The document summarizes the main parts and functions of the human brain. It is divided into three main parts - the cerebrum, diencephalon, and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest part and controls functions like thought, memory, and language. It is divided into four lobes with different functions. The diencephalon relays sensory information and controls homeostasis. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions. The brain receives sensory information, processes it based on memory and the body's needs, and sends outgoing signals to direct the body's responses.
By crossing this ocean and gaining complete knowledge about the brain, that is, self-knowledge, man will be able to use this most important part of the body to the fullest. Will be able to overcome many of the current limitations and psychological discomforts. Be able to create new levels of success and possibilities for yourself. Neuroscientists say that if the man could discover why he was unique, he might not lead himself to collapse but would respect himself more than he does now.
Your brain is the most complex technology anywhere in the world. It’s made up of three major parts: the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. These divisions allows us simplify and understand the functions of the brain.
By crossing this ocean and gaining complete knowledge about the brain, that is, self-knowledge, man will be able to use this most important part of the body to the fullest. Will be able to overcome many of the current limitations and psychological discomforts. Be able to create new levels of success and possibilities for yourself. Neuroscientists say that if the man could discover why he was unique, he might not lead himself to collapse but would respect himself more than he does now.
Your brain is the most complex technology anywhere in the world. It’s made up of three major parts: the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. These divisions allows us simplify and understand the functions of the brain.
The nervous system is the body's main communication system; it gathers, synthesizes, and uses data from the environment. The most basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which serves as both a sensor and communicator of internal and external stimuli.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
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2. The Protective Membrane
of the Central Nervous
System: Meninges
DURA MATER
Outermost layer
Made of collagenous connetive tissue proper
ARACHNOID MATER
Delicate, net-like membrane
PIA MATER
Innermost layer; attaches directly to brain
Made of loose connective tissue prover
3. Parts of the
Brain
Consists of 3 parts
Cerebrum: aka. the
Whitehouse of the brain
Diencephalon: aka.
Congress of the brain
Brain Stem: the “Pentagon”
of the brain
Like the U.S. government,
the 3 parts of the brain must
work together and “feed”
off each others information
in order fort he body to
correctly work.
4. The
Cerebrum
aka. The Whitehouse
• the main/largest section of the
brain
• processes thoughts, judgment,
memory, problem solving, and
language
• the cerebrum is subdivided into
left and right halves called cerebral
hemispheres.
• the hemispheres are each then
further subdivided into 4 lobes
• Frontal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Occipital lobe
• Temporal love
5. The 4 Lobes
The Frontal Lobe
Controls motor
functions, personality
and speech
The Parietal Lobe
Receives and interprets
nerve impulses from
sensory receptors and
interprets language
The Occipital Lobe
Controls vision
The Temporal Lobe
Controls hearing and
smell
6. The Diencephalon
aka. Congress
Consists of 3 parts
Thalamus
Important for sensory
relay from spinal cord
and brain
Hypothalamus
Maintains homeostasis
and controls autonomic
nervous system,
cardiovascular and
disgestive system
Pineal Gland
Secretes melatonin in
darkness to promote
“sleepiness”
7. The Brainstem
aka. The Pentagon
Consists of 3 parts
Midbrain
Connects pons to the
cerebrum
Pons
Is a “bridge” for fibers
connecting the medulla,
cerebrum and cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Contains vital centers that
control: respiration, heart
rate, temperature and
blood pressure.
Connects the brain to the
spinal cord
Area where nerves cross
8. The Cerebellum
Function: coordinates and
integrates all muscular
movement at a
subconscious level ex.
maintaining posture as one
walks down the street
Divided into 2 hemispheres
that controls the muscles
on their respective sides
9. What the Brain Does
Sensory
organs
detects a
“change”
This information
about the change
travels to the
brain via sensory
nerves.
The brain
compares this
information to
memory and
current body
conditions.
The brain than
makes a decision
and relies outgoing
information via
efferent nerves to
intended cell,
tissue, organ or
system.
The cell, tissue,
organ or system
receives the
information from
the brains and
reacts.
10. Did you know….
The brain also acts as a filter for our conscious minds. You only
perceive less than ½ of the information our brain receives. If you
received all of it, you would be too overwhelmed with sensory
information to do anything consciously.
