BIO5 ANALOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY - REPORTING pptx

 list the general functions of each membrane
type—cutaneous, mucous, serous, and
synovial— and give its location in the body.
 compare the structure (tissue makeup) of the
major membrane types.
 list several important functions of the
integumentary system, and explain how these
functions are accomplished.
 recognize and name the following skin
structures: epidermis, dermis (papillary and
reticular layers), hair and hair follicle,
sebaceous gland, and sweat gland.

 name the factors that determine skin color,
and describe the function of melanin.
 describe the distribution and function of the
epidermal appendages—sebaceous glands,
sweat glands, hair, and nails.
 differentiate among first-, second-, third- and
fourth-degree burns.
 explain the importance of the “rule of nines.”
 summarize the characteristics of basal cell
carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and
malignant melanoma.

FUNCTION OF
BODY MEMBRANES
 Cover body surfaces
 Line body cavities
 Form protective (and
often lubricating)
sheets around organs.

CLASSIFICATION OF
BODY MEMBRANES
The two major categories of body membranes
are
epithelial and connective tissue.
(1)Epithelial Membranes
• Cutaneous
• Mucous
• Serous membranes
(2) Connective Tissue Membranes
• Synovial membranes

Epithelial Membranes
• The epithelial membranes, also called
covering and lining membranes, include
the cutaneous membrane (skin), the
mucous membranes, and the serous
membranes.
• However, calling these membranes
“epithelial” is misleading because it is not
the whole story. Although they all do
contain an epithelial layer, it is always
combined with an underlying layer of
connective tissue.
• Hence these membranes are actually
simple organs. Because we will discuss
the skin in detail shortly, we will list it here
solely as a subcategory of the epithelial
membranes.

Subcategories of the Epithelial
Membranes
• The cutaneous (ku-ta’ne-us)
membrane is composed of two
layers, the superficial epidermis
and the underlying dermis.
• The epidermis is composed of
stratified squamous epithelium,
whereas the dermis is mostly
dense irregular (fibrous)
connective tissue.
• Unlike other epithelial
membranes, the cutaneous
membrane is exposed to air and
is a dry membrane

Membranes
• A mucous (myu'kus) membrane
(mucosa) is composed of
epithelium (the type varies with the
site) resting on a loose (areolar)
connective tissue membrane called
a lamina propria.
• The epithelium of mucosae is
often adapted for absorption or
secretion. Although many mucosae
secrete mucus, not all do. The
mucosae of the respiratory and
digestive tracts secrete large
amounts of protective, lubricating
mucus; that of the urinary tract
does not.

Membranes
• A serous membrane, or serosa, is composed
of a layer of simple squamous epithelium
resting on a thin layer of areolar connective
tissue.
• In contrast mucous membranes, which line
open body cavities, serous membranes line
compartments in the ventral body cavity that
are closed to the exterior.
• Serous membranes occur in pairs. The parietal
(parie= wall) layer lines a specific portion of the
wall of the ventral body cavity.
• It folds in on itself to form the visceral layer,
which covers the outside of the organ(s) in that
cavity.

Membranes
• You can visualize the relationship
between the layers by pushing your
fist into a limp balloon only partially
filled with air. The part of the balloon
that clings to your fist can be
compared to the visceral serosa
clinging to the organ’s external
surface. The outer wall of the ball
represents the parietal serosa that
lines the walls of the cavity and that,
unlike the balloon, is never exposed
but is always fused to the cavity
wall.

Membranes
• In the body, the serous layers are
separated not by air but by a scanty
amount of thin, clear fluid, called
serous fluid, which is secreted by
both membranes.
• The specific names of the serous
membranes depend on their
locations. The serosa lining the
abdominal cavity and covering its
organs is the peritoneum.
• In the thorax, serous membranes
isolate the lungs and heart from one
another. The membranes
surrounding the lungs are the
pleurae those around the heart are
the pericardia.

• Synovial membranes are composed of
loose areolar connective tissue and contain
no epithelial cells at all. These membranes
line the fibrous capsules surrounding joints
where they provide a smooth surface and
secrete a lubricating fluid.
• They also line small sacs of connective
tissue called bursae and the tubelike tendon
sheaths. Both of these structures cushion
organs moving against each other during
muscle activity— such as the movement of a
tendon across a bone’s surface.
Subcategories of the Connective Tissue
Membranes

MPORTANCE OF THE SKIN
Skin (cutaneous membrane)
Skin is absolutely essential because it maintains your
body’s boundary. It keeps water and other precious
molecules in the body and keeps excess water and other
things out.
Without our skin, we would quickly fall prey to bacteria
and perish from water and heat loss.
Skin derivatives-
 Sweat glands
 Oil glands
 Hairs
 Nails

FUNCTIONS OF THE
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM
(SKIN)

Structure of the Skin
 Epidermis – outer layer
 Stratified squamous
epithelium
 Often keratinized (hardened
by keratin)

The main structural features of the epidermis

Melanin
 Pigment (melanin) produced by melanocytes
 Color is yellow to brown to black
 Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale
 Amount of melanin produced depends upon genetic
and exposure to sunlight

Melanin
How Sun
Effects
Melanin?

Structure of the Skin
 Dermis - inner layer
Two layers
 Papillary layer
 Projections called
dermal papillae
 Pain receptors
 Capillary loops
 Reticular layer
 Blood vessels
 Glands
 Nerve receptors

Structure of the
Skin
 Dermis - inner layer
Two layers
 Papillary layer
 Projections called
dermal papillae
 Pain receptors
 Capillary loops
 Reticular layer
 Blood vessels
 Glands
 Nerve receptors

Structure of the
Skin
Hypodermis- deep to
dermis is
 Not part of the skin
 Anchors skin to
underlying organs
 Composed mostlyof
adipose tissue

Skin Color Determinants
 Melanin
 Yellow, brown or black pigments
 Carotene
 Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
 Hemoglobin
 Red coloring from blood cells in dermis capillaries
 Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
 Cyanosis - Low oxygen content creates a bluish appearance

● Redness, or erythema - Reddened skin may indicate embarrassment
(blushing),
fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.
• Pallor or blanching- Under certain types of emotional stress (fear,
anger, and others), some people become pale.
• Jaundice or a yellow cast- An abnormal yellow skin tone usually
signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments accumulate in the
blood, circulate throughout the body, and become deposited in body
tissues.
• Bruises- The black-and-blue marks of bruising reveal sites where blood
has escaped from the circulation and has clotted in the tissue spaces.

 Composition
 Mostly water
 Some metabolic waste
 Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)
 Function
 Helps dissipate excess heat
 Excretes waste products
 Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth
 Odor is from associated bacteria
Sweat and Its Function

 Sebaceous glands
 Produce oil
 Lubricant for skin
 Kills bacteria
 Most with ducts that
empty into hair follicles
 Glands are activated at
puberty

 Sweat glands
 Produced sweat
 Widely distributed in skin
 Two types
 Eccrine-
 Apocrine-

Eccrine sweat
gland
Open via duct
to pore on skin
surface

Apocrine
sweat gland
Ducts
empty into
hair follicles

 Hair
 Produced by hair bulb
 Consists of hard
keratinized epithelial
cells
 Melanocytes provide
pigment for hair color

 Hair follicle
 Dermal and epidermal
sheath surround hair
root
 Arrector pilli
 Smooth muscle
 Sebaceous gland
 Sweat gland

 Nails
 Scale-like modifications of
the epidermis
 Heavily keratinized
 Stratum basale extends
beneath the nail bed
 Responsible for growth
 Lack of pigment makes
them colorless

 Free edge
 Body
 Root of nail
 Eponychium –
proximal nail fold that
projects onto the nail
body

 Free edge
 Body
 Root of nail
 Eponychium – proximal
nail fold that projects
onto the nail body

Table of contents
About the
disease
You can describe the
topic of the section
here
Diagnosis
here
Recommenda
tions
here
01
02
03
Pathology
topic of the section here
04
Treatment
05
Conclusions
06

CREDITS: This presentation template was
created by Slidesgo, including icons by
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Introductio
n
You can give a brief description of
the topic you want to talk about
here. For example, if you want to
talk about Mercury, you can say
that it’s the smallest planet in the
entire Solar System

About the disease
Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and
the smallest of them
all
Venus
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the
second planet from
the Sun
Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a cold
place. It’s full of iron
oxide dust

About the disease
Types of vitiligo
Non-segmental vitiligo Segmental vitiligo
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one in the Solar System—it’s
only a bit larger than the Moon
Venus has a beautiful name and is the
second planet from the Sun. It’s hot and has
a poisonous atmosphere
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the
only one that harbors life in the Solar
System. All humans live on this planet
Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold
place. It's full of iron oxide dust, which gives
the planet its reddish cast

Concepts and typology
Type A
Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun. It's
also the fourth-largest planet by diameter in the
Solar System
Type B
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar System
Type C
Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place.
It's full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet its
reddish cast

Pathology
Venus
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Jupiter
It’s the biggest planet
in the Solar System
Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
Saturn
Saturn is a gas giant
and has several rings

Symptoms
of the disease
White patches
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from
the Sun. It’s hot and has a
poisonous atmosphere

A picture
is worth
a
thousand
words

A picture
always
reinforces
the concept
Images reveal large amounts
of data, so remember: use an
image instead of a long text.
Your audience will appreciate it

Risk factors
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
Venus
Venus is the
second planet
from the Sun
Mars
Despite being
red, Mars is a
cold place
Risk factor 1
Mercury
Risk factor 3
Jupiter
Risk factor 2
Saturn

2%
2% of the world's population
suffer from Vitiligo

50,000
planet to the Sun
Key
numbers
20,000
Despite being red, Mars is
a cold place

“This is a quote,
words full of wisdom
that someone
important said and
that can inspire their
readers anywhere.”
—Someone Famous

Computer
mockup
You can replace the image on the
screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select
“Replace image”

Diagnosis
Mercury
It’s the closest planet
to the Sun
Venus
name
Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest
planet
Saturn
Saturn is the ringed
planet
Mars
Mars is actually a very
cold place
Neptune
Neptune is far away
from Earth

Recommendations
What to do
● You can describe what
the patient should do
here
here
What not to do
the patient shouldn’t do
here
here

Prevention
Habits Mars Venus Mars
Habit 01 Yes No Yes
Habit 02 No Yes No
Habit 03 Yes No Yes

Treatment
Venus
Venus has a beautiful name,
but also high temperatures
Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest planet in
the Solar System
Mars
actually a cold place
Saturn
Saturn is the second-largest
planet in the Solar System
01
03
02
04

Prevalence
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
Venus
Venus has a beautiful name,
but also high temperatures
Mars
actually a cold place

Conclusion 01
planet to the Sun and the
smallest one in the Solar
System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
Conclusion 02
name and is the second
planet from the Sun. It’s
hot and has a poisonous
atmosphere

Our team
Jenna Doe
You can speak a bit
about this person here
Timmy Jimmy
You can speak a bit
Susan Bones
You can speak a bit

References
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher

Thanks!
Do you have any questions?
youremail@freepik.com
+91 620 421 838
yourwebsite.com
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● Woman showing her vitiligo skin parts III
● Young woman showing her vitiligo skin
parts II
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● Beautiful woman with vitiligo posing
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tender moments I
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“Despite being red,
Mars is actually a
very cold place”
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smallest planet in
the Solar System”
“Neptune is the
farthest planet from
the Sun”
“Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings”
“Venus is the
second planet from
the Sun and is
terribly hot”
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BIO5 ANALOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY - REPORTING pptx

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