This document provides an introduction to benchmarking tools and resources for evaluating genome variant calling accuracy, including:
1) Standardized metrics and links to benchmark genomes with high-confidence variant calls.
2) Tools that integrate variant comparison, allow stratification by variant type/context, and handle different variant representations.
3) Available benchmark callsets, genomes, and descriptions of resources on the GA4GH Benchmarking App and GitHub.
This document discusses benchmarking tools and resources developed by the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health Benchmarking Team to benchmark germline small variant calls, including:
1. Standardized performance metrics and links to benchmark genomes with high-confidence calls.
2. Benchmarking tools that integrate variant comparison tools and enable stratification of performance by variant type and genomic context.
3. Benchmark genomes and data from the Genome in a Bottle Consortium that have been characterized using multiple technologies and are available as reference materials.
The document summarizes the work of the Genome in a Bottle Consortium to develop reference samples and benchmark structural variant calls for whole human genomes. The consortium has characterized structural variants over 1kb for 5 genomes and is working to characterize more difficult variants like tandem repeats and sequence-resolved insertions. Current challenges include improving characterization of homozygous reference regions, validating sequence changes, and developing tools to evaluate structural variant calls against the benchmark.
This document discusses the Genome in a Bottle Consortium's efforts to develop reference materials and standards to validate next generation sequencing assays. It provides an overview of the consortium's goals to generate reference genomes with highly confident variant calls and accompanying data to allow labs to compare results and assess false positives and false negatives. The document describes some examples of how labs are using the consortium's data on the NA12878 genome to benchmark sequencing platforms and bioinformatics workflows.
EG-CompBio presentation about Artificial Intelligence in Bioinformatics covering:
-AI (Types, Development)
-Deep Learning (Architecture)
-Bioinformatics Fields
-Input formats for AI
-AI Challenges in Biology
-Example: (Proteomics, Transcriptomics)
-Metagenomics: @ NU
-Taxonomic Classification
-Phenotype Classification
-How to begin in AI in Bioinformatics
GIAB Benchmarks for SVs and Repeats for stanford genetics sv 200511GenomeInABottle
This document provides an overview of the Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) Consortium's efforts to develop human genome reference materials and benchmarks for evaluating genome sequencing and variant calling. It summarizes the characterization of 7 human genomes, including developing variant calls, regions, and reference values. It also describes new efforts using linked and long reads to characterize structural variants and difficult genomic regions. The goal is to provide reference materials and benchmarks to help evaluate sequencing performance and accuracy across different technologies and algorithms.
This document provides an introduction to benchmarking tools and resources for evaluating genome variant calling accuracy, including:
1) Standardized metrics and links to benchmark genomes with high-confidence variant calls.
2) Tools that integrate variant comparison, allow stratification by variant type/context, and handle different variant representations.
3) Available benchmark callsets, genomes, and descriptions of resources on the GA4GH Benchmarking App and GitHub.
This document discusses benchmarking tools and resources developed by the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health Benchmarking Team to benchmark germline small variant calls, including:
1. Standardized performance metrics and links to benchmark genomes with high-confidence calls.
2. Benchmarking tools that integrate variant comparison tools and enable stratification of performance by variant type and genomic context.
3. Benchmark genomes and data from the Genome in a Bottle Consortium that have been characterized using multiple technologies and are available as reference materials.
The document summarizes the work of the Genome in a Bottle Consortium to develop reference samples and benchmark structural variant calls for whole human genomes. The consortium has characterized structural variants over 1kb for 5 genomes and is working to characterize more difficult variants like tandem repeats and sequence-resolved insertions. Current challenges include improving characterization of homozygous reference regions, validating sequence changes, and developing tools to evaluate structural variant calls against the benchmark.
This document discusses the Genome in a Bottle Consortium's efforts to develop reference materials and standards to validate next generation sequencing assays. It provides an overview of the consortium's goals to generate reference genomes with highly confident variant calls and accompanying data to allow labs to compare results and assess false positives and false negatives. The document describes some examples of how labs are using the consortium's data on the NA12878 genome to benchmark sequencing platforms and bioinformatics workflows.
EG-CompBio presentation about Artificial Intelligence in Bioinformatics covering:
-AI (Types, Development)
-Deep Learning (Architecture)
-Bioinformatics Fields
-Input formats for AI
-AI Challenges in Biology
-Example: (Proteomics, Transcriptomics)
-Metagenomics: @ NU
-Taxonomic Classification
-Phenotype Classification
-How to begin in AI in Bioinformatics
GIAB Benchmarks for SVs and Repeats for stanford genetics sv 200511GenomeInABottle
This document provides an overview of the Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) Consortium's efforts to develop human genome reference materials and benchmarks for evaluating genome sequencing and variant calling. It summarizes the characterization of 7 human genomes, including developing variant calls, regions, and reference values. It also describes new efforts using linked and long reads to characterize structural variants and difficult genomic regions. The goal is to provide reference materials and benchmarks to help evaluate sequencing performance and accuracy across different technologies and algorithms.
Usual Questions with Unusual Answers: Application of Multi-class Supervised A...Data Con LA
Data Con LA 2020
Description
In the field of machine learning, it is well known that supervised problems can be one of two categories: classification or regression. Within the context of classification, several metrics and graphs used to assess the performance of a model only work in the context of a classification problem that computes the decision boundary between two classes (binary classification). With a greater adoption of machine learning, organizations now find themselves determining decision boundaries between several classes (multiclass). The usual question that arises is, how can one set up a multi-class problem and assess its performance? Although expansions on binary performance metrics do exist for this situation, there are a number of challenges worth considering. Suffering from limitations such as insufficient data samples and class imbalance, multi-class experiments can be unreliable for several machine learning problems. Developing a work-around, we compare and contrast several approaches to re-designing a multi-classification into binary classification. We further elucidate the best experimental design for assessing the final decisions of our model (s). The experiments for this case study analysis are applied to determine the taxonomic levels of several COVID-19 viral genomes to identify the pathogenic strains based on digital signal and chaos-inspired features.
Talk Main Points:
*What is multi-class classification?
*Compare and contrast the performance of multi-class and binary class problems
*Transforming a multi-class problem into a binary class problem
*Assessing limitations of each transformation approach in the process of COVID-19 viral taxonomy classification
Speaker
Rishov Chatterjee, City of Hope, Data Scientist
Aug2015 Ali Bashir and Jason Chin Pac bio giab_assembly_summary_ali3GenomeInABottle
Two draft assemblies were generated from PacBio sequencing data: a "family genome" assembly using data from three related individuals, and a child genome assembly. The family assembly had better continuity and can be used for downstream analysis. The child assembly used more sensitive parameters and was larger. Over 22,000 structural variants were identified by whole genome alignment, including deletions and insertions between haplotypes. The Falcon "Unzip" method was able to phase variants and assemble alternative haplotigs to generate phased sequences of regions like the MHC. Hybrid scaffolding using optical mapping data further improved the assemblies, increasing the N50 sizes and total assembly lengths.
The document discusses the Genome in a Bottle Consortium's efforts to establish benchmark variant calls for several human genomes to help evaluate the accuracy of sequencing technologies and bioinformatics pipelines. The Consortium has generated extensive sequencing and reference data for several samples, including NA12878 and trios from the Personal Genome Project. Multiple groups are analyzing this data to generate integrated calls for SNPs, indels, structural variants, and long-range phasing. The goal is to provide a high-accuracy set of variant calls across variant types to help validation of sequencing analyses.
The document discusses the Genome in a Bottle Consortium's efforts to generate reference materials and data to evaluate the accuracy of human genome sequencing and variant calling. Specifically:
- The consortium is developing reference samples with well-characterized genomes to test sequencing platforms and bioinformatics methods.
- An initial sample, NA12878, has been extensively sequenced and analyzed to generate high-confidence variant calls across 77% of the genome.
- Efforts are ongoing to expand the reference data to additional samples from different populations and integrate data from multiple sequencing technologies.
- The goal is to enable standardized evaluation, benchmarking and regulatory oversight of clinical genome sequencing.
This document summarizes work on the Platinum Genomes project to create a highly accurate catalogue of variants in a 17-member pedigree sequenced to high coverage. Variants including SNPs, indels, and copy number variants (CNVs) were called across the pedigree using multiple algorithms. Inheritance patterns were used to validate over 4.5 million SNP positions and 640 thousand indel positions as accurate. Methods to refine over 700 candidate CNVs are discussed, including using read counts and inheritance to validate deletions and duplications. The document acknowledges contributions from multiple researchers and organizations to the Platinum Genomes resource.
The document discusses the technical roadmap for germline genome benchmarks from the Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) Consortium. It summarizes GIAB's past and ongoing work developing small variant and structural variant benchmarks for reference samples. It outlines plans to expand assembly-based benchmarks to more medically relevant genes and regions using new long-read assemblies. It proposes collaborations to improve X/Y chromosome benchmarks and develop new benchmarking tools. A draft timeline is provided for upcoming GIAB deliverables through 2021 and beyond, including developing assembly-based benchmarks, uncertainty metrics for deep learning methods, and expanding to additional reference genomes. Feedback is sought on priorities and challenges in using GIAB data.
Ga4gh 2019 - Assuring data quality with benchmarking tools from GIAB and GA4GHGenomeInABottle
1. The document discusses benchmarking tools from GIAB and GA4GH that help clinical genomics labs validate variant calling methods and sequencing performance using NIST human genome reference materials.
2. It describes challenges with current benchmarking capabilities including a lack of GRCh38 resources and difficult to interpret outputs, and efforts to address these such as new benchmark sets for more challenging regions and a simplified benchmarking report.
3. Future work is focused on developing new structural variant benchmarks, benchmarking against both GRCh37 and GRCh38, and benchmarking somatic and diploid variants.
Genome in a Bottle is working to characterize difficult variants in human genomes to enable benchmarking of sequencing technologies and bioinformatics methods. They have extensively characterized five human genomes and are now focusing on large insertions, deletions, and structural variants over 20 base pairs. This work presents many challenges due to limitations in detection and representation of large variants. Genome in a Bottle is integrating calls from multiple technologies and approaches to refine sequence-resolved variants and provide benchmark variant call files.
171114 best practices for benchmarking variant calls justinGenomeInABottle
Benchmarking variant calls is challenging but important for evaluating sequencing and analysis methods. The GA4GH Benchmarking Team has developed standardized tools using Genome in a Bottle reference samples to robustly benchmark variant calls, including SNPs and indels. Their tools provide stratified performance metrics in different genomic contexts to better understand accuracy. Ongoing work focuses on more difficult variants like indels and structural variants. Standardized benchmarking allows fair comparison of methods and helps improve variant detection.
This document discusses the Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) Consortium's efforts to develop genomic reference materials (RMs) and benchmarking tools to evaluate genome sequencing and analysis pipelines. Specifically:
1) GIAB has developed several human and microbial genomic RMs characterized by extensive sequencing to serve as benchmarks.
2) They have collaborated with groups like the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health to develop standardized metrics and benchmarking tools to evaluate variant calling pipelines.
3) Initial benchmarking challenges found pipelines perform similarly overall but with variability across variant types and regions, and identified opportunities to improve benchmarks and participant feedback.
Giab jan2016 analysis team breakout SNP indel update zookGenomeInABottle
This document summarizes the process used to integrate SNP and indel calls from multiple datasets. It finds consensus calls supported by two or more technologies, uses consensus calls to train models to identify outlier calls from each dataset, and then uses callable regions and outlier calls to arbitrate between datasets and identify high-confidence calls. It also provides preliminary comparisons of SNP/indel calls between versions 2.19 and 3.0 for chromosome 20 in the NA12878 genome. The document discusses how to add more difficult calls and regions to the high-confidence set and lists potential topics for breakout discussions, including benchmarking and validating structural variants and establishing confident regions without variants.
The Genome in a Bottle Consortium is developing reference materials, reference methods, and reference data to assess confidence in human whole genome variant calls. The Consortium is characterizing several human genomes including the NA12878 genome, an Ashkenazi Jewish trio, and a Chinese trio from the Personal Genome Project. Data generated for these genomes includes various sequencing technologies from Illumina, Complete Genomics, PacBio, BioNano, and others. The Consortium is developing high-confidence variant calls for SNPs, indels, structural variants, and phasing. Individual datasets and integrated variant calls will be made publicly available on the GIAB FTP site.
The document discusses the Genome in a Bottle Consortium's efforts to develop whole genome reference samples and characterize genetic variants, including small variants and structural variants. It provides details on 5 reference genomes that have been extensively characterized and released as reference materials. The challenges of characterizing more difficult variants like large indels and structural variants are also discussed.
1. Several groups presented methods to improve structural variant detection and benchmarking.
2. The breakout group discussed criteria for merging called structural variants, including overlap thresholds and genotype concordance.
3. They also discussed strategies for validating structural variants and establishing benchmark callsets, including manual inspection, experimental validation, and stratifying variants by size and type.
This document discusses reference materials and datasets developed by the Genome in a Bottle Consortium to benchmark genome sequencing and analysis methods. Key points:
- The Consortium has developed reference materials including human and microbial genomic DNA samples that have been extensively characterized to provide "gold standard" calls used for benchmarking.
- They have released datasets including whole genome, exome, and long-read sequencing data for several personal genomes, including PGP trios, that can be used to benchmark variant calling and other analysis methods.
- An iterative process is used to integrate calls from different methods and datasets to establish high-confidence benchmark calls, filtering out variants with characteristics of bias. The benchmark calls are periodically updated as new data becomes available
This document discusses validating and enhancing reference materials from the Genome in a Bottle (GiaB) Consortium.
1) MetaSV trio analysis validated over 98% of GiaB deletion calls for sample NA12878, and identified additional high-quality calls not currently in the GiaB gold set.
2) MetaSV ensemble approach and optimized assembly helps refine structural variant breakpoints. Applying this to a Jewish trio can help enhance the GiaB gold set.
3) Over 75% of high-confidence MetaSV calls overlap with calls from the Parliament SV caller, demonstrating consistency between methods.
1) The document summarizes results from adding long and linked read sequencing data to improve the Genome in a Bottle small variant benchmark for difficult genomic regions.
2) Over 12,000 variants and 8.5 million bases of coverage were added for 190 medically relevant genes, improving coverage from 52.1% to 83.5%.
3) Evaluations of variant calling methods against the new benchmark found over 90% of apparent false positives and negatives were errors in the calling methods, helping improve sequencing and analysis techniques.
This document summarizes benchmarking of germline small variant calling using Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) reference materials. It highlights best practices for benchmarking, including using benchmarking tools like hap.py and stratified performance metrics. It demonstrates benchmarking an Illumina HiSeq dataset aligned and called against GRCh37 using hap.py and stratifications from the GA4GH benchmarking tool. The results show precision and recall metrics with confidence intervals to evaluate performance across variant classes and difficulty levels. Ongoing work includes developing GIAB resources for GRCh38 and structural variants.
The document describes a proposed approach to integrate variant calls from multiple methods and datasets to generate high-confidence SNP/indel and structural variant calls. The approach involves generating variant calls from multiple methods, comparing and integrating the calls, manually inspecting data to understand differences, generating integrated calls using several methods, and combining integrated calls with heuristics and machine learning to generate final high-confidence calls. Key steps include generating VCF and BED files from multiple methods by October/November 2015, adding difficult to map variants by December 2015, and generating final high-confidence calls by January 2016.
This document discusses the Genome in a Bottle Consortium's efforts to develop reference materials and data to evaluate whole genome sequencing performance. It summarizes the release of new reference materials, including additional Genome in a Bottle samples from the Personal Genome Project and microbial genomic DNA standards. The consortium aims to apply principles of metrology to genome analysis by generating extensively characterized reference genomes and associated data that can be used to develop and validate analysis methods.
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSIONcsandit
Sequencing projects arising from high throughput technologies including those of sequencing DNA microarrays allowed to simultaneously measure the expression levels of millions of genes of a biological sample as well as annotate and identify the role (function) of those genes. Consequently, to better manage and organize this significant amount of information,
bioinformatics approaches have been developed. These approaches provide a representation and a more 'relevant' integration of data in order to test and validate the hypothesis of researchers throughout the experimental cycle. In this context, this article describes and discusses some of techniques used for the functional analysis of gene expression data.
Improving the effectiveness of information retrieval system using adaptive ge...ijcsit
The document describes research into improving the effectiveness of information retrieval systems using an adaptive genetic algorithm. A genetic algorithm with variable crossover and mutation probabilities (adaptive GA) is investigated. The adaptive GA is tested on 242 Arabic abstracts using three information retrieval models: vector space model, extended Boolean model, and language model. Results show the adaptive GA approach improves retrieval effectiveness over traditional genetic algorithms and baseline information retrieval systems, as measured by average recall and precision. Key aspects of the adaptive GA used include variable crossover and mutation probabilities tuned during the search process, and fitness functions based on document retrieval order.
Usual Questions with Unusual Answers: Application of Multi-class Supervised A...Data Con LA
Data Con LA 2020
Description
In the field of machine learning, it is well known that supervised problems can be one of two categories: classification or regression. Within the context of classification, several metrics and graphs used to assess the performance of a model only work in the context of a classification problem that computes the decision boundary between two classes (binary classification). With a greater adoption of machine learning, organizations now find themselves determining decision boundaries between several classes (multiclass). The usual question that arises is, how can one set up a multi-class problem and assess its performance? Although expansions on binary performance metrics do exist for this situation, there are a number of challenges worth considering. Suffering from limitations such as insufficient data samples and class imbalance, multi-class experiments can be unreliable for several machine learning problems. Developing a work-around, we compare and contrast several approaches to re-designing a multi-classification into binary classification. We further elucidate the best experimental design for assessing the final decisions of our model (s). The experiments for this case study analysis are applied to determine the taxonomic levels of several COVID-19 viral genomes to identify the pathogenic strains based on digital signal and chaos-inspired features.
Talk Main Points:
*What is multi-class classification?
*Compare and contrast the performance of multi-class and binary class problems
*Transforming a multi-class problem into a binary class problem
*Assessing limitations of each transformation approach in the process of COVID-19 viral taxonomy classification
Speaker
Rishov Chatterjee, City of Hope, Data Scientist
Aug2015 Ali Bashir and Jason Chin Pac bio giab_assembly_summary_ali3GenomeInABottle
Two draft assemblies were generated from PacBio sequencing data: a "family genome" assembly using data from three related individuals, and a child genome assembly. The family assembly had better continuity and can be used for downstream analysis. The child assembly used more sensitive parameters and was larger. Over 22,000 structural variants were identified by whole genome alignment, including deletions and insertions between haplotypes. The Falcon "Unzip" method was able to phase variants and assemble alternative haplotigs to generate phased sequences of regions like the MHC. Hybrid scaffolding using optical mapping data further improved the assemblies, increasing the N50 sizes and total assembly lengths.
The document discusses the Genome in a Bottle Consortium's efforts to establish benchmark variant calls for several human genomes to help evaluate the accuracy of sequencing technologies and bioinformatics pipelines. The Consortium has generated extensive sequencing and reference data for several samples, including NA12878 and trios from the Personal Genome Project. Multiple groups are analyzing this data to generate integrated calls for SNPs, indels, structural variants, and long-range phasing. The goal is to provide a high-accuracy set of variant calls across variant types to help validation of sequencing analyses.
The document discusses the Genome in a Bottle Consortium's efforts to generate reference materials and data to evaluate the accuracy of human genome sequencing and variant calling. Specifically:
- The consortium is developing reference samples with well-characterized genomes to test sequencing platforms and bioinformatics methods.
- An initial sample, NA12878, has been extensively sequenced and analyzed to generate high-confidence variant calls across 77% of the genome.
- Efforts are ongoing to expand the reference data to additional samples from different populations and integrate data from multiple sequencing technologies.
- The goal is to enable standardized evaluation, benchmarking and regulatory oversight of clinical genome sequencing.
This document summarizes work on the Platinum Genomes project to create a highly accurate catalogue of variants in a 17-member pedigree sequenced to high coverage. Variants including SNPs, indels, and copy number variants (CNVs) were called across the pedigree using multiple algorithms. Inheritance patterns were used to validate over 4.5 million SNP positions and 640 thousand indel positions as accurate. Methods to refine over 700 candidate CNVs are discussed, including using read counts and inheritance to validate deletions and duplications. The document acknowledges contributions from multiple researchers and organizations to the Platinum Genomes resource.
The document discusses the technical roadmap for germline genome benchmarks from the Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) Consortium. It summarizes GIAB's past and ongoing work developing small variant and structural variant benchmarks for reference samples. It outlines plans to expand assembly-based benchmarks to more medically relevant genes and regions using new long-read assemblies. It proposes collaborations to improve X/Y chromosome benchmarks and develop new benchmarking tools. A draft timeline is provided for upcoming GIAB deliverables through 2021 and beyond, including developing assembly-based benchmarks, uncertainty metrics for deep learning methods, and expanding to additional reference genomes. Feedback is sought on priorities and challenges in using GIAB data.
Ga4gh 2019 - Assuring data quality with benchmarking tools from GIAB and GA4GHGenomeInABottle
1. The document discusses benchmarking tools from GIAB and GA4GH that help clinical genomics labs validate variant calling methods and sequencing performance using NIST human genome reference materials.
2. It describes challenges with current benchmarking capabilities including a lack of GRCh38 resources and difficult to interpret outputs, and efforts to address these such as new benchmark sets for more challenging regions and a simplified benchmarking report.
3. Future work is focused on developing new structural variant benchmarks, benchmarking against both GRCh37 and GRCh38, and benchmarking somatic and diploid variants.
Genome in a Bottle is working to characterize difficult variants in human genomes to enable benchmarking of sequencing technologies and bioinformatics methods. They have extensively characterized five human genomes and are now focusing on large insertions, deletions, and structural variants over 20 base pairs. This work presents many challenges due to limitations in detection and representation of large variants. Genome in a Bottle is integrating calls from multiple technologies and approaches to refine sequence-resolved variants and provide benchmark variant call files.
171114 best practices for benchmarking variant calls justinGenomeInABottle
Benchmarking variant calls is challenging but important for evaluating sequencing and analysis methods. The GA4GH Benchmarking Team has developed standardized tools using Genome in a Bottle reference samples to robustly benchmark variant calls, including SNPs and indels. Their tools provide stratified performance metrics in different genomic contexts to better understand accuracy. Ongoing work focuses on more difficult variants like indels and structural variants. Standardized benchmarking allows fair comparison of methods and helps improve variant detection.
This document discusses the Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) Consortium's efforts to develop genomic reference materials (RMs) and benchmarking tools to evaluate genome sequencing and analysis pipelines. Specifically:
1) GIAB has developed several human and microbial genomic RMs characterized by extensive sequencing to serve as benchmarks.
2) They have collaborated with groups like the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health to develop standardized metrics and benchmarking tools to evaluate variant calling pipelines.
3) Initial benchmarking challenges found pipelines perform similarly overall but with variability across variant types and regions, and identified opportunities to improve benchmarks and participant feedback.
Giab jan2016 analysis team breakout SNP indel update zookGenomeInABottle
This document summarizes the process used to integrate SNP and indel calls from multiple datasets. It finds consensus calls supported by two or more technologies, uses consensus calls to train models to identify outlier calls from each dataset, and then uses callable regions and outlier calls to arbitrate between datasets and identify high-confidence calls. It also provides preliminary comparisons of SNP/indel calls between versions 2.19 and 3.0 for chromosome 20 in the NA12878 genome. The document discusses how to add more difficult calls and regions to the high-confidence set and lists potential topics for breakout discussions, including benchmarking and validating structural variants and establishing confident regions without variants.
The Genome in a Bottle Consortium is developing reference materials, reference methods, and reference data to assess confidence in human whole genome variant calls. The Consortium is characterizing several human genomes including the NA12878 genome, an Ashkenazi Jewish trio, and a Chinese trio from the Personal Genome Project. Data generated for these genomes includes various sequencing technologies from Illumina, Complete Genomics, PacBio, BioNano, and others. The Consortium is developing high-confidence variant calls for SNPs, indels, structural variants, and phasing. Individual datasets and integrated variant calls will be made publicly available on the GIAB FTP site.
The document discusses the Genome in a Bottle Consortium's efforts to develop whole genome reference samples and characterize genetic variants, including small variants and structural variants. It provides details on 5 reference genomes that have been extensively characterized and released as reference materials. The challenges of characterizing more difficult variants like large indels and structural variants are also discussed.
1. Several groups presented methods to improve structural variant detection and benchmarking.
2. The breakout group discussed criteria for merging called structural variants, including overlap thresholds and genotype concordance.
3. They also discussed strategies for validating structural variants and establishing benchmark callsets, including manual inspection, experimental validation, and stratifying variants by size and type.
This document discusses reference materials and datasets developed by the Genome in a Bottle Consortium to benchmark genome sequencing and analysis methods. Key points:
- The Consortium has developed reference materials including human and microbial genomic DNA samples that have been extensively characterized to provide "gold standard" calls used for benchmarking.
- They have released datasets including whole genome, exome, and long-read sequencing data for several personal genomes, including PGP trios, that can be used to benchmark variant calling and other analysis methods.
- An iterative process is used to integrate calls from different methods and datasets to establish high-confidence benchmark calls, filtering out variants with characteristics of bias. The benchmark calls are periodically updated as new data becomes available
This document discusses validating and enhancing reference materials from the Genome in a Bottle (GiaB) Consortium.
1) MetaSV trio analysis validated over 98% of GiaB deletion calls for sample NA12878, and identified additional high-quality calls not currently in the GiaB gold set.
2) MetaSV ensemble approach and optimized assembly helps refine structural variant breakpoints. Applying this to a Jewish trio can help enhance the GiaB gold set.
3) Over 75% of high-confidence MetaSV calls overlap with calls from the Parliament SV caller, demonstrating consistency between methods.
1) The document summarizes results from adding long and linked read sequencing data to improve the Genome in a Bottle small variant benchmark for difficult genomic regions.
2) Over 12,000 variants and 8.5 million bases of coverage were added for 190 medically relevant genes, improving coverage from 52.1% to 83.5%.
3) Evaluations of variant calling methods against the new benchmark found over 90% of apparent false positives and negatives were errors in the calling methods, helping improve sequencing and analysis techniques.
This document summarizes benchmarking of germline small variant calling using Genome in a Bottle (GIAB) reference materials. It highlights best practices for benchmarking, including using benchmarking tools like hap.py and stratified performance metrics. It demonstrates benchmarking an Illumina HiSeq dataset aligned and called against GRCh37 using hap.py and stratifications from the GA4GH benchmarking tool. The results show precision and recall metrics with confidence intervals to evaluate performance across variant classes and difficulty levels. Ongoing work includes developing GIAB resources for GRCh38 and structural variants.
The document describes a proposed approach to integrate variant calls from multiple methods and datasets to generate high-confidence SNP/indel and structural variant calls. The approach involves generating variant calls from multiple methods, comparing and integrating the calls, manually inspecting data to understand differences, generating integrated calls using several methods, and combining integrated calls with heuristics and machine learning to generate final high-confidence calls. Key steps include generating VCF and BED files from multiple methods by October/November 2015, adding difficult to map variants by December 2015, and generating final high-confidence calls by January 2016.
This document discusses the Genome in a Bottle Consortium's efforts to develop reference materials and data to evaluate whole genome sequencing performance. It summarizes the release of new reference materials, including additional Genome in a Bottle samples from the Personal Genome Project and microbial genomic DNA standards. The consortium aims to apply principles of metrology to genome analysis by generating extensively characterized reference genomes and associated data that can be used to develop and validate analysis methods.
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSIONcsandit
Sequencing projects arising from high throughput technologies including those of sequencing DNA microarrays allowed to simultaneously measure the expression levels of millions of genes of a biological sample as well as annotate and identify the role (function) of those genes. Consequently, to better manage and organize this significant amount of information,
bioinformatics approaches have been developed. These approaches provide a representation and a more 'relevant' integration of data in order to test and validate the hypothesis of researchers throughout the experimental cycle. In this context, this article describes and discusses some of techniques used for the functional analysis of gene expression data.
Improving the effectiveness of information retrieval system using adaptive ge...ijcsit
The document describes research into improving the effectiveness of information retrieval systems using an adaptive genetic algorithm. A genetic algorithm with variable crossover and mutation probabilities (adaptive GA) is investigated. The adaptive GA is tested on 242 Arabic abstracts using three information retrieval models: vector space model, extended Boolean model, and language model. Results show the adaptive GA approach improves retrieval effectiveness over traditional genetic algorithms and baseline information retrieval systems, as measured by average recall and precision. Key aspects of the adaptive GA used include variable crossover and mutation probabilities tuned during the search process, and fitness functions based on document retrieval order.
Particle Swarm Optimization for Gene cluster IdentificationEditor IJCATR
The understanding of gene regulation is the most basic need for the classification of genes within a DNA. These genes
within the DNA are grouped together into clusters also known as Transcription Units. The genes are grouped into transcription units
for the purpose of construction and regulation of gene expression and synthesis of proteins. This knowledge further contributes as
essential information for the process of drug design and to determine the protein functions of newly sequenced genomes. It is possible
to use the diverse biological information across multiple genomes as an input to the classification problem. The purpose of this work is
to show that Particle Swarm Optimization may provide for more efficient classification as compared to other algorithms. To validate
the approach E.Coli complete genome is taken as the benchmark genome.
Bioinformatics is the use of computer science and statistical techniques to analyze and interpret biological data. It involves developing tools to access and manage biological data, analyzing sequences like DNA and proteins, and developing algorithms to understand relationships within large data sets. The main areas of bioinformatics are molecular, cellular, and organismal/community levels. It is used for tasks like gene finding, predicting protein structure and function, understanding evolutionary relationships, and aiding drug discovery.
This paper presents a set of methods that uses a genetic algorithm for automatic test-data generation in
software testing. For several years researchers have proposed several methods for generating test data
which had different drawbacks. In this paper, we have presented various Genetic Algorithm (GA) based test
methods which will be having different parameters to automate the structural-oriented test data generation
on the basis of internal program structure. The factors discovered are used in evaluating the fitness
function of Genetic algorithm for selecting the best possible Test method. These methods take the test
populations as an input and then evaluate the test cases for that program. This integration will help in
improving the overall performance of genetic algorithm in search space exploration and exploitation fields
with better convergence rate.
A Review of Various Methods Used in the Analysis of Functional Gene Expressio...ijitcs
Sequencing projects arising from high-throughput technologies including those of sequencing DNA microarray allowed measuring simultaneously the expression levels of millions of genes of a biological sample as well as to annotate and to identify the role (function) of those genes. Consequently, to better manage and organize this significant amount of information, bioinformatics approaches have been developed. These approaches provide a representation and a more 'relevant' integration of data in order to test and validate the researchers’ hypothesis. In this context, this article describes and discusses some techniques used for the functional analysis of gene expression data.
Clustering Approaches for Evaluation and Analysis on Formal Gene Expression C...rahulmonikasharma
Enormous generation of biological data and the need of analysis of that data led to the generation of the field Bioinformatics. Data mining is the stream which is used to derive, analyze the data by exploring the hidden patterns of the biological data. Though, data mining can be used in analyzing biological data such as genomic data, proteomic data here Gene Expression (GE) Data is considered for evaluation. GE is generated from Microarrays such as DNA and oligo micro arrays. The generated data is analyzed through the clustering techniques of data mining. This study deals with an implement the basic clustering approach K-Means and various clustering approaches like Hierarchal, Som, Click and basic fuzzy based clustering approach. Eventually, the comparative study of those approaches which lead to the effective approach of cluster analysis of GE.The experimental results shows that proposed algorithm achieve a higher clustering accuracy and takes less clustering time when compared with existing algorithms.
GA is a search technique that depends on the natural selection and genetics principles and which determines a optimal solution for even a hard issue.genetic algorithm crossover and genetic algorithm for optimization
Efficiency of Using Sequence Discovery for Polymorphism in DNA SequenceIJSTA
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes an effective sequence pattern discovery method to find polymorphic motifs in human DNA sequences to detect genetic medical conditions. The method uses three algorithms - LDK, HVS, and MDFS. It aims to identify disease-causing sequences, like those related to Ebola, by finding matching patterns in polymorphic DNA sequences. The position scrolling matrix is used to report test results of sequence pattern matching.
Sample Work For Engineering Literature Review and Gap IdentificationPhD Assistance
Sample Work For Engineering Literature Review and Gap Identification - PhD Assistance - http://bit.ly/2E9fAVq
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 RESEARCH GAPS IN EXISTING METHODS
2.3 OBJECTIVES OF THIS WORK
Read More : http://bit.ly/2Rl7XT5
#gapanalysis #strategicmanagement #datagapanalysis #gapanalysisppt #gapanalysishealthcare #gapanalysisfinance #gapanalysisEngineering
BTC 506 Gene Identification using Bioinformatic Tools-230302130331.pptxChijiokeNsofor
This document discusses several bioinformatics tools and methods for identifying genes from genomic sequences, including:
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Bio Scope
1. BioScope
Advanced Search Grammar Tool for identification of Functional
Noncoding Elements
Principal Investigator - Hariharane Ramasamy
Sanjeev Mishra
Tulasi Ravuri
Summary
The completion of several genomic sequences has provided the
motivation for development of a tool that can aid in locating
and analyzing transcription factor binding sites (TFBS)
responsible for regulating the gene transcritption. TFBS are
short sequences 4-20 in length, and often located near the genes
they regulate. These sequences occur in groups or modules also
called enhancer or cisRegulatory modules (CRM). CRM contain one
or more TFBS and interact with a specific combination of
transcription factors to regulate gene expression. Such
sequences are often abundant near the genes they regulate. The
goal of developmental biologists is to understand how these CRM
are organized in a genome, and regulate the gene. Laboratory
methods, that are performed to locate CRM, are often laborious
and time consuming. Hence computational methods have become an
invaluable tool. The success of computational methods depends on
how well they can be utilized in a lab environment. Several
computational tools exist to locate motifs in a genomic
sequence. These tools fall under two categories. The first
category tools employ statistical and probabilistic methods
using known motifs and the frequencies of codons in a genomics
sequence. Although some motifs have been discovered using these
tools, often they yield more false positives. Tools in the
second category employ fundamental principles of the
combinatorial logic underlying the occurrence of the enhancers /
cisRegulatory modules (CRM). It is believed that genes with
similar temporal and spatial expression patterns are controlled
by similar CRM. The experimental biologists who are
knowledgeable about CRM occurrences need an efficient tool to
locate them by applying the combinatorial knowledge such as
counts of the binding site occurrences within a specified width,
logical combination of one of more binding sites, orientation
and more. The tools should be efficient, scalable, and fast. The
aim of this proposal is to build such tools.
1 Introduction
Several genomes including the human and the mouse genomes have
been sequenced close to completion. In this post-genomic era, it
is imperative that researchers are equipped with novel
methodologies that will facilitate them to rapidly and
2. accurately identify, annotate and functionally characterize
genes. Thus, mining of genomics and proteomics data using
computational approaches seems to be the superior way to extract
information from these resources in a short time frame. The
transcriptional regulation of a gene depends on the concerted
action of multiple transcription factors that bind to cis-
regulatory modules located in the vicinity of the gene. Cis-
regulatory modules are regulatory elements that occur close to
each other and control the spatial and temporal expression of
genes. The regulatory language that the genome uses to dictate
transcriptional dynamics can be revealed by identifying these
cis-regulatory elements. Often these elements are transferred
evolutionarily across organisms with little mutations but
without losing their functional value. Knowledge of these motifs
may help drive discovery of similar genes in other closely
related organisms. The availability of accurate models along
with useful search methods with enhanced sensitivity and
specificity will be the first step in being able to detect
putative regulatory elements in a genome-wide manner.
2 Background
The identification of regulatory sequences and their location in
a genome is an important step in understanding the gene
expression. Genes that have similar expression are believed to
have similar regulatory logic. Such genes are governed by unique
combinatorial transcriptional codes known as cis-acting
regulatory modules (CRMs) or enhancers. CRMs are oligonucleotide
sequences that act together to activate or suppress the gene. In
the past, several studies have been performed in understanding
the behavior of enhancers and their role in developmental
biology. The experiments, performed to study the expression of
the gene in a developmental stage, are often time consuming,
and laborious. Computational tools are often sought by
biologists to scan the whole genome for better candidate
selection of these regulatory regions.
Several computational methods exist to predict the regulatory
motif sequences. The motifs are overly represented near the gene
they transcribe. Using the earlier knowledge and position based
probabilities, several tools were built to predict new
regulatory motifs. CisAnalyst, developed by Berman et. al., has
been successfully applied for fruitfly to find new clusters
using a purely computational approach. Bioprospector uses Gibb
sampler to predict regulatory sequences. The main problem with
these tools are the presence of background noise and the
inability to differentiate between a true regulatory motif
3. versus a false positive. Besides, the variations in genomic
sequence across species further increases the noise. Although
computational methods have served well for purposes of finding
genes and even individual exons in genomic data, regulatory
element predictions have proven difficult.
Markstein [1] developed a tool for biologists to search using
the previous knowledge of enhancers. The tool allows the
biologists to input desired regular expressions using {A,T,G,C},
gene name, width, and proximity constraints. However, the tool
is genome-specific and does not contain some important
constraints like distance to the next binding site, orientation
and order of the motifs, low affinity sequences, variable length
regular expression, and user-defined overlap constraints.
A brief survey for computational identification of regulatory
DNA is described in Dmitri Papatsenko and Michael Levine. The
paper elucidates the need for computational tools providing a
comparison of available tools without going into the specific
details of the algorithms. The article however emphasizes the
need for a fast and efficient computational tools.
3 Project Proposal
The project aims to provide the following :
1.restrictive search capabilities like distance to the next
motif, orientation of the motif, low affinity motif, order of
motif occurrence [5],
2.limited integrated information like nearby genes/exons, gene
expression data, annotation details around the target once it is
located [5],
3.interactive chain search where a search for a target on an
organism can be linked to intra species or cross species search.
4.Scalable, and efficient
More importantly, our proposed module will be highly flexible,
allowing constant integration of newer genomes and at the same
time being a powerful tool that will allow the researcher to
search for complex gene clusters.
To that end we developed a software program that will more
precisely locate the regulatory region with far more ease for
the researcher than programs that are currently available. The
control, more importantly, of the result of the program will be
given to developmental biologist. The tool is very ideal for a
lab environment.
4. 3.1 Phase I Specific Aims
1.To develop a web-based module that allows the researcher to
search for cisregulatory elements. The tool will input motif
and search constraints as mentioned in figure 1 and will display
results as shown in figure 2 and 3. The search feature of the
program will provide
◦ability to enter 10 regular expressions using A,T,G,C
and letters given in the table below.
◦an option to allow self overlap
◦capacity to input a name for the motif
◦a box to specify width constraint
◦flexibility to input logical combination of motifs typed
in (1) such as (2A and 2B), (A or B or C)
◦ability to disallow overlap across motifs type in first
item.
◦To type name of the gene within a specified distance
once a cluster is found using the above rules
◦a name to save the results. The name will/can be used in
SuperCluster
Letter Codon
B C,G,T
D A,G,T
H A,C,T
K G,T
M A,C
N A,C,G,T
R A,G
S C,G
V A,C,G
W A,T
Y C,
4 Summary: Significance of proposed work
The tool will also provide integration and maintenance that
include
1. Update to new versions of genomics sequences when they are
available from the public site.
2. Rerun the program on old results and inform automatically via
email on new results.
3. Integrate with Gene Ontology information and other useful
databases as advised by biologists.
5. 4. Provide a work_ow like tool which takes the query run on an
organism and apply it another organism with a single key
5. Storage and maintenance of results.
5 Commercialization Strategy
After Phase I launch, every person who visits the site will be
requested to fill their profile before access to use their
program along with the purpose of the visit. The visitor will
also be requested to give feedback which will be collected and
used as leads to prepare the BioRegulatory Appliance in Phase II.
6 KEY PERSONNEL
1)Hariharane Ramasamy is pursing his PhD Computer Science, at
Illinois Institute of Technology, IL., and has more than 15
years of experience in developing applied computational tools
for biomedical engineering. Few relevant tools include
•implemented motif search system for genomic sequences that
displays the results graphically on the screen along with the
sequence annotation.
•developed surveillance system to detect novel sequences.
•Developed a program that calculates the digest of peptides for
user input proteins and also performs differential combination
of post-translational modification along with pI/Mw calculations.
•Pattern induced Multiple alignment using properties of amino
acids.
•New Extended Genetic Algorithm for 3D lattice simulation of
protein folding using conflicting criteria,
•Simulation of human stand-sit movement using 3 link stick figure
model.
Sanjeev Mishra
Sanjeev Mishra is a seasoned professional having about 20 years
of industry experience. Half of his industry life is spent doing
startups in the field of business activity management, business
intelligence and mobile application and management platforms.
Rest half in research and development. He is awarded with one US
patent. Sanjeev is passionate about biking, hiking, running,
meditation and gardening. Sanjeev holds a masters degree in
Physics from DBS College Dehradun, India.
Tulasi Ravuri
Tulasi Ravuri is an experienced software engineering manager
with 23 years of experience at several Silicon Valley companies
such as Unisys, Novell, McAfee, DoCoMo Labs and others. Through
6. his broad career he has helped bring several products to market.
His most recent work is in Life Sciences Regulatory Compliance
and Administration software suite used by Universities like
Stanford, Berkeley, Harvard; Pharma companies such as GSK,
Hospitals such as Palo Alto Medical Foundation and Government.
He advises several software companies and is an advocate of open
source software. He has an MSCS from University of Louisiana &
BS (Chemical Engg.) from Andhra University, India.
7 Consultants
In phase I, the following help will be used to guide the program
to Phase II
1. two student interns for refining the search and gathering
data on the abilities of the program
2. Consultant for designing user interface and graphics display
8 Prior Support
The proposal has no prior or current support.
References cited
[1] Marc S. Ha_on, Yonaton Grad, George M. Church, Alan M.
Michelson, computation-Based Discovery of Related
Transcriptional Regulatory Modules and Motifs Using an
Experimentally Validated Combinatorial Model Howard Hughes
Medical Institute and Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Link®oping University,
Sweden.
[2] Dimitri Papatsenko, Michael Levine, Computational
Identification of regulatory DNAs underlying animal development
Nature Methods, Vol. 2 No. 7:529-534, 2005.
[3] Markstein, M., Markstein, P., Markstein, V. Levine, M.S.,
ìGenome-wide analysis of clustered Dorsal binding sites
identifies putative target genes in the Drosophila embryo,
Proc.Natl Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 99:763-768, 2002.
[4] Benjamin P. Berman, Barret D. Pfeiffer, Todd R. Laverty,
Steven L.Salzberg, Gerald M.Rubin, Michael B. Eisen and Susan E.
Celniker, Computational identification of developmental
enhancers : conservation and function of transcription factor
binding-site clusters in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila
pseudoobscura. Genome Biology, Vol. 5:R81, 2004.
[5] Alan M. Michelson,Deciphering genetic regulatory codes : A
challenge for functional genomics. PNAS, Vol. 99 No. 2, 546-548,
2002.
[6] Matthias Harbers, Piero Carninci, Tag-based approaches for
transcriptiome research and genome annotation. Nature Methods,
Vol. 2, No 7, 499-502, 2005.
7. [7] Yueyi Liu, Liping Wei, Sera_m Batzaglou, Douglas L. Brutlag,
Jun S. Liu and X.Shirley Liu A suite of web-based programs to
search for transcriptional regulatory motifs. Nucleic Acids
Research, Vol. 32 Web Server Issue, 2004.
[8] Mike P. Liang, Olga G. Troyanskaya, Alain Laederach, Douglas
L Brutlag, and Russ B. Altman Computational Functional Genomics.
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2004.
Budget
Description Expense Amount for 6 months
Salary for Principal $36,000
Investigator
Salary for Software engineer $30,000
Salary for 2 student interns $24,000
Salary for Biology $24,000
consultant
Hardware and Software cost $24,000
(4)
Internet & Cloud hosting $12,000
services
Miscellaneous expenses $6,000
Office rent & expenses $15,000
Travel $5,000
Total Cost $176,000
8. Figure 1: Input web form to search the genomic sequence using
user defined constraints
12. Appendix
The ultimate goal is to build a self-contained BioRegulatory
appliance that supports automatic updates of the genomic
sequences, rerun the old queries on the new sequences and inform
users of new results, thereby saving enormous amount of time for
the developmental biologist who depend on computers to locate
the target.
Phase II Plan
Specific Aims - To enhance the available module, Biocis so that
the module is user friendly and easy to navigate by a
researcher. Phase II will also aim to create a work_ow module
that will allow easy storage and retrieval of data from
disparate sources and will integrate with useful information.
The phase II feature will include
1.Advanced Regular Expression Search Tool for genomic sequences
that uses the prebuilt index positions for 4 length bases (AAAA,
AAAG, ,,,, GCGC, ...,TTTT) to locate the motifs.
2.Advance multithreaded server tool to perform fast parallel
search of the motif sequences.
3.Advanced caching in memory/disk and database to avoid repeated
search of previous sequences
4.Automated daemon process to get new releases and rerun the
saved searches, inform via email to scientists on new results.
5.Link to GeneOntology database that provides gene function
information
6.Cross species ortholog results from existing public annotated
database.
7.simple statitical tools to look at the motif occurrences on
the whole genome from the interesting results
8.creation of BioRegulatroy software package and plan for
designing a spec for BioRegulatory Appliance.
9.to provide supercluster tool which will perform a similar
search as in Aim I.
10.The input in A -J are the names of the search performed in Aim
I. The tool will help supporting the theory where cluster of
enhancers act to in regulating the gene. A sample input form is
shown in 6
3.1.2 Phase III
The phase III
13. •Creating a sound computing infrastructure. The infrastructure
requires writing(?) a separate server to perform the
search/caching capabilities. The search module will not be run
via a web server like some of the existing tools. Every request
to perform a search on the web server indicates the whole genome
sequence will be read in memory. The length of genomic sequence
varies from 1 Megabytes to 200 Megabytes in length. If the
number of users on the system grows, the system will run out of
memory, thus imposing a limit on the number of users. Using a
web server to preload the data during startup is not advisable.
Hence a separate server, to perform the search for any generic
genome sequence is needed. The caching in phase I is achieved in
two levels - memory, and disk.
• will concentrate on adding more features to the query, creating
a continuity in search.
For example, once one performs a search, the result will display
genes along with the other species orthologs. The search can be
immediately performed for the same enhancer for the species that
has the closest orthologs. Phase III will also look at improving
the performance of the BioRegulatory appliance.