The integumentary system consists of the skin and its appendages. It functions to protect the body, regulate temperature, synthesize vitamin D, and detect sensory stimuli. The skin is composed of two layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes that help protect the body, while the dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands. Other structures include hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands, fascia, and ligaments.

1. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
By Dr. Nousheen

2. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 Consist of skin and its appendages
 Appendages include hair, nails, sebaceous glands and sweat glands

3. FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
1. Protection: prevents the entry of harmful microorganism and foreign
material.
2. Prevents loss of body fluids.
3. Temperature regulation: heat is lost through evaporation of sweat. In
winter heat is preserved by fat and hair.
4. Excretion: through sweating excrete small amount of waste materials. such
as urea excreted through skin.

4. FUNCTIONS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
 5.Synthens:synthesis of vitamin D under the influence of ultraviolet rays.
 6.Sensory perception: important sensory organ contain sensory receptor for heat,
cold, touch, pressure and pain

5. .SKIN
 largest organ of the body
• At orifices, continuous with mucous membranes
• Mainly two parts
• Epidermis
• dermis

6. EPIDERMIS
 Epidermis: outer layer consist of stratified squamous epithelium consisting of
many layers of cells called keratinocytes
 Histologically, epidermis consists of five(5) layers
 1.Stratum basale(MERKEL DISC and MELANOCYTES)
 2.Stratum spinosum
 3.Stratum granulosum
 4.Stratum lucidum
 5.Stratum CORNEUM

7. STRATUM CORNEUM
• Cover exposed surface of epidermis
• Composed of death cytoplasm of which is packed with filaments composed of a
special protein called keratin
• Keratinized cells of epidermis offer effective resistance both to passage of fluid
through them and to friction
• Most superficial layer of stratum corneum contently shed off and replaced by
cells from deepest layer i.e. stratum basale (also called stratum germinatium )

8. EPIDERMIS
• epidermis has no blood supply, obtain its nourishment and oxygen by diffusion
by under lying dermis
• Deeper layer of the epidermis also contain melanocytes produce a brownish
pigment called melanin, which help in determination of color of skin

9. DERMIS
 Beneath the epidermis, lie dermis or cornium
 Arranged in two layers:
1. Superficial papillary layer
2. Deep reticular layer

10. LAYERS OF DERMIS
 Superficial papillary layer:Form blunt+ conical projections, called dermal papillae, which fit
into reciprocal Depression and the under surface of epidermis
 COLLAGEN and ELASTIC fibers form loose mesh work
 FIBROBLASTS,ADIPOCYTES,ABUNDANCEOF SMALL BLOODVESSELS,PHAGOCYTES
andTOUCH RECCEP: (MESSENIERCORPUSCLE)
 Reticular layer:Consist of inter lying bundles of connective tissues fibers
 Much thicker
 Tight meshwork of collagen and elastic fibers
 Well vascularized
 Rich sensory and sympathetic nerve supply

11. DERMIS
 Contain abundant blood vessels, nerves and nerves endings
 Lodges hair follicle, sweat glands and sebaceous glands

12. SKIN

13. SKIN

14. CLEAVAGE LINES
 faint linear clefts can be seen to be present in the skin
 These clefts are indicative of the direction of collagenous fibers in the dermis

15. CLEAVAGE LINES

16. IMPORTANCE OF CLEAVAGE LINES
 Important for surgoen
• Incision made parallel to cleavage line heals faster and leaves only fine scar
• If an incision is made across the cleavage lines, it results in formative of a
gapping wound that heals slowly and leaves a broad thick scar

17. APPENDAGES, EPITHELIAL STRUCTURES
DERIVED FROMTHE EPIDERMIS
HAIR(LATIN SYNONYM PILUS)
Thread like structures
composed of dead cornified
cells

18. HAIR PARTS
1. Shaft: projects above the skin surface
2. Root: embedded in the skin
3. Hair follicle: surround the root of the hair, lies in the dermis and is responsible
for the growth of the hair
4. Hair bulb: deep to hair follicle dilated to form hair bulb

19. HAIR PARTS

20. HAIR PAPILLA
Connective tissue of
dermis indents the base
of the hair bulb

21. ARRECTOR PILI
 Associated with each hair follicle , bundle of smooth muscle fibres called arrector
pili
• Hairs are constantly shed and replaced by a one . A hair is shed when its growth
is complete
• Scalp hair (3-5 years) eye brows and eye lashes (3-5 months)

22. ARRECTOR PILI

23. NAILS
 Horny plates covering the dorsal surface of the distal segnant fingers and toes
 Nails consists of three parts:
1. The body
2. Th root
3. The free edge

24. NAILS

25. BODY
That part which shows
consist of cornified
dead cells

26. ROOT
Hidden part that
extends proximally
deep to the fold of
the skin called nail
fold

27. FREE EDGE
 Over hangs the tip of the finger or toe. Nails rest on epithelial surface called nail
bed
 The thicker layer of skin beneath the nail root is the matrix, where new cells are
generated for the growth of the nail
 Growth rate:

28. SEBACEOUS GLANDS (OIL GLANDS)
Lie in the dermis
Duct and sebaceous
gland open into neck of
hair follicle
Produce an oily
secretion which
lubricates the skin
surface

29. SWEAT GLAND:
FOUND OVER MOST OF BODY
 Secretory portion lies in subcutaneous and is in the form of long tube, which is
coiled to form a ball
 Duct of glands run through dermis, joint the epidermis and spirals through it to
skin surface it terminate at an opening called sweat pore

30. SWEAT GLAND

31. FASCIA
Sheath or band of
connective tissue lies
beneath the skin or
forms an investment for
muscles and various
organs of body

32. TWOTYPES OF FASCIA
1. Superficial fascia
2. Deep fascia

33. TWOTYPES OF FASCIA

34. TWOTYPES OF FASCIA

35. SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
 Lies just beneath the skin
 Covers the whole body but varies in thickness in different regions
 Consists of two layers
1. Outer fatty layer
2. Inner fibrous layer

36. OUTER LAYER
Contain fatty tissue
Quantity of fat higher in
women then men
Absent in eyelids, nose,
external ear, penis and scrotum

37. INNER LAYER
 Consist of fibrous connective tissue
 Mostly thin but over anterior abdominal wall it condenses into a membranous
layer rich is elastic fibers

38. SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
 Conduct blood vessels nerves and lymphatics of the skin
 Functions:
1. Storage of energy
2. Insulator

39. DEEP FASCIA
 Lies beneath the superficial fascia
 Tough and inelastic
 Consist of several layers of fibrous connective tissue
 Covers almost all the body but ill defined in face and trunk and well defined in
neck and limbs
 In the limbs,deep fascia form tight sleeves and from its deep surface arise fibrous
sheets which pentrate between the muscles called intermuscular septa

40. DEEP FASCIA
 Intermuscular septa divides the limbs into compartments
 Purpose of compartements:
 Muscles are divided into functional groups
 Contraction of muscles within inelastic walls of the osteofacial compartment put
pressure on the deep vein of the limbs and thus aid in return of venous blood
towards the heart.

41. DEEP FASCIA
 At wrist and ankle joints,dep fascia is thickened to form transverse band likr
structure called retinacula which is attached to local bony prominences
 In the limbs,some muscles are attached to internal aspect of deep fascia portion
of which then serve as aponeurosis e.g iliotibial tract
 In palm and soles,deep fascia is thickened to form palmer and plantar aponeurosis

42. ILLIOTIBIALTRACT

43. DEEP FASCIA

44. LIGAMENTS
 Band of fibrous connective tissue which serve to strengthen and support the joints
 Divided into two types:
 CAPSULAR LIGAMENTS:exist as thickening of articular capsule
 ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS:not present as a part of capsule.it may be:
 EXTRACAPSULAR:coracoclavicular ligament of the acromioclavicular joints
 INTRACAPSULAR :cruciate ligament of the knee joint

45. LIGAMENTS

46. LIGAMENTS
 Tough and inelastic but they are flexible and pliable to permit the normal range of
the movement
 Due to their non extensible nature,the ligaments prevent the occurrence of
excessive or abnormal movement
 CLINICAL COORELATIONS:under excessive stress a ligament will tear rather than
stretch such tear is called sprain is associated with severe pain and local swelling

47. LIGAMENTS