parallel sections. The number of sections depends on the creel capacity. Each section contains the same number of threads, with the last section sometimes containing fewer threads. The width of each section is calculated based on the total number of sections and the reed width. A warping machine contains a creel, dresser, trolley, and warping carriage. The carriage guides the threads onto the dresser using a comb, metering roller, and levelling roller to ensure even tension and winding of the sections.
This document provides an overview of biodegradable polymers. It begins by defining biodegradable polymers as polymeric materials that can be broken down by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi into carbon dioxide, water and biomass. It then discusses the history of biodegradable polymers and describes the three main classes: conventional non-biodegradable plastics, partially degradable plastics containing natural fibers, and completely biodegradable plastics derived from natural sources like starch. The document also outlines the types of biodegradable polymers including naturally occurring resins like starch and proteins, and biodegradable synthetic resins. Finally, it discusses applications of biodegradable polymers in packaging.
The document discusses biodegradable polymers and their importance as an alternative to conventional plastics. It provides background on biodegradable polymers, describing how they are defined and how they differ from conventional plastics in being able to break down from the action of microorganisms. The document outlines the main types of biodegradable polymers, their applications in packaging, agriculture, and medical sectors, and how some automakers are starting to use biodegradable composites in vehicles.
Lenzing Modal is a modal fiber made from beechwood sourced from sustainably managed forests, over half of which comes locally from Austria. It uses an innovative environmental technology to process the wood into a soft fiber through natural growth and stock rejuvenation processes. The end result is a fiber known for its heavenly softness on the skin.
New! Tough, flexible, affordable fabric for sewing and crafting! Meet Marutiwondertex, the tough new white polyester fabric with the soft, slightly pebbly texture. #fabric #marutiwondertex
Difference between viscose and lyocell fiberShaon Nirob
This document summarizes the key differences between viscose and lyocell fibers. Viscose is a regenerated cellulose fiber made from wood pulp that was discovered in 1891 and commercially produced starting in 1905. Lyocell is a type of rayon made through a solvent-spinning process using cellulose dissolved in N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, discovered in 1936 and first commercially produced in 1992 under the brand name Tencel. The document outlines the production processes, chemical properties, physical properties, and applications of each fiber type. Viscose is commonly used in clothing, home textiles, and hygiene products, while lyocell is used for apparel, upholstery, filters, and medical text
Medical textiles are textile products designed for medical applications. They can be classified as non-implantable materials like wound dressings and bandages, extracorporeal devices like artificial organs, and implantable materials like sutures and grafts. Key properties for medical textiles include being non-toxic, non-allergenic, able to be sterilized, and bio-compatible. Common fibers used are natural fibers like cotton as well as synthetic fibers like polyester and specialty fibers like collagen and chitosan. Medical textiles help improve patient comfort and aid in healing.
Mercerization physical andchemical changes in cottonAdane Nega
The document summarizes the process of mercerization of cotton, which was discovered and patented by British chemist John Mercer in the 1850s. When cotton fabric is treated with a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, it causes the cotton fibers to shrink. Later developments applied tension to the fabric during NaOH treatment to reduce shrinkage. By the 1890s, the process of mercerizing cotton yarn and fabric using tension had been commercialized. Mercerization causes physical and chemical changes in cotton fibers that increase their strength, luster, and dye absorption capacity.
Assignment Dyeing of Cotton & Polyester Blend Fabric with suitable Dyes..pdfMd.Monirul Islam
The document discusses the dyeing process for cotton and polyester blend fabrics, including the objectives of blending fibers, suitable dyes used for each fiber type, and methods for dyeing the blend in one or two bath processes. Common dyeing methods include one-bath one-step dyeing or one-bath two-stage dyeing using disperse dyes for polyester and reactive dyes for cotton. The document provides details on dye recipes and dyeing procedures to successfully dye cotton/polyester blend fabrics with appropriate dyes.
Fancy yarns are special products of spinning, twisting, wrapping, texturing and knitting, etc. The demand for yarns with structural and/or optical effects is due to the special aesthetic and high decorative appeal to the woven, knitted materials, and other textiles as well. Textile materials that are produced using yarns with effects find applications in normal and high fashion clothing.
The document discusses textile chemical testing and mercerization. Some key points:
1) Textile chemical testing is performed to check quality before large-scale usage and includes testing fabrics, dyes, chemicals and processes. It aims to detect faults, standardize results and create data for the future.
2) Mercerization improves properties of cotton like luster, strength and dye affinity. It involves treating cotton in a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution under tension. This causes fiber swelling and longitudinal shrinkage, modifying the fiber structure.
3) Effects of mercerization include increased luster, dye absorption, reactivity to chemicals, strength and smoothness. The quality of mercerization depends
This document provides an overview of composite materials. It defines composites as materials made of two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Composites consist of a reinforcement material embedded in a matrix to hold the reinforcements together. Common reinforcements include fibers, particles or flakes. The matrix materials are typically polymers, metals or ceramics. The document discusses various types of composites and their applications in areas like transportation, aerospace, sports equipment and infrastructure. Composites offer advantages like high strength, stiffness and corrosion resistance combined with lighter weight.
The document discusses different mechanical bonding processes used to make nonwoven fabrics, focusing on needle punching and hydroentanglement. It provides details on:
1) The needle punching process which uses barbed needles to mechanically interlock fibers. Key components of the needle loom and felting needles are described.
2) The hydroentanglement process which uses high pressure water jets to entangle fibers. Details are given on the precursor web formation, entanglement unit, water system, and dewatering/drying steps.
3) Common applications of needlepunched and hydroentangled nonwovens which include wipes, protective clothing, artificial leather, surgical fabrics, filtration media and automotive uses.
This document discusses nonwoven needle punching processes. It defines nonwovens and describes the three stages of nonwoven production: web formation, web bonding, and finishing treatments. It then focuses on the needle punching process, describing how barbed needles repeatedly penetrate a fibrous web to mechanically entangle the fibers. Key aspects of needle design like needle density and stroke frequency are discussed. The principles of needle punching and how it orientates fibers are also summarized. Applications of needle punched nonwovens are then listed.
Bicomponent fibers are filaments made of two different polymers extruded together within the same filament. This allows the fibers to exploit the desirable properties of both polymers. There are several types of bicomponent fiber geometries, including core-sheath, side-by-side, segmented pie, and islands-in-the-sea. Bicomponent fibers find applications in areas like apparel, home textiles, and nonwovens due to properties like bonding ability, dyeability, insulation, and strength. They can be processed further to produce microfibers for high strength nonwoven materials.
Textile fiber is the raw material used in the textile industry. There are several ways to classify textile fibers, including by their nature and origin, moisture absorption abilities, and source. Natural fibers come from plants, animals, or minerals. Plant fibers include those from seeds like cotton, from plant skins like flax, and from leaves like sisal. Animal fibers include silk from silkworms and wool from animal hair. Mineral fibers include asbestos. Man-made fibers are artificially produced from other substances, like polyester and nylon. Regenerated fibers are produced from natural cellulose sources like cotton. Fibers can also be classified as hydrophilic, able to absorb water like cotton, or hydrophobic
The compact spinning is a process where fiber strand drawn by drafting system is condensed before twisting it.Following methods are used by machine manufacturers to condense the fiber strand.
1. Aerodynamic condensing.
2. Mechanical condensing.
3. Magnetic condensing.
Compact spinning has a promising future because of the higher production and improved quality of compact yarns
This document contains a quiz on textile technology. It includes multiple choice objective questions, direct questions that require a short text response, open questions, and conversion problems. The topics covered include fibers, yarns, fabrics, manufacturing processes, and properties. There are a total of 30 multiple choice questions and 5 direct response questions. Conversion problems involve converting between units like ounces and grams, yards and centimeters, and kilograms and pounds.
This presentation discusses yarn twist, including its objectives and effects on yarn properties. Twist is inserted into staple fiber yarns to hold fibers together and impart strength and other properties. There are two types of twist: real twist, where one end of yarn is rotated relative to the other; and false twist, where both ends are clamped and twist inserted between. The level of twist impacts yarn strength, absorbency, and wear properties.
Modal is a type of rayon fiber that is stronger and more dimensionally stable when wet than regular viscose rayon. It is produced through a modified viscose process involving treatment with weaker caustic soda and lower concentrations of acids and salts in the coagulating bath. This results in longer polymer chains and a more crystalline structure compared to viscose rayon. Modal fiber is commonly blended with cotton or polyester and used in textiles like towels, bed sheets, and clothing due to its soft, absorbent properties and resemblance to cotton.
This PPT are used for textile engineering students, textile technology who takes textile testing courses. the PPt prepared from different books and NPTEL textile engineering web site.
Reference books of textile technologies weavingSamrat Dewan
The document discusses sectional warping, which involves winding warp threads onto a dresser or drum in parallel sections. The number of sections depends on the creel capacity. Each section contains the same number of threads, with the last section sometimes containing fewer threads. The width of each section is calculated based on the total number of sections and the reed width. A warping machine contains a creel, dresser, trolley, and warping carriage. The carriage guides the threads onto the dresser using a comb, metering roller, and levelling roller to ensure even tension and winding of the sections.
This document provides an overview of biodegradable polymers. It begins by defining biodegradable polymers as polymeric materials that can be broken down by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi into carbon dioxide, water and biomass. It then discusses the history of biodegradable polymers and describes the three main classes: conventional non-biodegradable plastics, partially degradable plastics containing natural fibers, and completely biodegradable plastics derived from natural sources like starch. The document also outlines the types of biodegradable polymers including naturally occurring resins like starch and proteins, and biodegradable synthetic resins. Finally, it discusses applications of biodegradable polymers in packaging.
The document discusses biodegradable polymers and their importance as an alternative to conventional plastics. It provides background on biodegradable polymers, describing how they are defined and how they differ from conventional plastics in being able to break down from the action of microorganisms. The document outlines the main types of biodegradable polymers, their applications in packaging, agriculture, and medical sectors, and how some automakers are starting to use biodegradable composites in vehicles.
The document discusses polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a type of bioplastic polymer produced by bacteria as energy storage. It provides background on the discovery of PHB, describes the bacterial production process using excess carbon sources, and lists some common PHB-producing bacteria. The document also outlines the physical and chemical properties of PHB, compares it to other bioplastics and conventional plastics, and discusses current and potential applications. In conclusion, it addresses that while bioplastics are generally more expensive than regular plastics, the environmental benefits and developing technologies could make their costs more competitive over time.
This document provides a review of biological degradation of synthetic polymers. It discusses how biodegradable polymers are designed to degrade through the action of living organisms. Key factors that influence biodegradation are the polymer structure, presence of degrading microbes, and environmental conditions. Common biodegradable polymers discussed include starch, cellulose, and polylactic acid. The review focuses on using biomass to produce new biodegradable polymers and their potential economic and environmental benefits.
This document discusses bioplastics as an alternative to traditional plastics derived from fossil fuels. It provides background on bioplastics and their production. Global production of bioplastics has increased significantly in recent years and is projected to continue growing. Bioplastics have various advantages over traditional plastics like being renewable, biodegradable, and having a lower environmental impact. Common types include starch-based, PLA, and PHA bioplastics. They are used in packaging, electronics, catering, gardening, medical products and more. The production process and carbon cycle of bioplastics is also outlined.
Powerpoint presentation on bioplastics, history of bioplastics, Producing bioplastics, Biodegradable polymers, PHB: case study. producing PHB, History of PHB, Strains to produce PHB, applications of PHB, Companies using PHB, Companies using bioplastics, Current status of Bioplastic, Potential of Bioplastics, Conclusion
Advantages And Disadvantages Of BiocelluloseJulie Brown
Bacterial cellulose or biocellulose (BC) has superior qualities to other celluloses. It has excellent water holding capacity, high crystallinity, purity, and mechanical properties. The cost of producing biocellulose is influenced by the fermentation medium used. Testing showed the sea grass P. oceanic supported the highest biocellulose production. This suggests algal fermentation could create a new low-cost medium for industrial biocellulose production.
Biodegradable polymers are derived from biological sources such as plants and microorganisms. They include natural polymers like starch, cellulose, and proteins as well as synthetic polymers like polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) that are biodegradable. PLA is commonly used for packaging and is produced from corn via fermentation. PHAs can be produced by microorganisms and have applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. While biodegradable polymers address issues with conventional plastics, their production and properties need further improvement for widespread adoption. Continued research aims to enhance production efficiency and material properties.
This document provides an overview of polymers synthesized from renewable resources such as vegetable oils. It discusses how polymers are commonly synthesized from petroleum sources but this is unsustainable. Renewable resources like polysaccharides (starch, cellulose), fibers, polylactic acid, and vegetable oil triglycerides are alternatives for producing biodegradable and environmentally friendly polymers. The document focuses on starch, cellulose, and fibers as the most well-known renewable polymers and describes their structures and uses in biodegradable plastics.
This guide explores the rPET process, the environmental impact of polyester, the difference between virgin and recycled, and what to consider when designing a collection with polyester.
bioplastics and biotechnology for sustainable futureRAJESHKUMAR428748
1. The document discusses bioplastics, which are plastics derived from renewable biomass sources such as vegetable oils and starches. Common bioplastics include polylactic acid (PLA), poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA).
2. PHB is produced by certain bacteria as a carbon and energy storage material during nutrient stress conditions. It is synthesized through three enzymes and accumulates intracellularly.
3. Bioplastics are designed to be biodegradable and to have lower environmental impacts than fossil fuel-based plastics. They can break down aerobically or anaerobically depending on how they are manufactured.
BIO PLASTIC a green alternative to plasticsMirza Beg
Bioplastic is presented as a green alternative to conventional plastics which are derived from petroleum. Bioplastics are derived from renewable biomass sources like vegetable oils, corn starch, and sugarcane. They are biodegradable and do not have the same negative environmental impacts as petroleum-based plastics which are not biodegradable. Common types of bioplastics include PLA, PHA, starch-based and cellulose-based plastics. While bioplastics have benefits like being renewable and reducing pollution, they also have disadvantages like using land that could grow food and being more expensive than conventional plastics.
The document summarizes bioplastics as an alternative to traditional petrochemical plastics. It discusses that bioplastics are derived from renewable plant and microbial sources rather than fossil fuels, and are designed to be biodegradable. The document outlines the advantages of bioplastics in reducing dependence on petrochemicals and related environmental problems. However, it also notes challenges in the costs and proper disposal of bioplastics. The document categorizes different types of bioplastics including starch-based, cellulose-based, and polylactic acid-based bioplastics.
In the recent years, bio-based and biodegradable products have raised great interest since sustainable development policies tend to expand with the decreasing reserve of fossil fuel and the growing concern for the environment. Bio-Polymers are a form of polymers derived from plant sources such as sweet potatoes, soya bean oil, sugarcane, hemp oil, and corn starch. These polymers are naturally degraded by the action of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and algae. Bio-plastics can help alleviate the energy crisis as well as reduce the dependence on fossil fuels of our society. They have some remarkable properties which make it suitable for different applications. This paper tries to give an insight about Bio-plastics, their composition, preparation, properties, special cases, advantages disadvantages, commercial viability, its life cycle, marketing and pricing of these products.
As a result, the market of these environmentally friendly materials is in rapid expansion,
10 –20 % per year.
The document discusses biodegradable polymers and their classification. It covers the history of biodegradable polymers and defines biodegradation. Biodegradable polymers are classified into categories including those derived from biomass, microorganisms, biotechnology, and petrochemical products. The mechanisms of biodegradation and various types of biodegradable polymers like photolytic, peroxidisable, and hydro-biodegradable polymers are also explained. Agricultural applications of biodegradable mulch films are highlighted.
Bio-plastics are plastics that are either derived from renewable biomass sources like vegetable oils or are biodegradable. There are several types of bio-plastics including starch-based, cellulose-based, and aliphatic polyesters like PLA and PHA which are produced by bacteria. Compared to conventional plastics, bio-plastics have benefits like lower carbon emissions, lower toxicity, and some can biodegrade, but they also have drawbacks like higher costs and potential issues with GMOs. Bio-plastics production is growing due to advantages for certain applications and their more environmentally friendly nature.
The document discusses the development of an eco-friendly synthetic fibre made from corn. It notes that depleting fossil fuels and environmental pollution present future challenges for textile production. A new biodegradable polyester fibre has been developed from corn, which is a renewable resource. This fibre has properties suitable for textiles like silk-like or cotton-like qualities while being biodegradable and addressing issues with non-renewable and polluting traditional synthetic fibres.
The document discusses the development of an eco-friendly synthetic fibre made from corn. It notes that depleting fossil fuels and environmental pollution present future challenges for textile production. Researchers developed a new biodegradable polyester fibre using corn as a renewable raw material. The production process involves milling corn to extract starch, fermenting the starch to produce lactic acid, and polymerizing lactic acid to form polylactic acid fibres. The resulting fibre has properties ranging from silk-like to cotton-like qualities while being biodegradable.
The document discusses the development of an eco-friendly synthetic fibre made from corn. It notes that depleting fossil fuels and environmental pollution present future challenges for textile production. Researchers developed a new biodegradable polyester fibre using corn as a renewable raw material. The fibre is produced through a process involving milling corn starch, fermenting it to lactic acid, producing an intermediate called lactide, and polymerizing lactide into polylactic acid fibres through ring opening polymerization. The resulting fibre has properties including rapid wicking, excellent hand feel and resilience, wrinkle resistance, and UV and stain resistance while being biodegradable.
The document discusses the development of an eco-friendly synthetic fibre made from corn. It notes that depleting fossil fuels and environmental pollution present future challenges for textile production. Researchers developed a new biodegradable polyester fibre using corn as a renewable raw material. The production process involves milling corn to extract starch, fermenting the starch to produce lactic acid, and polymerizing lactic acid to form polylactic acid fibres. The resulting fibre has properties ranging from silk-like to cotton-like qualities while being biodegradable.
Similar to Biodegradable synthetic fibre from corn (20)
The document discusses various digital printing technologies, focusing on inkjet printing methods. It describes two main inkjet technologies: continuous inkjet (CIJ) and drop on demand (DOD). CIJ uses a continuous stream of ink broken into droplets through pressure, while DOD only deposits ink droplets when needed in response to digital signals. Common DOD methods are thermal bubble jet and piezoelectric, while CIJ includes single and multiple jet systems using deflection plates or air jets. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of each technology.
4. essential elements for inkjet printingAdane Nega
This document discusses the essential elements required for inkjet printing of textiles. It outlines the necessary hardware including computers, software, printers, and fabric pre-treatment machines. It also discusses ink requirements including formulations for different fiber types and extended color gamuts. Finally, it addresses challenges in commercializing the technology such as printing speeds and the need for post-treatments, while envisioning future possibilities like mass customization and integration with other technologies.
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2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at 120-130°C without carriers.
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4. essential elements for inkjet printingAdane Nega
This document discusses the essential elements required for inkjet printing of textiles. It outlines the necessary hardware including computers, software, printers, and fabric pre-treatment machines. It also discusses ink requirements including formulations for different fiber types and extended color gamuts. Finally, it addresses challenges in commercializing the technology such as printing speeds and the future potential of digital printing for mass customization and integrated production systems.
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1) Batch dyeing without carriers involves dyeing at a boil without additives to help penetration.
2) Carrier dyeing uses compounds to swell the fibers and allow deeper dye penetration.
3) High temperature, high pressure (HTHP) dyeing penetrates dye rapidly at over 120°C without carriers.
4) Continuous thermosol dyeing involves padding, drying, and fixing dye within fibers at 190-220°C.
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Biodegradable synthetic fibre from corn
1. ECOFRIENDLY SYNTHETIC FIBRE FROM CORN
R.B.CHAVAN
Department of Textile Technology,
Indian Institute of Technology,
Hauz-Khas, New Delhi 110016
Abstract
The increase in population and human needs would put considerable strains on the
availability of fossil fuel such as oil, hydrocarbons, coal etc. In addition to cope up with the
depleting resources, there would be serious environment deterioration as most of the synthetic
fibre polymers currently used for textile and non-textile applications are non-biodegradable.
Attempts are therefore, being made to find renewable resources as raw material for textile
production to take care of depleting fossil fuel and synthesize biodegradable polymers for
environment protection. In the present paper, the development of new, totally biodegradable
hence ecofriendly synthetic fibre synthesized from renewable agriculture source corn as raw
material is discussed. It is envisaged that the new fibre based on polylactide (PLA), would
find diverse conventional textile, technical textile and non textile applications. Thus this new
fibre would prove to be revolutionary to meet the future requirements of renewable raw
materials as a substitute for depleting fossil fuel and environment protection due to its total
biodegradability.
Introduction
Textile clothing are essential for human presence because we have lost the ability as
species to survive the rigours of climate without some form of protection in the form of body
covering. The other reasons for clothing are adornment, the display of wealth or status,
physical or psychological comforts and modesty. New textile uses are also appearing on
continuous basis in the form of technical textiles such as textiles for architectural structures,
sporting and out door activities, geo- textiles for environment protection, space, defence,
automotive applications, composites, filter fabrics and various other industrial applications .
Current predictions are that population level will approximately double every 35 years
or so. While this may be taken as an indication of an increased need for textile goods, the
large number of people to feed will also require more land for growing foodstuffs. This will in
turn mean less space available for growing textile related crops especially cotton. While wool
and other animal hair fibres may enjoy the advantage of being able to grow on marginal land
and of providing ready source of food as well as fibres. In addition, people consume other
commodities besides food. Their needs will strain the worlds manufacturing resources
(especially oil) to the utmost. In consequence oil will become a scarce commodity and textile
fibres derived from it may be given lower priority than that accorded to more easily
recognized uses such as transportation, aerospace, Heavy chemical industries etc. In addition
to cope up with the depleting resources, there would be serious environment deterioration as
most of the synthetic fibres produced to day are non-biodegradable. Attempts are therefore
being made to find renewable sources as a raw material for textile production to take care of
depleting fossil fuel resources and synthesize biodegradable polymers for environment
protection.
2. Non-food crop as renewable source
Wide spread introduction of non-food crops as a major source of feedstock for
chemical industry has been recently recognized. In 1995 an article in Chemistry in Britain
reported that “biotechnology has the potential to make available a huge range of basic raw
materials, intermediate feedstock and even final end products for the chemical industry. In
1998, another Chemistry in Britain article stated that “there is now a growing sense of
urgency about the need to move away from our dependence on depleting fossil fuels and to
seek out new feedstock”. The article further added that “industry is now stepping up its efforts
to find renewable alternatives”.
The advantages of non-food crops as feedstock are:
• They are renewable resource, the use of which is sustainable in the long term. Unlike
fossil fuels, which are rapidly dwindling. At the current consumption levels crude oil
reserves are predicted to deplete within 50 years, gas reserves within 75 years, and coal
within about 200 years.
• The use of fossil fuels cause all kinds of pollution, whereas crops being generally less
polluting, lock up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in the form of carbohydrates,
lipids and proteins, thereby mitigating the effects of global warming.
• Majority of products derived from plant feedstock would be completely biodegradable.
Need for biodegradable fibres and plastics
Solid waste disposal is a burning problem all over the world. The availability of
landfill space is decreasing, ocean dumping is illegal and the use of incineration as the way
to treat the majority of waste is no longer acceptable. For these reasons, organic waste
composting and the use of biodegradable fibres and plastics both have an obvious appeal
to the pollution control authorities and the public alike.
Theoretical basis for biodegradation of fibres
The biological degradation of fibres happens when depolymerization of polymer
that constitutes them takes place due to enzymes secreted from certain microorganisms.
These enzymes either hydrolyze or oxidize the polymer. They act on the extremities of the
polymer chain (end group attack) or any point on the chain (random attack). In order to
facilitate this reaction the enzymes must be able to tie themselves with the fibre and to
arrive to the centres that can be hydrolyzed or oxidized. Therefore, the main biodegradable
fibres are those of hydrophilic ones and formed from flexible chains with low level of
crystallization. Often they have the main chain with ties containing oxygen or nitrogen or
both. This description corresponds to greater part of natural fibres formed from natural
polymers. The non-biodegradable polymers have opposite characteristics. The polymers
without oxygen such as polyethylene, polypropylene resist completely the biological
degradation. The aromatic polyester (PET) although contains oxygen, perhaps resists
biodegradation due to chain rigidity and crystallization. The same applies to polyamides
although they contain nitrogen. Contrary to aromatic polyester, the aliphatic polyesters are
susceptible to biodegradation. In addition to biodegradability they are also thermoplastic
and like any other polyester can be converted into fibres and films,
Biodegradable Aliphatic polyesters
Biodegradable aliphatic polyesters (Fig. 1) can be formed on industrial scale by
polymerization of:
Glycollic acid (PGA), Lactic acid (PLA),
Hydroxybutyricacid (PHB), Caproloactone (PCL )
3. Fig. 1. Biodegradable aliphatic polyesters
In 1998, ten companies in Japan offered twelve different brands of biodegradable synthetic
fibres and plastics based on eight base materials such as
Polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, polybutylene succinate, polyethylene succinate,
modified starch alloys, cellulose acetate, polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB).
Among these, polymers based on polylactic acid (PLA), seems to be the most
promising.
Polylactic acid fibres
Polymerization of lactic acid was carried out by Carothers in 1932. However,
because of low melting point the polymer was not considered to be suitable and further
investigations were abandoned. Recently, polylactic acid has been suggested as
biodegradable binder for cellulosic non-wovens in preference to polyvinyl acetate or
copolymer of ethylene acrylic acid.
Kanebo (Japan) has introduced in 1994 the Lactron fibre and spun led non-woven.
Initially it was used for applications in agriculture (mulch film), and in 1998 other
applications were explored. Today in Japan PLA production is 500 – 1000 tons/annum. It
is used to develop PLA/rayon blends in order to reduce cost and improve biodegradability.
In 1997, Fiberweb (France), has developed non-woven and marketed under the
brand name Deposa. The Galactic laboratories (Belgium) have analyzed the future of the
polymers of PLA and forecasted that by 2008 the production would be around 390,000
tons/annum and the price would be around 2 Dollar/kg. Cargill Dow polymers (CDP) USA
has installed a new plant with 70,000 tons/annum capacity. Today Cargill Dow polymers is
the leader in the technology of polylactic acid (PLA). It is a 50:50 joint venture started in
1997. Currently their production capacity is 4000 tons/annum. In January 2001 they
announced to increase the production to 1,40,000 tons/annum to produce PLA under the
trade name Nature Works PLA a polymer completely derived from corn which is annual
renewable natural source at competitive price . It is anticipated that by 2002 many
competitors would enter into production of this new polymer.
4. Production route and chemistry of new synthetic fibre from corn
Production route
A new synthetic fibre marketed under the trade names Lactron (Kanebo, Japan) and
Nature Works PLA (Cargill Dow polymers, USA) is obtained from the renewable source
such as corn rather than petroleum for its feedstock. It is also possible to use other plant
materials such as rice, wheat, sugar beets and even agricultural waste. The steps involved in
the production of Lactron or Nature Works PLA fibre are as follows
Renewable resource
A renewable resource such as corn is milled, separating starch from the raw material.
Unrefined dextrose/sugar, in turn, is processed from starch. Future technology enhancements
may eliminate the milling step and allow for utilization of even more abundant agricultural
by-products such as rice, wheat, sugar beets and even agricultural waste.
Fermentation
The dextrose/sugar is turned into lactic acid using a fermentation process similar to
that used by beer and wine producers. This is the same lactic acid that is used as a food
additive and is found in muscle tissue in the human body
Intermediate production
Through a special condensation process, a cyclic intermediate dimer, referred to as
lactide, is formed.
Polymer production
This monomer lactide is purified through vacuum distillation. Ring opening
polymerization of the lactide is accomplished with a solvent free melt process.
Modification to customer needs
A wide range of products that vary in molecular weight and crystallinity can be
produced for wide range of applications.
Chemistry
Fig.2 Formation of lactide and its polymerization
5. Fig.3 Three forms of lactic acid and lactide
The chemistry involved in the polymerization of lactic acid through lactide is shown in fig. 2
and 3. Lactic acid is converted in the dimer lactide by elimination of water, which is then
polymerized by special ring opening polymerization to polylactide (PLA) (Fig. 2). The
family of polymers can be obtained depending on the stereo chemistry of lactic acid and its
dimer. The lactic acid could be present in three forms i.e. L-isomer, D-isomer and meso-
isomer (Fig.3). The polymerization of L-isomer produce crystalline polymers, while those that
contain more than 15% D-isomer produce amorphous polymers. Better control of stereo
chemistry of dimers explains the superiority of polyesters than those obtained by Carothers in
1932.
Properties
The key properties of new synthetic fibre derived from corn are as follows:
• Superior melt processability, can produce microfibres.
• Low moisture absorption, rapid wicking, excellent hand drape and resilience.
• Wrinkle resistance.
• Qualities from silk-like to cotton-like.
• Exceptional UV resistance.
• Low flammability, stain resistance.
• Can be washed,dry cleaned and commercially laundered.
The physical properties of PLA in comparison with other fibres are given in Table 1
Table 1 Comparison of fibre properties
Applications
Fibres
Desirable fibre properties
PLA is readily converted into variety of fibre forms, using conventional melt spinning
processes. Monocomponent and bicomponent, continuous (flat and textured) and staple fibres
of various types are easily produced. Fibres from PLA demonstrate excellent resiliency,
outstanding crimp retention and improved wicking compared with natural fibres. Microdenier
fibres are readily produced. Fabrics produced from PLA are being utilized for their silky feel,
drape, durability and moisture-management properties. Independent testing has confirmed
that PLA fibres have other key advantages over PET fibres, including:
• Low flammability and smoke generation.
• Excellent UV stability.
• High lustre.
6. • Lower density.
PLA is the first melt processable natural based fibre. When converted into fibre, PLA
provides a bridge between natural fibres such as wool, cotton and silk and conventional
synthetics. The result is a unique property spectrum for product creation. Existing fibre
spinning and downstream fabrication can process PLA. Specific processing advantages
include high extrusion or spin speeds, reduced temperatures and reduced energy
consumption.
Fibre Applications
PLA can be used in a wide range of woven, knitted and non-woven applications
including:
• Clothing (fashionwear, underwear, sportswear, uniform etc)
• Wool, silk and cotton blends.
• Wipes.
• Carpet tiles.
• Diapers.
• Feminine hygiene.
• Upholstery.
• Interior and outdoor furnishings.
• Filtration.
• Agricultural application (Geo-textiles for soil erosion control)
Packaging
Desirable properties
PLA is an alternative to traditional, disposable packaging. The desirable properties
are:
• Versatility and processability. PLA can be extruded, oriented, thermoformed and
coated with existing equipments at high speed.
• Outstanding clarity and gloss, equivalent to oriented PP and PET.
• Unique barrier properties.
• Low temperature heat seal.
• Crystallinity can be modified to suit product requirements.
• Tensile strength and modulus similar to PET.
• Excellent resistance to wide range of greases, fats and oils.
• Excellent printability.
• Biodegradability: PLA biodegrades completely in compost conditions.
• Natural origin: PLA comes entirely from annually renewable resources.
7. Applications
Above properties have led Cargill Dow polymers to focus initially on film,
thermoform applications.
Films
PLA has proven performance in a broad range of film end-uses including:
• High clarity/high stiffness films as an alternative to cellophane for uses such as
confectionery twist wrap, wrapping for flowers, toiletries and prestige gifts.
• Bags for compost and garden refuse as well as agricultural mulch films to replace
paper.
• Wide variety of multi-layer films for packaging uses such as flavoured cereals, coffee
packs and pet foods.
• Window films for envelopes, cartons and other packages.
• Lamination films including end-uses where cellulose acetate can be replaced.
• Low temperature heat seal layers and/or flavour and aroma barriers in co-extruded
structures where its combination of properties allows layer simplification or
replacement of nylons.
• Shrink sleeve films and high modulus label films.
• Non-fogging films for fresh produce packaging.
Rigid thermoformed containers
In addition to outstanding gloss and clarity, the relative ease of processing that
PLA exhibits in thermoforming enables it to be used for both conventional and form fill
seal applications. Its environmental attributes make it a preferred packaging alternative
where disposal requirements or consumer appeal are significant issues.
End use products
PLA can be successfully converted into various products such as for packaging of
dairy products, candy wrap, fast food cups, fresh food containers, paper ice cream holders,
flavoured cereal packaging, coffee packs, snack foods, milk and fresh yogurt, compost bags
etc. It is important to mention that these products are completely biodegradable in commercial
compost conditions.
Emerging applications
Cargill dow is also exploring and developing emerging applications such as:
Blow molding injection stretch blow molded bottles.
Emulsions water based emulsions for paper and board coatings and, paints, binders for non-
woven fabrics, binders for building products and adhesives.
Lactic acid derivatives To be used as chemical intermediates in products such as solvents,
hot melt adhesives, coatings, surfactants, acrylic esters and agricultural intermediates.
8. Environmental benefits and disposal options
Reduce fossil fuel use
Conventional hydrocarbon polymers utilize natural reserves of oil and natural gas as
their feedstock source. Fossil fuels take millions of years to regenerate. In contrast the
monomer for PLA is derived from annually renewable resource. Energy from the sun and
carbon dioxide from air are harnessed in agricultural crops. (Figure 4) One third of the energy
requirement of PLA is derived these renewable resources., resulting in PLA utilizing 20-40%
less fossil fuel than other polymers derived directly from hydrocarbons. As with conventional
synthetic polymers fossil fuel provides the energy to run the PLA production chain, e.g.
milling corn to produce starch, fermentation to produce lactic acid, heating to polymerize and
fuel for transportation.
Fig.4 Cycle of Lactron (PLA)
Carbon cycle
Carbon dioxide is believed to be a major contributor to global warming. Because carbon
dioxide is removed from the air when corn is grown, the use of PLA has the potential to result
in a reduced impact on global warming compared to most hydrocarbon based polymers (fig.4)
Biodegradability of PLA
It was observed that when the PLA fibre is subjected to ground burrying, marine water
and actived mud tests, there was decrease in tenacity and increase in weight loss. In the
ground test the fibre is practically decomposed within two years. The observation is similar
for the test of immersion in marine water. It is decomposed much quickly in activated mud.
The degradation is almost complete in 2-3 months time (Fig.5)
Fig.5 Biodegradability of Lactron (PLA)
The behaviour of PLA in comparison with other traditional fibres is:
• The conventional polyester (PET) retains the shape and properties under all
biodegradability tests.
• The cellulosic fibres (cotton and rayon) are decomposed more rapidly than PLA in actived
mud.
Waste disposal
At the end of their useful life, PLA products can be disposed of by all traditional waste
management methods. In addition PLA products can be composted in municipal composting
facilities.
9. Landfill
Although landfill tests have not been carried out with PLA polymers, its water induced
(hydrolysis) degradation mechanism is well understood. As long as moisture is present, PLA
polymers will degrade into lactic acid (monomer), even if microbes are not present. PLA
polymer degradation rate is dependent upon temperature and humidity. At typical landfill
temperatures, the expected degradation time frame would be between 2 and 10 years. Food
waste and paper may persist for longer periods of time in a landfill because they require
bacteria to degrade.
Incineration
PLA polymers incinerate cleanly and with reduced energy yield (8,400 BTU/lb)
compared to traditional polymers. PLA polymers burn much like paper, cellulose and
carbohydrates. It contains no aromatic groups or chlorine, burns with white flame, produces
few byproducts and 0.01% ash.
Municipal composting
Extensive testing demonstrates that PLA polymers are fully compostable in municipal
composting facilities. Composting is a method of waste disposal that allows organic materials
to be recycled into product that can be used as a valuable soil amendment. PLA is made from
an annually renewable resource and compost can be used to grow the crops to produce more
PLA.
PLA polymers compost by two step process. First chemical hydrolysis (reaction with water)
reduces the molecular weight of the polymer, then microorganisms degrade the fragments and
lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water. Heat and water stimulate degradation of PLA
polymers.
Post consumer recycling
In practice the following conditions need to be met in order to recycle any material:
1. The material is present in sufficient quantities in waste stream.
2. A disciplined collection system is put into place to collect.
3. The product is clearly marked and physically easy to separate.
4. There are outlets desiring to purchase the recycle feedstock stream.
This infrastructure does not currently exist for PLA. The impact of PLA on existing
recycle streams also depends on the above factors and needs to be studied case-by-case basis.
Because PLA polymers hydrolyze with water to generate lactic acid, it would be
straightforward
to completely degrade PLA into lactic acid and recover monomer.
Conclusion
The new ecofriendly synthetic fibre based on polylactide (PLA), synthesized from
corn as a renewable source would find wide acceptability in the area of conventional textiles,
technical textiles and non-textile applications. It would meet the requirements to cope up with
the depleting fossil fuel resources and environment protection. It is envisaged that in the near
future, many companies would enter into production of PLA fibres and resins.
References
1. Chem.Br., April 1995, p302
2. Chem.Br., February 1998, p49
3. Chem. Br., August 1995, p38
4. International Fibre J.,February 2001, p1