This document discusses nonrenewable mineral resources and geology. It describes how tectonic plates interact at divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries, causing volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis. Mining has harmful environmental effects like pollution, waste, and land disruption. Supply of minerals depends on reserves, usage rate, and effects of extraction and use. More sustainable practices include reducing waste, recycling, and substituting scarce resources.
A presentation on geology and non renewable resources by manoj kumar pachauriManoj Kumar Pachauri
The earth’s crust is made up of a mosaic of huge rigid plates, called tectonic plates, which move very slowly across the asthenosphere in response to forces in the mantle. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW.
1) Dynamic geological processes within the Earth continually recycle rocks and form mineral deposits while also causing volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis.
2) The available supply of a nonrenewable mineral resource depends on its quantity in the Earth's crust, the rate of usage, mining technology, market prices, and the environmental impacts of extraction and use. As resources become scarcer, negative environmental effects tend to increase.
3) More sustainable use of minerals involves finding substitutes, reducing waste, and increasing reuse and recycling to extend supplies while lowering environmental impacts.
The document discusses weathering, soil formation, and erosion. It describes two types of weathering - mechanical and chemical - that break down rock. Soil forms over time from weathered rock and decayed organic matter. Soil has distinct layers or horizons. Factors like climate and vegetation affect soil development and erosion risks. The document outlines various human activities and natural processes that can cause erosion, and methods to reduce erosion like contour farming, terracing, and no-till agriculture.
B.sc. agri sem ii agricultural microbiology unit 3 soil profileRai University
The document discusses various aspects of soil profile and soil formation processes. It describes how bedrock weathers to form parent material, and how over time soil layers or horizons develop on top of the parent material. The key horizons discussed are the A, B, and C horizons. The A horizon contains high organic matter. The B horizon is subsoil that undergoes processes like clay accumulation. The C horizon is relatively unaltered parent material. Factors like climate, vegetation and time influence the formation of different soil horizons.
Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, and liquids that supports life on Earth. It is formed from parent material like rocks through weathering forces over time. Soil composition includes inorganic materials from broken down rocks, organic materials from decaying plants and animals, and varying amounts of water and air. Studying soil characteristics is important for engineering projects to ensure structural stability and avoid problems. Different soil types have varying properties due to formation factors like climate, topography, and parental material. Common soil types include black, desert, red, clay, and laterite soils.
The document discusses the processes of weathering, erosion, deposition and soil formation. It explains that weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes. Erosion then transports eroded material to new locations where deposition occurs. Over time, deposited materials break down further and combine with organic matter to form soil, which provides nutrients for plant growth. Soil profiles vary in composition with depth and soil color, such as the red color of much Georgia soil, provides clues to its composition.
The document discusses various types of weathering that break down rock into sediment. It describes mechanical (physical) weathering which cracks rocks without changing their chemical composition through processes like abrasion, frost wedging, and plant growth. It also describes chemical weathering which involves chemical changes through processes like carbonation, oxidation, hydrolysis, and acid rain dissolving rocks. The rate of weathering depends on climate, rock type, particle size, and depth of burial - with smaller, more exposed particles weathering faster. Weathering produces sediments, colloids, and dissolved minerals, and is an important part of soil formation.
Soil, Pedological and Edaphological ConceptsDINESH KUMAR
This document discusses concepts related to soil science. It defines soil as a natural body that forms at the earth's surface due to the combined effects of climate, organisms, relief, and parent material over time. Soil is a three-dimensional body with distinct layers and varying properties depending on location. Pedology studies soil as a natural body, while edaphology considers soil properties in relation to plant growth. The main components of soil are mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air. The document also outlines major branches and approaches within soil science.
A presentation on geology and non renewable resources by manoj kumar pachauriManoj Kumar Pachauri
The earth’s crust is made up of a mosaic of huge rigid plates, called tectonic plates, which move very slowly across the asthenosphere in response to forces in the mantle. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW.
1) Dynamic geological processes within the Earth continually recycle rocks and form mineral deposits while also causing volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis.
2) The available supply of a nonrenewable mineral resource depends on its quantity in the Earth's crust, the rate of usage, mining technology, market prices, and the environmental impacts of extraction and use. As resources become scarcer, negative environmental effects tend to increase.
3) More sustainable use of minerals involves finding substitutes, reducing waste, and increasing reuse and recycling to extend supplies while lowering environmental impacts.
The document discusses weathering, soil formation, and erosion. It describes two types of weathering - mechanical and chemical - that break down rock. Soil forms over time from weathered rock and decayed organic matter. Soil has distinct layers or horizons. Factors like climate and vegetation affect soil development and erosion risks. The document outlines various human activities and natural processes that can cause erosion, and methods to reduce erosion like contour farming, terracing, and no-till agriculture.
B.sc. agri sem ii agricultural microbiology unit 3 soil profileRai University
The document discusses various aspects of soil profile and soil formation processes. It describes how bedrock weathers to form parent material, and how over time soil layers or horizons develop on top of the parent material. The key horizons discussed are the A, B, and C horizons. The A horizon contains high organic matter. The B horizon is subsoil that undergoes processes like clay accumulation. The C horizon is relatively unaltered parent material. Factors like climate, vegetation and time influence the formation of different soil horizons.
Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, and liquids that supports life on Earth. It is formed from parent material like rocks through weathering forces over time. Soil composition includes inorganic materials from broken down rocks, organic materials from decaying plants and animals, and varying amounts of water and air. Studying soil characteristics is important for engineering projects to ensure structural stability and avoid problems. Different soil types have varying properties due to formation factors like climate, topography, and parental material. Common soil types include black, desert, red, clay, and laterite soils.
The document discusses the processes of weathering, erosion, deposition and soil formation. It explains that weathering breaks down rocks through mechanical and chemical processes. Erosion then transports eroded material to new locations where deposition occurs. Over time, deposited materials break down further and combine with organic matter to form soil, which provides nutrients for plant growth. Soil profiles vary in composition with depth and soil color, such as the red color of much Georgia soil, provides clues to its composition.
The document discusses various types of weathering that break down rock into sediment. It describes mechanical (physical) weathering which cracks rocks without changing their chemical composition through processes like abrasion, frost wedging, and plant growth. It also describes chemical weathering which involves chemical changes through processes like carbonation, oxidation, hydrolysis, and acid rain dissolving rocks. The rate of weathering depends on climate, rock type, particle size, and depth of burial - with smaller, more exposed particles weathering faster. Weathering produces sediments, colloids, and dissolved minerals, and is an important part of soil formation.
Soil, Pedological and Edaphological ConceptsDINESH KUMAR
This document discusses concepts related to soil science. It defines soil as a natural body that forms at the earth's surface due to the combined effects of climate, organisms, relief, and parent material over time. Soil is a three-dimensional body with distinct layers and varying properties depending on location. Pedology studies soil as a natural body, while edaphology considers soil properties in relation to plant growth. The main components of soil are mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air. The document also outlines major branches and approaches within soil science.
In this presentation, different aspects of edaphic factor like soil forming process, soil forming rocks, Soil profile, major soil types of India, physiochemical properties of soil, soil erosion and soil conservation are explained.
This document provides information about soil including its definition, composition, formation, and importance. It defines soil as a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air that supports life on Earth. Soil is formed over long periods of time through the weathering of rock and interaction with climate and living organisms. It is composed of layers or horizons that develop distinct properties. Soil performs vital functions like sustaining plant and animal life, regulating water flow, filtering pollutants, storing nutrients, and providing structural support. Soil science studies soil as a living ecosystem and its role in agriculture, the environment, and supporting human civilization.
This document describes the typical horizons found in a mature soil profile. It explains that a mature soil profile contains O, A, B, and C horizons. The O horizon contains organic material like leaves and twigs. The A horizon is dark colored due to mixing with humus. The B horizon is the subsoil, containing materials leached from above. The C horizon contains partially weathered parent material and mineral particles.
This is the presentation deck I used when I spoke about "Soil" at the inaugural Brooklyn Dirt [http://goo.gl/fb/74fjT] on February 16, 2011 at Sycamore Bar and Flowershop.
The soil profile is defined as a vertical section of soil exposed when a soil pit is dug from the surface to the underlying bedrock. It contains different horizontal layers: the topsoil is the upper layer with the most organic matter and biological activity; the subsoil layers below accumulate materials leached from above; and the parent material is what the soil is forming from, influencing the soil composition based on its chemical and physical properties. The main cause of soil contamination is man-made waste containing unnatural chemicals, whereas natural waste adds fertility.
Soil is formed by the weathering of parent rocks. It consists of mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air. The vertical layers of a soil are called a soil profile, which typically consists of six horizons - O, A, B, C, D, and R. Soil texture refers to the proportions of particles like sand, silt, and clay. Other important soil properties include density, porosity, permeability, temperature, water, chemical composition, and organisms. Soil organisms play an important role in processes like nitrogen fixation, decomposition, and soil mixing.
Soil horizons are parallel layers found in a cross-section of soil, identified by letters beginning with O at the surface and moving downward through A, E, B, and C horizons to the underlying bedrock or parent material. The top horizons contain the most organic matter from decomposing vegetation above and below ground. Nutrients leach from the organic matter through the horizons with rainfall and weathering, causing color changes. There are 6 main horizons: O horizon at the surface contains litter; A horizon is the topsoil; B horizon is the subsoil where materials are deposited; C horizon is weathered rock; D horizon is actively weathering rock; and R horizon is the solid bedrock.
A soil profile is made up of horizontal layers called horizons that vary in appearance and composition from the surface downward. The topsoil horizons A1 and sometimes A2 contain the most organic matter and support the most biological activity. Below this is the subsoil B horizon which typically has higher clay content. Deepest is the C horizon of weathered parent material or bedrock.
This document discusses various types of pollution and their impacts. It begins by defining pollution and the goal of determining threats to resources and developing scientific solutions. It then discusses different components of the biosphere - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Specific topics covered include soil contamination, water contamination from agricultural runoff, fossil fuel emissions increasing greenhouse gases, and alternatives to fossil fuels. Food chains and trophic levels are explained, showing how pollution can impact entire ecosystems. Solutions proposed include better land management, alternative energy sources, and reducing agricultural and industrial runoff.
Biological properties of soil and biodiversityHafsa Ranjha
This document discusses the biological properties of soil and biodiversity. It begins by defining soil and describing the different types of soil horizons and profiles. It then covers various soil properties like texture, structure, consistency, drainage and pH. The importance of soil moisture, minerals and organic matter in soil composition is explained. Different types of soils like clay, sandy, silt and loamy soils are defined. The document emphasizes the significance of soil in supporting plant growth and various life forms.
The document provides an overview of key concepts regarding soil properties, formation, classification, chemistry, biology, and issues. It defines soil and describes its composition, properties like texture and structure. Factors in soil formation like climate, biology, parent material and time are outlined. Major soil orders are defined based on the USDA soil taxonomy system. Key processes in the nitrogen and carbon cycles performed by soil microbiota are summarized. Issues related to soil degradation, salinization, and loss of agriculturally viable land due to human activities are briefly described.
Water, temperature changes, and chemical reactions are key factors in weathering and erosion. Water is particularly powerful in mechanically and chemically breaking down rock. Moving water, glaciers, wind, and gravity transport eroded materials and deposit them elsewhere. Over time, this leads to soil formation and changes in landforms, as seen with caves and karst topography. Different soil types such as loess are suitable for certain agricultural uses. Plant roots and acids like acid rain also contribute to chemical weathering of rocks.
Soil is the thin layer of material on Earth's surface that supports plant growth and provides nutrients. It is formed over thousands of years from weathered rock and organic materials. There are many different soil types worldwide based on factors like climate, topography, and biology. Soil is a non-renewable resource that is important for food production, water regulation, and carbon storage, yet a third of soils are degraded. Maintaining soil health through sustainable management practices is crucial for food security and the environment.
Erosion and weathering are major forces that shape the Earth's surface. Erosion is when the Earth's surface is worn away by forces like moving water, wind, oceans, and glaciers. Weathering is when rocks are broken down into smaller pieces through various processes like freezing and thawing of water, plant roots, and chemical reactions. Understanding these forces helps explain landforms like canyons and shorelines. Soil erosion from forces like water and wind is important because humans rely on soil for food production.
**needs updates and improvements
these slide is made with excerpts from other published and unpublished books,journals, studies and om-line references.No Plagiarism was intended.
Made for April-May 2015 Agriculture Major Admission test Review. Cavite State University.
The document presented findings from a study on soil types and properties. It began with an introduction to soil and discussed major soil types based on texture. It described the methodology used, which involved examining soil profiles, measuring pH, moisture content, and organic matter. The results showed that in the grassland sample area, the topsoil had higher moisture content and organic matter than the subsoil. Meanwhile, the woodland sample area had lower levels of moisture and organic matter overall. The conclusion was that various soil properties, like pH, were similar between areas, but factors like location affected moisture content and organic matter levels.
The factors which relate to structure and composition of soil are called edaphic factors.
Soil is a very complex medium. A good fertile soil contains mineral matter (40%), organic matter (10%), water (15%) and air (25%).
Mineral matter in the soil occurs in the form of particles. Soil can be studied under Physical and chemical properties.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key concepts in soil science, including:
1) Soil is composed of minerals, organic materials, air and water that provide a medium for plant growth and habitat for organisms.
2) The five factors of soil formation are climate, living organisms, relief, parent material, and time.
3) Soil texture, structure, porosity and water holding capacity are influenced by mineral composition, organic matter, and soil development over time.
4) Water movement through soil is affected by pore size distribution and forces like gravity and capillary action.
Soil is considered to be the “skin of the earth". Soil is capable of supporting plant life and all life on earth. Soils are complex mixtures of 5 major components. The importance of soils as natural resource are highlighted in this module.
The document discusses geology and nonrenewable mineral resources. It describes the dynamic geological processes involved in the rock cycle and plate tectonics. These processes form mineral deposits but can also cause natural hazards like earthquakes and tsunamis. It also addresses how the available supply of mineral resources depends on usage rates and mining impacts. Finally, it suggests more sustainable approaches like reducing waste, finding substitutes, and increasing reuse and recycling of scarce nonrenewable minerals.
1) The Earth's geological processes continually recycle rocks through volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and the movement of tectonic plates, forming mineral deposits and affecting landforms.
2) Extracting and processing mineral resources can damage the environment, and supplies of nonrenewable resources are finite as we use them up and mining becomes more difficult. However, raising prices can increase supply up to environmental limits.
3) More sustainable use includes finding substitutes, reducing waste, and increasing recycling and reuse to extend supplies of scarce resources.
The process of obtaining mineral resources from the Earth involves extracting resources through various mining methods. Surface mining techniques include open pit mining, strip mining, quarrying, and solar evaporation. Subsurface techniques include room-and-pillar mining, longwall mining, and solution mining. Mining provides resources for energy, technology, infrastructure, and more, but can negatively impact the environment through air and water pollution, wildlife displacement, erosion, and other issues. Regulations aim to reduce environmental impacts and require reclamation of mined lands.
In this presentation, different aspects of edaphic factor like soil forming process, soil forming rocks, Soil profile, major soil types of India, physiochemical properties of soil, soil erosion and soil conservation are explained.
This document provides information about soil including its definition, composition, formation, and importance. It defines soil as a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air that supports life on Earth. Soil is formed over long periods of time through the weathering of rock and interaction with climate and living organisms. It is composed of layers or horizons that develop distinct properties. Soil performs vital functions like sustaining plant and animal life, regulating water flow, filtering pollutants, storing nutrients, and providing structural support. Soil science studies soil as a living ecosystem and its role in agriculture, the environment, and supporting human civilization.
This document describes the typical horizons found in a mature soil profile. It explains that a mature soil profile contains O, A, B, and C horizons. The O horizon contains organic material like leaves and twigs. The A horizon is dark colored due to mixing with humus. The B horizon is the subsoil, containing materials leached from above. The C horizon contains partially weathered parent material and mineral particles.
This is the presentation deck I used when I spoke about "Soil" at the inaugural Brooklyn Dirt [http://goo.gl/fb/74fjT] on February 16, 2011 at Sycamore Bar and Flowershop.
The soil profile is defined as a vertical section of soil exposed when a soil pit is dug from the surface to the underlying bedrock. It contains different horizontal layers: the topsoil is the upper layer with the most organic matter and biological activity; the subsoil layers below accumulate materials leached from above; and the parent material is what the soil is forming from, influencing the soil composition based on its chemical and physical properties. The main cause of soil contamination is man-made waste containing unnatural chemicals, whereas natural waste adds fertility.
Soil is formed by the weathering of parent rocks. It consists of mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air. The vertical layers of a soil are called a soil profile, which typically consists of six horizons - O, A, B, C, D, and R. Soil texture refers to the proportions of particles like sand, silt, and clay. Other important soil properties include density, porosity, permeability, temperature, water, chemical composition, and organisms. Soil organisms play an important role in processes like nitrogen fixation, decomposition, and soil mixing.
Soil horizons are parallel layers found in a cross-section of soil, identified by letters beginning with O at the surface and moving downward through A, E, B, and C horizons to the underlying bedrock or parent material. The top horizons contain the most organic matter from decomposing vegetation above and below ground. Nutrients leach from the organic matter through the horizons with rainfall and weathering, causing color changes. There are 6 main horizons: O horizon at the surface contains litter; A horizon is the topsoil; B horizon is the subsoil where materials are deposited; C horizon is weathered rock; D horizon is actively weathering rock; and R horizon is the solid bedrock.
A soil profile is made up of horizontal layers called horizons that vary in appearance and composition from the surface downward. The topsoil horizons A1 and sometimes A2 contain the most organic matter and support the most biological activity. Below this is the subsoil B horizon which typically has higher clay content. Deepest is the C horizon of weathered parent material or bedrock.
This document discusses various types of pollution and their impacts. It begins by defining pollution and the goal of determining threats to resources and developing scientific solutions. It then discusses different components of the biosphere - the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Specific topics covered include soil contamination, water contamination from agricultural runoff, fossil fuel emissions increasing greenhouse gases, and alternatives to fossil fuels. Food chains and trophic levels are explained, showing how pollution can impact entire ecosystems. Solutions proposed include better land management, alternative energy sources, and reducing agricultural and industrial runoff.
Biological properties of soil and biodiversityHafsa Ranjha
This document discusses the biological properties of soil and biodiversity. It begins by defining soil and describing the different types of soil horizons and profiles. It then covers various soil properties like texture, structure, consistency, drainage and pH. The importance of soil moisture, minerals and organic matter in soil composition is explained. Different types of soils like clay, sandy, silt and loamy soils are defined. The document emphasizes the significance of soil in supporting plant growth and various life forms.
The document provides an overview of key concepts regarding soil properties, formation, classification, chemistry, biology, and issues. It defines soil and describes its composition, properties like texture and structure. Factors in soil formation like climate, biology, parent material and time are outlined. Major soil orders are defined based on the USDA soil taxonomy system. Key processes in the nitrogen and carbon cycles performed by soil microbiota are summarized. Issues related to soil degradation, salinization, and loss of agriculturally viable land due to human activities are briefly described.
Water, temperature changes, and chemical reactions are key factors in weathering and erosion. Water is particularly powerful in mechanically and chemically breaking down rock. Moving water, glaciers, wind, and gravity transport eroded materials and deposit them elsewhere. Over time, this leads to soil formation and changes in landforms, as seen with caves and karst topography. Different soil types such as loess are suitable for certain agricultural uses. Plant roots and acids like acid rain also contribute to chemical weathering of rocks.
Soil is the thin layer of material on Earth's surface that supports plant growth and provides nutrients. It is formed over thousands of years from weathered rock and organic materials. There are many different soil types worldwide based on factors like climate, topography, and biology. Soil is a non-renewable resource that is important for food production, water regulation, and carbon storage, yet a third of soils are degraded. Maintaining soil health through sustainable management practices is crucial for food security and the environment.
Erosion and weathering are major forces that shape the Earth's surface. Erosion is when the Earth's surface is worn away by forces like moving water, wind, oceans, and glaciers. Weathering is when rocks are broken down into smaller pieces through various processes like freezing and thawing of water, plant roots, and chemical reactions. Understanding these forces helps explain landforms like canyons and shorelines. Soil erosion from forces like water and wind is important because humans rely on soil for food production.
**needs updates and improvements
these slide is made with excerpts from other published and unpublished books,journals, studies and om-line references.No Plagiarism was intended.
Made for April-May 2015 Agriculture Major Admission test Review. Cavite State University.
The document presented findings from a study on soil types and properties. It began with an introduction to soil and discussed major soil types based on texture. It described the methodology used, which involved examining soil profiles, measuring pH, moisture content, and organic matter. The results showed that in the grassland sample area, the topsoil had higher moisture content and organic matter than the subsoil. Meanwhile, the woodland sample area had lower levels of moisture and organic matter overall. The conclusion was that various soil properties, like pH, were similar between areas, but factors like location affected moisture content and organic matter levels.
The factors which relate to structure and composition of soil are called edaphic factors.
Soil is a very complex medium. A good fertile soil contains mineral matter (40%), organic matter (10%), water (15%) and air (25%).
Mineral matter in the soil occurs in the form of particles. Soil can be studied under Physical and chemical properties.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of key concepts in soil science, including:
1) Soil is composed of minerals, organic materials, air and water that provide a medium for plant growth and habitat for organisms.
2) The five factors of soil formation are climate, living organisms, relief, parent material, and time.
3) Soil texture, structure, porosity and water holding capacity are influenced by mineral composition, organic matter, and soil development over time.
4) Water movement through soil is affected by pore size distribution and forces like gravity and capillary action.
Soil is considered to be the “skin of the earth". Soil is capable of supporting plant life and all life on earth. Soils are complex mixtures of 5 major components. The importance of soils as natural resource are highlighted in this module.
The document discusses geology and nonrenewable mineral resources. It describes the dynamic geological processes involved in the rock cycle and plate tectonics. These processes form mineral deposits but can also cause natural hazards like earthquakes and tsunamis. It also addresses how the available supply of mineral resources depends on usage rates and mining impacts. Finally, it suggests more sustainable approaches like reducing waste, finding substitutes, and increasing reuse and recycling of scarce nonrenewable minerals.
1) The Earth's geological processes continually recycle rocks through volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and the movement of tectonic plates, forming mineral deposits and affecting landforms.
2) Extracting and processing mineral resources can damage the environment, and supplies of nonrenewable resources are finite as we use them up and mining becomes more difficult. However, raising prices can increase supply up to environmental limits.
3) More sustainable use includes finding substitutes, reducing waste, and increasing recycling and reuse to extend supplies of scarce resources.
The process of obtaining mineral resources from the Earth involves extracting resources through various mining methods. Surface mining techniques include open pit mining, strip mining, quarrying, and solar evaporation. Subsurface techniques include room-and-pillar mining, longwall mining, and solution mining. Mining provides resources for energy, technology, infrastructure, and more, but can negatively impact the environment through air and water pollution, wildlife displacement, erosion, and other issues. Regulations aim to reduce environmental impacts and require reclamation of mined lands.
The document discusses minerals and their extraction from Earth. It begins by explaining how the planet formed and developed a rocky crust rich in minerals. It then examines various types of minerals and rocks, as well as how minerals are vital resources. However, mineral extraction causes significant environmental impacts. Creating a sustainable mineral production system requires conservation, recycling, restoration, and expanding reserves through new technologies.
Mining is the extraction of valuable materials from the earth. It is required to obtain materials that cannot be grown or made artificially. There are several types of mining including surface mining methods like open pit and strip mining, and subsurface mining methods like shaft, slope, and drift mining. Mining is important economically but can also cause environmental damage and health issues for miners. Key issues include mine safety, pollution from mine tailings and acid mine drainage, and damage to landscapes and water bodies. Regulations aim to reduce risks but mining continues to impact communities and environments.
Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals and materials from the earth. There are two main types of mining: surface mining, which takes place above ground, and subsurface mining, which occurs underground. Surface mining techniques include open-pit and strip mining and can cause significant environmental damage through habitat destruction and pollution. Subsurface mining techniques include shaft, slope, and drift mining and can be dangerous for miners due to risks of collapse, fire, and exposure to harmful substances. All mining operations generate waste materials that must be properly managed to prevent pollution of air and water if reclamation efforts are to be successful.
Mining is the extraction of valuable materials from the earth. It is required to obtain materials that cannot be grown or made artificially. There are several types of mining including surface mining methods like open pit and strip mining, and subsurface mining methods like shaft, slope, and drift mining. Mining is important economically but can also cause environmental damage and health issues for miners. Key issues include mine safety, pollution from mine tailings and acid mine drainage, and damage to landscapes and water bodies. Regulations aim to reduce risks but mining continues to impact the environment.
Chapter 3 - mineral and power resources - Class 8ssuser862a42
The document discusses various types of minerals and power resources. It begins by defining minerals and describing their formation and types. The main types of minerals discussed are metallic and non-metallic minerals. It then describes the extraction of minerals through mining, drilling, and quarrying. The document also discusses the distribution of minerals globally and their various uses. It stresses the importance of conserving minerals as a non-renewable resource. The second part of the document focuses on power resources, distinguishing between conventional sources like coal, petroleum, natural gas, and hydropower, as well as non-conventional sources such as solar, wind, and nuclear energy.
1) Cleopatra's Needle, an Egyptian obelisk carved from granite around 1450 BC, had clear hieroglyphs during its 3000 years in the dry Egyptian desert but the hieroglyphs faded quickly after it was moved to the wet climate of New York City in 1800.
2) Weathering is the breakdown of rocks through chemical and physical processes near the Earth's surface. It includes frost wedging, wetting and drying, plant and animal activity, and loss of overlying material.
3) Chemical weathering involves changes to a rock's minerals through reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acids from decay. It produces clay minerals and rounds rock edges through spheroidal
This document provides an overview of landforms and the geological and environmental processes that shape the Earth's surface over time. It discusses endogenous forces like plate tectonics, volcanism, and earthquakes that originate within the Earth, as well as exogenous forces like weathering, erosion, deposition, and mass wasting from external agents such as water, wind, and ice. These forces create landforms through gradual geomorphic changes spanning vast periods of geological time. The document also examines how human activities can accelerate natural surface processes through deforestation, agriculture, and construction.
1. The document discusses two external forces that change the Earth's surface: weathering and erosion. Weathering is the breakdown of rocks in place through mechanical or chemical processes, while erosion is the transport of weathered materials by agents such as water, wind, and waves.
2. Mechanical weathering includes exfoliation through thermal expansion and contraction, frost shattering through freezing water in cracks, and the widening of cracks by plant and animal roots. Chemical weathering occurs through solution in carbonic acid or oxidation that breaks down iron in rocks.
3. Erosion shapes landforms as water, wind, and waves carry sediments that abrade rock surfaces, enlarging cracks to form features such as
The document describes the four main components that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key aspects of each component. The atmosphere contains nitrogen and oxygen gases. The hydrosphere contains both saltwater and freshwater. The biosphere includes all living things on Earth. The geosphere is composed of layers within the Earth's crust and mantle.
1. The document discusses different types of mining including surface mining techniques like placer mining, strip mining, mountaintop removal, and hydraulic mining. It also discusses underground mining techniques like drift mining, slope mining, and shaft mining.
2. Mining can have negative environmental impacts like deforestation, pollution from tailings dams, subsidence from underground coal mining, and dispersal of heavy metals and asbestos.
3. Mining also causes social damages like appropriation of indigenous lands, health impacts, changes to social relationships and regional cultures, and displacement of local communities and economies. The case study of Sukinda valley in India shows large negative health impacts from chromite mining pollution.
This document discusses coal mining practices and their environmental impacts. It begins by explaining that coal and other minerals are mined to produce energy and materials like steel. Several mining techniques are described, including surface mining methods like mountaintop removal and subsurface techniques like longwall mining. The document notes that while mining is important, it can cause issues like water and air pollution, subsidence, and damage to landscapes. Laws like the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act were passed to regulate impacts and require cleanup, but mining continues to significantly alter environments.
1. Mining involves extracting valuable minerals and materials from the earth. Common methods are surface mining, which removes overburden, and underground mining using shafts or tunnels.
2. Surface mining techniques include placer mining for deposits close to the surface, strip mining which removes overburden, and mountaintop removal which levels entire mountains. Underground mining uses drifts, slopes, or shafts to access deep materials.
3. Mining has environmental impacts like deforestation, pollution from tailings, subsidence from underground mining, and dispersal of heavy metals and asbestos. It can also damage communities through land appropriation, health impacts, and social disruption.
This document provides an overview of geology and earth resources, including tectonic processes, rock types, the rock cycle, economic geology, environmental effects of resource extraction, mining reclamation, conserving resources, and geological hazards. It describes the layers of the earth, plate tectonics, rock formation processes, important rock and mineral resources, effects of mining and methods of reclamation, recycling and substituting materials to conserve resources, and natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides.
The document describes the four main components that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and key aspects of each component. The atmosphere contains nitrogen and oxygen gases. The hydrosphere contains both saltwater and freshwater. The biosphere includes all living things on Earth. The geosphere is composed of layers within the Earth's crust and mantle.
Mineral Resources
1. Use and over exploitation
2. Minerals and their ores extraction
3. Mine Safety
4. Case Study
5. Environmental Problems
The environmental damage caused by mining activities are as follows:
1. Devegetation and defacing of landscape
2. Subsidence of land
3. Groundwater contamination
4. Surface water pollution
5. Air pollution
6. Occupational health hazard
This chapter discusses economics, the environment, and sustainability. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Economic systems depend on natural, human, and manufactured capital. Markets fail to fully account for environmental costs, so governments intervene through various policies. Moving to a more sustainable economy will require shifting subsidies from polluting to green industries, taxing pollution over profits, and creating new green jobs in renewable energy and recycling.
This document discusses trends in urbanization and sustainability issues facing cities. It notes that half the world's population now lives in urban areas, with migration from rural to urban areas driven by factors like poverty and lack of opportunity. As urban populations grow, issues around sprawl, pollution, poverty, and transportation have emerged. The document examines strategies some cities are using to promote compact growth, reduce car dependence, preserve open space, and generally enhance sustainability.
This chapter outline discusses key topics in conservation biology including:
1) The goals of conservation biology are to conserve natural resources for current and future generations and support biodiversity by reducing species extinctions.
2) There is high biodiversity on Earth between 10-50 million species, but nearly 1,200 in the US and 40,000 worldwide are endangered.
3) Conserving genetic, ecosystem, and landscape diversity helps preserve species and ecosystems.
The document outlines different ecosystems of the biosphere, including how solar radiation, winds, and topography influence climate. It discusses various land ecosystems like tundra, forests, grasslands, deserts that exist in different regions due to climate factors. Freshwater ecosystems like streams and lakes are described along with coastal ecosystems. Finally, marine ecosystems are covered, including ocean zones and coral reefs.
This document is an outline for Chapter 38 of an ecology textbook. It covers several key topics:
1) Competition can lead to resource partitioning between species to decrease competition. Predator-prey interactions also affect population numbers of both species.
2) Antipredator defenses in prey include camouflage, warning coloration, and mimicry. Parasitism involves a parasite infecting a host, while commensalism benefits one species without affecting the other.
3) Mutualism benefits both participant species, like the relationship between plants and pollinators. Ecological succession is the replacement of species over time after a disturbance.
This document provides an outline of key topics from Chapter 36 on population ecology. It discusses how ecology can be studied at different levels from organisms to ecosystems. It also covers concepts such as population density and distribution, factors that influence population growth rates, survivorship curves, exponential and logistic growth models, and density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors. The chapter utilizes figures and diagrams to illustrate these ecological principles.
The document provides an outline of key topics in evolution of animals, including:
1) Animals have distinctive characteristics like being multicellular, heterotrophic, and often sexually reproducing. They have muscles, nerves, and various types of symmetry.
2) Early animal phyla include sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, roundworms, and molluscs which have features like radial or bilateral symmetry and the presence or absence of tissues and body cavities.
3) More complex animals include segmented worms, arthropods like insects and crustaceans, echinoderms, and chordates including vertebrates. These groups show increasing complexity in anatomy, tissues, and organ systems.
The document outlines the life cycle and reproductive processes in flowering plants. It describes the alternation of generations between diploid sporophytes and haploid gametophytes. The sporophyte produces spores via meiosis and the gametophyte generates gametes. Fertilization occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg, forming a zygote that develops into a seed containing an embryo. The ovary becomes a fruit, dispersing seeds that can germinate to form new sporophytes, completing the cycle. Flowers are adaptations that produce and protect gametophytes and attract pollinators like insects and birds to facilitate fertilization.
Plants transport water and nutrients throughout their systems using two transport tissues: xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals absorbed by the roots up to the leaves, relying on the cohesion-tension model. Transpiration through leaf stomata creates a pulling force that draws the water column through the xylem. Phloem transports sugars made in leaves to all parts of the plant using pressure flow, with a concentration gradient driving the movement of sugars from sources to sinks. Guard cells regulate stomatal openings to control water loss through transpiration. Plants require certain essential nutrients obtained from the soil to complete their life cycles.
This document discusses solid and hazardous waste. It notes that developed countries produce the majority of hazardous waste. Various methods for managing solid and hazardous waste are discussed, including reducing waste production, reuse, recycling, composting, burning, burying, and long-term storage. Integrated waste management is presented as using a variety of these strategies together. Citizen action and policy changes are needed to further encourage waste reduction and sustainable management.
This document provides an outline of Chapter 21 from a biology textbook. It discusses plant organization and homeostasis. It begins by describing the basic shoot and root systems of flowering plants, including stems, leaves, branches, and roots. It then explains how plants are categorized as monocots or eudicots based on structural differences. The document outlines the three main tissue types found in plants - epidermal, ground, and vascular tissue - and how they are arranged and function in leaves, stems, and roots. It concludes by describing primary growth and how it causes lengthening of the root and shoot systems through cell division in the meristems located at the tips.
This document provides an outline on the evolution of plants and fungi. It discusses how plants evolved from green algae around 500 million years ago, sharing characteristics like chlorophyll and starch storage. It then describes the alternation of generations life cycle, with multicellular sporophyte and gametophyte stages that alternate. Having a dominant sporophyte generation allowed plants to grow larger and adapt to dry land by developing vascular tissue for water transport. Seed plants further enhanced reproduction in dry conditions by protecting eggs in ovules.
The document discusses various sources and impacts of water pollution. It describes point sources like industrial facilities that pollute water at specific locations, and nonpoint sources like agricultural runoff that are diffuse and hard to regulate. Major causes of water pollution include agriculture, industry, and mining. Water pollutants can harm human health and aquatic ecosystems. Solutions discussed include better regulation, pollution prevention, water treatment and protecting watersheds.
This document discusses climate change and ozone depletion. It describes the difference between weather and climate, and how the climate has changed naturally over billions of years due to various factors. However, the climate is now changing faster due to human emissions of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels and deforestation. This is causing the atmosphere and oceans to warm, glaciers and ice sheets to melt, and sea levels to rise. Unless emissions are reduced, the consequences could be severe, including more extreme weather, worsening droughts and wildfires, flooded coastlines, and disrupted ecosystems. The document also discusses efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change through reducing emissions and preparing for impacts. Finally, it covers the issue of ozone depletion from
This document discusses air pollution, its sources, impacts, and solutions. It covers outdoor pollution from industrial activities and vehicles, as well as indoor pollution from burning biomass. Key points are that air pollution causes over 2 million premature deaths annually, with indoor pollution responsible for about two-thirds of deaths, primarily in developing countries. Solutions discussed include pollution prevention and regulations in developed countries, as well as cleaner cooking technologies in developing world contexts.
1. Humans face health risks from infectious diseases, chemicals that cause cancer and birth defects, and chemicals that disrupt human systems.
2. It is difficult to evaluate harm from chemical exposure, so some experts advocate pollution prevention.
3. Being informed, thinking critically about risks, and making careful choices can reduce major health risks.
This document discusses various methods for improving energy efficiency and increasing the use of renewable energy sources. It begins by explaining how much energy is wasted through inefficient devices like incandescent light bulbs and internal combustion engines. It then outlines strategies for saving energy in industry, transportation, buildings, and individuals' daily lives. The document dedicates several sections to different renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydropower, biomass and biofuels. It discusses the advantages and challenges of each approach while providing examples of existing technologies and projects around the world. The overall message is that transitioning to more efficient use of energy and greater renewable sources can provide economic, environmental and national security benefits.
1. Net energy yield is an important factor in evaluating energy resources, as it accounts for the energy needed to extract and produce the resource.
2. While fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal are plentiful, they have high environmental impacts, especially coal which is a major contributor to air pollution and carbon emissions.
3. Nuclear power has low carbon emissions but produces long-lived radioactive waste and has high costs, low net energy yield, and safety concerns that have limited its expansion.
This document provides an outline of Chapter 16 from a textbook on microbial life and evolution. It discusses the basic structure and classification of viruses. It describes how some viruses reproduce inside bacteria through lytic and lysogenic cycles. Examples of plant diseases caused by viruses are given. Emergent viral diseases in humans are discussed, including influenza, SARS, Ebola, and avian influenza. The life cycle of an animal DNA virus is outlined, from attachment to a host cell through biosynthesis, maturation and release of new viral particles.
This document provides an outline of key topics in the evolution of protists. It discusses how protists are a diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are not animals, fungi, or plants. They range in size and have various modes of nutrition and reproduction. Examples are provided of different protist groups like flagellates, amoebas, ciliates, and apicomplexans. Aquatic algae examples like diatoms, dinoflagellates, red algae, brown algae, and green algae are also outlined. Diagrams illustrate cellular features and life cycles of select protist species.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
1. MILLER/SPOOLMAN
LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17TH
Chapter 14
Geology and Nonrenewable
Mineral Resources
2. Core Case Study: The Real Cost of Gold
• Gold producers
• China
• South Africa
• Australia
• United States
• Canada
• Cyanide heap leaching
• Extremely toxic to birds and mammals
• Spills contaminate drinking water and kill birds and fish
3. Gold Mine with Cyanide Leach Piles and
Ponds in South Dakota, U.S.
Fig. 14-1, p. 346
4. The Earth Is a Dynamic Planet
• What is geology?
• Dynamic processes taking place on earth’s surface
and in earth’s interior
• Three major concentric zones of the earth
• Core
• Mantle
• Crust
• Continental crust
• Oceanic crust: 71% of crust
5. Major Features of the Earth’s Crust and
Upper Mantle
Fig. 14-2, p. 348
6. The Earth Beneath Your Feet Is
Moving (1)
• Tectonic Plates
• Three types of boundaries between plates
• Divergent boundaries-pulled apart
• Magma
• Oceanic ridge
• Convergent boundaries-pushed together
• Subduction zone
• Trench
• Transform boundaries-sliding by each other
• San Andreas fault
7. The Earth’s Crust Is Made Up of a Mosaic of Huge
Rigid Plates: Tectonic Plates
Fig. 14-3, p. 348
9. The San Andreas Fault as It Crosses Part of the Carrizo
Plain in California, U.S. –Transform fault
Fig. 14-5, p. 350
10. Some Parts of the Earth’s Surface Build Up
and Some Wear Down
• Internal geologic processes
• Generally build up the earth’s surface
• External geologic processes
• Weathering
• Physical, chemical, and biological
• Erosion
• Wind
• Flowing water
• Human activities
• Glaciers
11. Volcanoes Release Molten Rock from
the Earth’s Interior
• Volcano
• Fissure-crack that allows magma out
• Magma-still in volcano
• Lava-after it leaves volcano
• Benefits of volcanic activity
• New land
• Nutrients
• Tourism
• Knowledge (buried Pompeii was preserved)
18. Earthquakes on the Ocean Floor Can Cause
Huge Waves Called Tsunamis
• Tsunami, tidal wave
• Travels several hundred miles per hour
• Detection of tsunamis
• Buoys in open ocean show chance in ocean levels
• December 2004: Indian Ocean tsunami
• Magnitude 9.15 and 31-meter waves at shore
• Role of coral reefs and mangrove forests in reducing
death toll
19. Formation of a Tsunami and Map of Affected
Area of Dec 2004 Tsunami
Fig. 14-8, p. 352
20. Shore near Gleebruk in Indonesia before and
after the Tsunami on June 23, 2004
Fig. 14-9, p. 353
21. There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (1)
• Minerals
• Element or inorganic compound in earth’s crust
• Usually a crystalline solid
• Regular and repeating arrangement of atoms
• Rock
• Combination of one or more minerals
22. There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (2)
1. Sedimentary
• Sediments from eroded rocks or plant/animal remains
• Transported by water, wind, gravity
• Deposited in layers and compacted
• Sandstone
• Shale
• Dolomite
• Limestone
• Lignite
• Bituminous coal
23. There Are Three Major Types of Rocks (3)
2. Igneous
• Forms below or at earth’s surface from magma
• Granite
• Lava rocks
3. Metamorphic
• Preexisting rock subjected to high pressures, high temperatures,
and/or chemically active fluids
• Anthracite
• Slate
• Marble
24. The Earth’s Rocks Are Recycled
Very Slowly
• Rock cycle
• Slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes
26. We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable
Mineral Resources (1)
• Mineral resource
• Can be extracted from earth’s crust and processed into raw
materials and products at an affordable cost
• Metallic minerals
• Nonmetallic minerals
• Ore
• Contains profitable concentration of a mineral
• High-grade ore
• Low-grade ore
27. We Use a Variety of Nonrenewable
Mineral Resources (2)
• Metallic mineral resources
• Aluminum
• Iron for steel
• Copper
• Nonmetallic mineral resources
• Sand, gravel, limestone
• Reserves: estimated supply of a mineral resource
29. There Are Several Ways to Remove
Mineral Deposits (1)
• Surface mining
• Shallow deposits removed
• Overburden removed first
• Spoils: waste material
• Subsurface mining
• Deep deposits removed
30. There Are Several Ways to Remove
Mineral Deposits (2)
• Type of surface mining used depends on
• Resource
• Local topography
• Types of surface mining
• Open-pit mining
• Strip mining
• Contour strip mining
• Mountaintop removal
34. Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects
(1)
• Scarring and disruption of the land surface
• E.g., spoils banks
• Mountain top removal for coal
• Loss of rivers and streams
• Air pollution
• Groundwater disruption
• Biodiversity decreased
35. Mining Has Harmful Environmental Effects
(2)
• Subsurface mining
• Subsidence
• Major pollution of water and air
• Effect on aquatic life
• Large amounts of solid waste
36. Spoils Banks in Germany from Area Strip
Mining
Fig. 14-16, p. 358
39. Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful
Environmental Effects (1)
• Ore extracted by mining
• Ore mineral
• Gangue = waste material
• Smelting using heat or chemicals
• Air pollution
• Water pollution
40. Removing Metals from Ores Has Harmful
Environmental Effects (2)
• Liquid and solid hazardous wastes produced
• Use of cyanide salt of extract gold from its ore
• Summitville gold mine: Colorado, U.S.
41. Individuals Matter: Maria Gunnoe
• West Virginia environmental activist
• Won $150,000 Goldman Environmental Prize for
efforts against mountaintop coal mining
• Her home
• Flooded 7 times
• Coal sludge in yard
• Well contaminated
http://www.goldmanprize.org/2009/northamerica
42. Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Can Be Economically Depleted (1)
• Future supply depends on
• Actual or potential supply of the mineral
• Rate at which it is used
43. Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
Can Be Economically Depleted (2)
• When it becomes economically depleted
• Recycle or reuse existing supplies
• Waste less
• Use less
• Find a substitute
• Do without
• Depletion time: time to use a certain portion of
reserves
45. Market Prices Affect Supplies of
Nonrenewable Minerals
• Subsidies and tax breaks to mining companies keep
mineral prices artificially low
• Does this promote economic growth and national
security?
• Scarce investment capital hinders the development
of new supplies of mineral resources
46. Case Study: The U.S. General Mining
Law of 1872
• Encouraged mineral exploration and mining of hard-
rock minerals on U.S. public lands
• Developed to encourage settling the West (1800s)
• Until 1995, public land could be bought for 1872
prices ($2.50-5.00 per acre) and anything could be
done with it
• Companies must now pay for clean-up
47. Colorado Gold Mine Must Be Cleaned up by the
EPA-will cost taxpayers $120 million
Company that owned it
declared bankruptcy and
abandoned it, rather
than cleaning up the
acids and toxic metals
that leaked from the site
into the nearby Alamosa
River.
Fig. 14-20, p. 363
48. We Can Recycle and Reuse
Valuable Metals
• Recycling
• Lower environmental impact than mining and
processing metals from ores
• Reuse
50. We Can Use Mineral Resources More
Sustainability
• How can we decrease our use and waste of mineral
resources?
• Pollution and waste prevention programs
51. Case Study: Pollution Prevention Pays
• Begun in 1975 by 3M company, a very large
manufacturing company
• Redesigned equipment and processes
• Fewer hazardous chemicals
• Recycled or sold toxic chemical outputs
• Began making nonpolluting products
• Company saved $1.2 billion
• Sparked cleaner production movement
52. Three Big Ideas
1. Dynamic forces that move matter within the earth and on
its surface recycle the earth’s rocks, form deposits of
mineral resources, and cause volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, and tsunamis.
2. The available supply of a mineral resource depends on
how much of it is in the earth’s crust, how fast we use it,
mining technology, market prices, and the harmful
environmental effects of removing and using it.
3. We can use mineral resources more sustainably by trying
to find substitutes for scarce resources, reducing resource
waste, and reusing and recycling nonrenewable minerals.
Editor's Notes
Figure 14.1: This gold mine in the Black Hills of the U.S. state of South Dakota has disturbed a large area of land. This site also contains cyanide leach piles and settling ponds that are highly toxic to wildlife in the immediate area .
Figure 14.2: The earth’s crust and upper mantle have certain major features. The lithosphere , composed of the crust and outermost mantle, is rigid and brittle. The asthenosphere , a zone in the mantle, can be deformed by heat and pressure.
Figure 14.3: The earth’s crust is made up of a mosaic of huge rigid plates, called tectonic plates , which move very slowly across the asthenosphere in response to forces in the mantle. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW.
Figure 14.4: This map shows the earth’s major tectonic plates. See an animation based on this figure at CengageNOW. Question: Which plate are you riding on?
Figure 14.5: This is the San Andreas Fault as it crosses part of the Carrizo plain between San Francisco and Los Angeles, California (USA). This fault, which runs almost the full length of California, is responsible for earthquakes of various magnitudes. Question: Is there a transform fault near where you live?
Figure 14.6: A volcano is created when magma in the partially molten asthenosphere rises in a plume through the lithosphere to erupt on the surface as lava (photo inset), which builds into a cone. Sometimes, internal pressure is high enough to cause lava, ash, and gases to be ejected into the atmosphere or to flow over land, causing considerable damage. Some volcanoes that have erupted and then become inactive have formed islands or chains of islands.
Figure 14.7: An earthquake (left), one of nature’s most powerful events, has certain major features and effects. In 2010, a major 7.0 earthquake in Haiti (right) killed at least 72,000 people and devastated this already very poor country.
Figure 14.8: This diagram illustrates how a tsunami forms. The map shows the area affected by a large tsunami in December 2004.
Figure 14.9: In December 2004, a great earthquake with a magnitude of 9.15 on the seafloor of the Indian Ocean generated a tsunami that killed 168,000 people in Indonesia, as well as tens of thousands more in other countries bordering the Indian Ocean. These photos show the Banda Aceh Shore near Gleebruk in Indonesia on June 23, 2004 before the tsunami (left), and on December 28, 2004 after it was stuck by the tsunami (right).
Figure 14.10: N atural capital. The rock cycle is the slowest of the earth’s cyclic processes. Rocks are recycled over millions of years by three processes: erosion , melting , and metamorphism , which produce sedimentary , igneous , and metamorphic rocks. Rock from any of these classes can be converted to rock of either of the other two classes or can be recycled within its own class ( Concept 14-2 ). Question: What are three ways in which the rock cycle benefits your lifestyle?
Figure 14.11: Each metal resource that we use has a life cycle . Each step in this process uses large amounts of energy and water, and produces some pollution and waste.
Figure 14.13: N atural capital degradation. This open-pit copper mine, which is located near the U.S. city of Bisbee, Arizona, has been abandoned since the mid-1970s. Question: Should governments require mining companies to fill in and restore such sites once their ore is depleted? Explain .
Figure 14.14: This heavy piece of equipment with a large bucket is removing material from an area-strip-mining operation in the U.S. state of Wyoming .
Figure 14.15: N atural capital degradation. Contour strip mining is used in hilly or mountainous terrain to extract minerals such as coal.
Figure 14.16: N atural capital degradation. Area strip mining of coal in Germany created these spoils banks. A coal-burning power plant is in the background. Question: Should governments require mining companies to restore such sites as fully as possible? Explain.
Figure 14.17: N atural capital degradation. This is a mountaintop coal mining operation in the U.S. state of West Virginia, where coal is the state rock. The large amount of debris that results from this method is deposited in the valleys and streams below. Mountaintop removal for coal is also occurring in the U.S. states of Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. See other sites at http://www.appvoices.org/ . Question: Are you for or against mountaintop coal mining? Expl ain.
Figure 14.18: This mining site in Indonesia has been ecologically restored, but such restoration is rare.
Figure 14.19: N atural capital depletion. Each of these depletion curves for a nonrenewable resource (such as aluminum or copper) is based on a different set of assumptions. Dashed vertical lines represent the times at which 80% depletion occurs.
Figure 14.20: N atural capital degradation. This Summitville gold mining site near Alamosa, Colorado, became a toxic waste site after the Canadian company that owned it declared bankruptcy and abandoned it, rather than cleaning up the acids and toxic metals that leaked from the site into the nearby Alamosa River. Cleanup by the EPA will cost U.S. taxpayers about $120 million .
Figure 14.22: These compacted bales of aluminum cans are ready for recycling. About 54% of the aluminum cans used in the United States are recycled.