Chapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docx

Chapter 1
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.
*
Be able to describe I/O psychology and what I/O psychologists
doLearn about the history of I/O psychologyKnow the
admissions requirements for graduate programs in I/O
psychologyUnderstand the importance of conducting
researchUnderstand how to conduct researchBe able to
differentiate various research methods
A branch of psychology that applies the principles of
psychology to the workplace (Aamodt, 2016)Industrial-
organizational psychologists are able to apply psychological
theories to explain and enhance the effectiveness of human
behavior in the workplace (Canadian Psychological
Association)I/O psychologists “enhance the dignity and
performance of human beings, and the organizations they work
in, by advancing the science and knowledge of human behavior”
(Rucci, 2008)

Personnel PsychologyOrganizational PsychologyHuman
Factors/ErgonomicsOccupational Health and Safety
Source: Medsker, G. J., Katkowski, D. A., & Furr, D. (2005).
2003 income and employment survey results for the Society for
Industrial and Organizational Psychology. The Industrial-
Organizational Psychologist, 43(1), 36–50.Employment
SettingHighest Degree Obtained (M.A.)Highest Degree
Obtained (Ph.D.)Education0.840.0Private sector44.023.3Public
sector10.58.2Consulting37.325.0Other7.43.5
Source: Moberg & Moore (2011)Typical I/O CoursesTypical
MBA CoursesResearch methodsFinanceQuantitative

methodsMarketingEmployee selectionCorporate strategies and
policiesOrganizational
psychology/behaviorAccountingPsychometrics/test
constructionInformation systemsTraining &
developmentEconomicsPerformance appraisalOperations
managementCulture/global/international businessEthics
CharacteristicDegreeM.A.Ph.D.Average GPA3.413.58Years to
complete25InternshipYesYesDissertationNoYes

GPA and GRE averages are taken from the data in Appendix A
and Appendix B
Graduate Record Exam (GRE)Types of Graduate
ProgramsMaster’s programsDoctoral programs
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 1903Walter
Dill Scott publishes The Theory of Advertising1913Hugo
Munsterberg publishes Psychology and Industrial Efficiency
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7sIc8RXspk 1917Journal of
Applied Psychology first published1918WWI provides I/O
psychologists with first opportunity for large-scale employee
testing and selection
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 1921First
Ph.D. in I/O Psychology awarded to Bruce Moore and Merrill
Ream at Carnegie Tech1932First I/O text written by Morris

Viteles1933Hawthorne studies published1937American
Association for Applied Psychology established
© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. 1945Society
for Industrial and Business Psychology established as Division
14 of the APA with 130 members1960Division 14 renamed as
Society for Industrial Psychology, membership exceeds
7001971B. F. Skinner publishes Beyond Freedom and
Dignity1982Division 14 renamed Society for Industrial and
Organizational Psychology (SIOP)2008The journal Industrial
and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and
Practice begins publication as an official journal of
SIOP2010SIOP membership exceeds 8,0002014SIOP
membership exceeds 8,300

LITERATURE REVIEW
1
Unit I Literature Review
James B. Christa
Columbia Southern University
Literature Review
As far as Sun Coast remediation is concerned, safety and health
problems faced in the company need to be addressed. This is a
very critical job whereby specific working environment and
workers should be put into consideration. According to,
Creswell and Creswell (2018), employees have a dangerous
work because they are working at the contaminated sites and
participate in the removal of different toxic substance from soil,
air and water. Therefore, employees have to apply the
appropriate safety equipment and observe the precautionary
measures although they are exposed to toxins as they try to
remove them from working areas. In order to submit a
comprehensive work, different skills and knowledge within the
line of work are applied so that the company can move forward
and mitigate because hazardous conditions affecting the
employees are removed.
This research study appears to be so conducive in such a way
that problems surrounding the company are solved. The research
study has different goals which involves the establishment of
knowledge which is reasonable and to provide findings that
elaborate the relevant policies of the organization (Price &
Lovell 2018). Therefore, when making decisions concerning the
research design for instance the qualitative or quantitative
design, particular research problems should be solved basing on
the appropriate approach which is likely to answer the research
question more effectively and efficiently.

Quantitative research design is the one applied to this research
study so that the proposal will come to success. This research
therefore applies the use of numbers, open and closed- ended
questions and responses (Fresswelle & Creswell, 2018).
Comprehensive data will be evaluated from Sun Coast whereby
data will provide a comprehensive look. This will show
different causes of employees health related problems, safety
provided to workers considering accidents and helpful ways
which are suitable in preventing these issues from happening in
future (Morgan, 2017). Evaluation of the information will be
done following the data analysis test Price and Lovell (2018).
Quantitative research is capable of including extensive research
amounts of literature within the initial part of the research
putting into consideration the directions attempted in taking the
hypotheses (Bloomfield & Fisher, 2019). Therefore, it requires
extensive reading and examination of information relating to the
questions at hand.
When dealing with literature review at Sun Coast, different
employees hired to conduct the same line of work are
considered. There are individuals who dealt with hazardous
environment in combination of different cleaning areas involved
with hazardous materials and waste. Research findings are
validated through the enhancement of research understanding of
all members in a setting which do not present one side of
accounts (Leavy, 2017). When validating those findings,
confidence should be part of the research and researchers
presence and sensitivity is paramount.
Comprehensiveness of the study becomes also valid when the
practice of respondent is increased. Qualitative research also,
can be put into consideration because if the data is analyzed and
conducted properly, information concerning both heath
technologies and hazardous practices on employment at Sun
Coast can be solved effectively (Creswell & Poth, 2016).

Quantitative methods have different limitations in implementing
health problems therefore both quantitative and qualitative
research designs need to be applied in this research.
References
Bloomfield, J., & Fisher, M. J. (2019). Quantitative research
design. Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses
Association, 22(2), 27.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design:
Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th
Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and
research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage
publications.
Leavy, P. (2017). Research design: Quantitative, qualitative,
mixed methods, arts-based, and community-based participatory
research approaches. Guilford Publications.
Morgan, D. L. (2017). Research design and research
methods. Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods: A
pragmatic approach. London, England: SAGE.
Price, O., & Lovell, K. (2018). Quantitative research design.
In A research handbook for patient and public involvement
researchers. Manchester University Press.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES
1
Unit II Research Methods
James B. Christa

Columbia Southern University
Research Objectives
The aim of this research is to evaluate different problems
affecting sound exposure, new training concerning the
employee, return on investment, safety training as well as sound
exposure. Hazards that are involved in occupations and safety
of the employee are particularly primary concerns of Sun Coast.
Research objectives have been influenced by these concerns
since Sun Coast need to have an understanding on the causes of
these issues therefore implementing measures responsible in
minimizing risks. More threats are eliminated by conducting
research which focuses on the effectiveness of the training,
safety and returns on equity (Waehrer, G. and Miller, 2009).
Research purposes include determination of how PM has
impacted the health of the employee. Secondly, research help
in determining safety training which effective thus forecasting
lost time when conducting training is. Also, resolving of
regressional data in predetermining the working environment
such as securing resources which are suitable is part of the
purpose. In addition, research analyze the current and past
employee programs involved in training thereby making a
conclusion of a more effective program. Finally, this research
has to do an examination of blood sample test in order to
determine whether the level of lead have augmented as well as
analyzing the ANOVA data which is helpful in identifying
investment returns deviation.
Research Questions and Hypotheses
The research project has tge aim of improving employee safety
of Sun Coast, revenues and training. This has a purpose of
identifying deviations involved in pollution of the air, levels of
the noise, training and investment returns. In order to
determine the impact of the employees health, differential data
need to be analyzed. Tis study also is expected to determine
different methods which are applicable in determining wether
training of new employee is effective, increasing profits,

reducing sound exposure effects, accounting for the the time
lost during training effectiveness and reducing levels of lead
(Musick, 2017). Also, these methods assist in reducing the
exposure of employee to air pollution.
Research questions developed have to meet the set goals of the
study as well as the objectives in order to improve the
oparational procedures of Sun Coast's. These questions include;
RQ1: determine wether there is any associatiation between
health of the employee and particulate matter
H01: Statistical data in support of the relationship between PM
size and
Employee health is absent.
HA1: Data which supports relationship existing between PM
size andhealth of the employee is present.
RQ2: Do the training which is current effective and accounting
of the lost time put into consideration?
H02: relationship between the lost hours and training
effectiveness is supported BT statistical data.
HA2: There is absence of data which support traing
efdectiveness and lost time.
RQ3: Determine different impacts of DB levels on working
environments.
H03: There is presence of data which support the relationship
between work and DB level
HA3: No data is in support of relationship between working
environment and DB level.
RQ4: Determine wether employee training which is current
more effective? The current new employee training more
effective?
H04: There is presence of statistical data which can proof that
current training is effective
HA4: There is no data which supports the effectiveness of the
current training of employee.
RQ5: determine wether there is differences that exist between
pre-exposure and post exposure levels of employee.
H05: Deviation in bood level is supported by different

statistical data.
HA5: statistical data in support of deviation in blood levels is
absent.
RQ6:Do return on investment have differences that exist when
dealing with health and safety training projects, reclamation of
wter, soil and how air is monitored.
H06: statistical data suitable in proofing ROI varies between
services is available.
HA6: statistical data in support that ROI varies between
services is absent.
References
Waehrer, G. and Miller, T. (2009). Does safety training reduce
work injury in the United States?
2(26-39) The Ergonomic Open Journal. Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/
598f/e43073c5abbeec2017d7859f666d6365403e.pd
Musick, T. (2017). Safety and health Magazine. Protecting
workers from lead exposure.
Retrieved from
https://www.safetyandhealthmagazine.com/articles/15545-
protecting-
workers-from-lead-exposure
��
��
��

��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
� � ��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
�
��
��
��

��
��
��
��
��
��
��
�
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
�
��
��
��
��
� �� !��"��
� �� #��$%&'()��
��
��
��
��
��
��
�� $*�
��)�+,��-�� .

��
��/��
��
011��
�� 121��.
134('*&56(553&
��
7��
�
��
��
��
�
�� 0
'�� #�
��
�
��
��
8��
��
��8��.��
��
�
%�� 9��
��
��
��
��
��

�
6��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
�
:�� 9��
��
��
��
��
�
*�� 9��
��
��
��
��
��
5�� #��
��
��
8��
��
��
��
��
�
4�� ;
��

��
��
��
��< ��
(�� -��
��
��
��
��
��
8��
��
��
=��
��
��
��
�
��
�
��
7��
�
��
��
�
��
�� 6�&&�
��

��
��
��
;
��-7�>�� ?��
��
��
��
��@��
��-7
��;
��
��
��<��
�� 8��.
��
��
��
��;
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
�� ;
��-7�>�� ?��

��
�AB�
?��A��
��
�� .��
;
��-7�>�� ?��
�
� ��
��
��98��$��C��
��
�� )��
��
$'�(44�%5(�(&:5)��
�
��
�� B��8;
��
��(��*��D��
��(��6��;
��E
�
��
��
.��?��
�� %:14F��.��
��
��
��
?��

��
��
��
��
�
��
��
��
G � � ��
�
��
�� . ��
��
�
��
��
�
��
��
��
�
!"�#$#%&�'��(� ��(��
B��*5*%��G
��
�B �
��
'
http://libguides.columbiasouthern.edu/
mailto:[email protected]
��)��

;
��.��?��H�� $��?��H��
)��
��8� �
��
��
��
��
��
�
��
��
�
��
�� 8��.
��
��
�
� ��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��.�
� ��
�?��H��

�
��
�
��"��
��*�+��
I��
��
�
��
��
��.��
��
��
��
J��
��
��
��
�
��
��
��
��
�� J�#�
��
��
��
��
��

��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
@��<��
��
��%&&��
��
��=��
��
��
��
��*��'�,��-
!��
��
�
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��7��,��
��

��
��< ��G ��
��
�K��< ��H��
��
��
��
��.��
��
��
��
��
��
�� G ��
��
��
��
�
��
�
��
�
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
�
� ��
��
�
��

�
��
��G ��
�-��
��G � ��#��D��
�� ;
�
��
�
��
��< ��
��
��.��
��
��7��,��=�� 0�;
��
��
7��,��G
��
�K�� F��
��
��
�
��
��- ��
��
��
��
��
D��
�7��
��

��
��
��
��
��
��
��
��
�
��
�� ;
�
��
��
��
��< ��
7��,��K� �
��
��
��
�
��
��
…
Research in I/O psychology
part I.
Why conduct Research?

Answering questions and making decisions
Research and everyday life
Common sense is often wrong
Considerations in conducting research
Ideas
Hypotheses - well thought-out suggestions or ideas
Theories - systematic sets of assumptions regarding the nature
and cause of particular events
Hypothesis example 1Idea or question
What will happen
Why it will happen
Hypothesis or predictionTheory or explanationDoes all this
noise affect my employees’ performance?High levels of noise
will increase the number of errors made in assembling
electronic components.Noise causes a distraction, making it
difficult to concentrate.
Free-rider theory – When things are going well, individuals
realize that they don’t need to work hard because the group will
carry them
Sucker effect theory – An individual notices that others are not
working as hard and reduces his effort so that he will not be the
only “sucker” working hard

The third theory is that because individual effort will not be
noticed in a group, there will be no reward or punishment for
individual peformance.
Hypothesis example 2Idea or question
What will happen
Why it will happen
Hypothesis or predictionTheory or explanationWhat employee
recruitment source is best?Employee referrals will result in
employees who stay with the company longer than will the other
recruitment methods.1. Realistic job preview theory
2. Differential recruitment-source
3. Personality similarity theory
4. Socialization theory
Literature reviews
Written sources
Journals
Bridge publications
Trade magazines
Magazines
Internet (word of caution)
The location of the study
Locations
Laboratory research
Field research
Issues

Informed consent
Institutional review boards
The research method to be used
Experiments
Independent variable is manipulated {and}
Subjects are randomly assigned to conditions
Dependent variable
Quasi-experiments
Independent variable is not manipulated {or}
Subjects are not randomly assigned to conditions
Archival research
Surveys
Meta-analysis
Independent and Dependent Variables
Independent Variable
Experimental group
Control group
Dependent Variable
Example – Independent and Dependent Variables
A researcher thinks that smaller groups will be more cohesive
than larger groups
Independent variable = Group size

Dependent variable = Level of cohesion
Number of Group Members35791113Cohesiveness
rating877765606058
Identify the Independent and Dependent Variables
Are employees in large organizations more likely to miss work
than those in small organizations?
Will taking a practice test increase scores on the an employment
test?
Will making “to do” lists decrease the stress of managers?
A researcher found that employees with customer service
training have fewer customer complaints than employees who
haven’t been trained.
A researcher found that employees on the night shift make more
errors than those on the day shift.
A researcher found that employees paid on commission were
more productive but less satisfied than employees paid an
hourly rate.
Quasi-Experiments
Used when experiments are not practical or when manipulating
a variable may not be ethical
A study is a quasi-experiment rather than an experiment when
The independent variable is not manipulated {or}
Subjects are not randomly assigned to conditions
Cannot determine cause-effect relationships

Example: the Child-Care Center
2013 Employee absenteeism rate = 5.09%
2014 On-site child-care center established (Jan 1)
2014 Employee absenteeism rate = 3.01%
Example - External and Internal FactorsDateAbsenteeism
%External FactorInternal Factor1/145.3Child care center
started2/145.23/145.1Flextime program
started4/142.0Unemployment rate at
9.3%5/142.06/142.07/141.8Wellness program
started8/141.89/142.0New attendance
policy10/142.111/144.0Mild weather12/144.2Mild weather2014
Total 3.13%
part II.
Surveys
Mail
Personal interviews
Phone
Email
Internet

1998 Survey of Best Motion Pictures
Mail Responses
Gone with the Wind
The Sound of Music
The Wizard of Oz
It’s a Wonderful Life
To Kill a Mockingbird
Email Responses
Gone with the Wind
Star Wars
Schindler’s List
The Wizard of Oz
The Shawshank Redemption
Increasing Response Rates - Mail Surveys
Pre-contact participants
Personalize the survey (e.g., original signature)
Ensure survey responses will be anonymous by using
identification numbers
Use a first-class stamp (15% more likely to be opened)
Increasing Response Rates - Email Surveys
Compared to regular mail, email
Faster
Cheaper (5-20% of regular mail cost)
Results in longer, more candid open-ended responses
Has similar response rates (about 30%)

Survey length does not affect response rates
Increasing Response Rates - Phone Surveys
Immediately identify self and affiliation
Provide a phone number if participant is suspicious
Stress the importance of the information
Keep the interview short
Limit the number of response options
Speak clearly
Question Considerations
Will the participant understand the question?
Will the question itself change the way a person thinks?
Do the response options cover the construct?
What are we going to do with the data?
What question are we trying to answer?
How much time, effort, and money are we willing to spend in
coding and analyzing responses?
Does the format increase or decrease the probability of
responding?
Question Types
Open-ended items
Provide richer quality
Difficult to analyze

Restricted items
Easier to analyze
May limit responses
Open v. Categorical Questions
Age _____
Age
Under 21
21–25
26–30
31–40
41–50
Over 50
What is Wrong With These Questions?
In the past year, how many times did you play golf?
How many times per week do you drink alcohol?
Why is Meta-Analysis Better
Than Traditional Reviews?
Statistical method of reaching conclusions based on previous
research

Meta-Analysis Steps
Obtain relevant studies
Convert test statistics into effect sizes
Compute mean effect size
Correct effect sizes for sources of error
Determine if effect size is significant
Determine if effect can be generalized or if there are moderators
Finding Studies
Establish time frame for studies
Sources
Journals
Dissertations
Theses
Technical reports
Conference presentations
File cabinet data
Finding Studies Methods
Search Engines
Academic Search Complete
PsycINFO
Lexis-Nexis
Google Scholar
World Cat

Internet
Bibliographies from studies
Phone calls
List serve calls for help
Finding Studies: Deciding Which Studies to Use
Must be empirical
Must have the appropriate statistic to convert to an ‘r’ or a ‘d’
Must have complete set of information
Must be accurate
Converting Test Statistics into Effect Sizes
Two common effect sizes
Correlation (r)
Difference (d)
Conversion Types
Directly using means
(Mexp – Mcontrol) ÷ SDoverall
Formulas to convert t, F, X2, r, and d
part III.

Where Do I Get My Subjects?
Who Will Participate?
Size
Students vs. “real world”
Does it Matter?
If you were investigating whether the length of time it took for
an employee to report sexual harassment (1 day versus 3
months) influenced jurors decisions, would students as subjects
be different from having people from the community?
Sampling
Types of Samples
Random
Representative
Non-random/representative
Sampling Methods
Random selection
Convenience
Random assignment
What Type of Sampling Method is Being Used?
A researcher has the students in her classes fill out a
questionnaire
A researcher gives $6 to people who will participate in his
study. As the people arrive, he flips a coin to see if they will be
in the experimental or the control condition.
A manager wants to see if a training program will increase
performance. She selects every third name from the company

roster to participate. Employees with an odd number at the end
of their social security number are given one training program
and those with an even number are given another.
Inducements to Participate
Extra credit
Money
Intrinsic reasons
Ordered to participate
Does it Matter?
Would the inducement used affect the type of person agreeing to
participate?
In what ways?
Informed Consent
Ethically required
Can be waived when
Research involves minimal risk
Waiver will not adversely affect rights of participants
Research could not be done without the waiver
Is Informed Consent Needed?
An experimenter wants to study the effects of electric shock on
reducing patients’ depression levels

A researcher wants to conduct a telephone survey in which she
asks people their five favorite TV shows. She will then
determine if males and females like different shows.
A researcher wants to determine the types of people who litter.
He plans to hide above a road and record information about the
people who litter or don’t litter (e.g., age, sex, type of car).
Running the Study
Informed consent
Instructions
Task completion
Deception?
Debriefing
How Do I Analyze My Data?
Concept
Numbers will always be different
Are they different by chance or by something true?
Probability levels (p < 0.05)
How Do I Analyze My Data?
Types of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
Median

Mode
Frequencies
Standard deviation
Statistics showing differences
t-tests
Analysis of variance
Chi-square
Statistics Showing Relationships - Correlation
Does not show causation
Correlation coefficient
Direction
Positive
Negative
Magnitude
Distance from zero
Comparison to norms
Type of Relationship
Linear
Curvilinear
Correlation of 0.50
Salary
Time in Job

Correlation of 0.20
Salary
Time in Job

Ethics in Research
Informed consent
Debriefing
Research Review Boards
Ethics in I/O Psychology
Ethical dilemmas: Ambiguous situations that require personal
judgments of what is right or wrong.
Two types
Type A
Type B
Module 1b - Discussion Board Questions
22 unread replies.1515 replies.
1. Academic-based research typically seeks to understand the
statistical relationship between concepts, as the correlation
between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Why would
managers find such information to be of limited value in
helping them to run a business? Why is it necessary to discuss
research methods in an I/O Psychology course?
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~
2. If you look at a pack of cigarettes, you will see a warning
like, “Cigarette smoking causes cancer.” This conclusion

regarding causality was reached through laboratory
experimental research. Why don’t studies in I/O psychology
establish causality, as “job satisfaction causes job
performance?”
Case Study 1 - Module 1b
Submit Assignment
Read the applied Case Study on p.32 of your textbook. Please
carefully review the case study rubric for this assignment.
Attach your case study response here.

Chapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Chapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docx

Similar to Chapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docx (17)

More from romeliadoan

More from romeliadoan (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Chapter 1© 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. .docx