β-lactam antibiotics are antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure. This includes penicillin derivatives, cephalosporins and cephamycins, monobactams, carbapenems.
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
This ppt deals with the sulfonamide group of drugs with classification, mechanism, spectrum, resistance, uses and adverse effects discussed in detail. It also discusses in detail about Cotrimoxazole
Pharmacology of Penicllins (Beta lactam antibiotics), description of their mechanism of action, mechanism of resistance, classification, indications and adverse effects
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
Tetracyclines slide contains full information about uses, adverse effect, marketed preparation, precaution, route of drug administration, antimicrobial spectrum, mechanism of action, pharmacokineticks and pharmacodynamics of tetracyclines. This slide is very helpful for pharmacy and pharmacology student for the study about tetracyclines.
This presentation about cell wall inhibitors specially beta lactam antibiotics ..... that help you to understand how B-lactam antibiotics work on bacteria......
Pharmacology of cephalosporins, monobactums and carbapenums including their mechanism of action, indications, adverse effects.
The various generations of cephalosporins and their spectrum of action
Pharmacogenetic testing in clinical settings DRMOHITKHER
Incorporation of pharmacogenomic testing with clinical trials has multiple advantages. The two most important concerns for new drug development are efficacy and safety.
Benefit-risk assessment is an integral part of FDA's regulatory review of marketing applications for new drugs and biologics. These assessments capture the Agency's evidence, uncertainties, and reasoning used to arrive at its final determination for specific regulatory decisions.
The aminoglycoside class of antibiotics consists of many different agents. In the United States, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, plazomicin, streptomycin, neomycin, and paromomycin are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are available for clinical use.
Macrolides are a class of drugs used to manage and treat various bacterial infections. Azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin are commonly used to treat infections like pneumonia, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and tonsillitis. They are also used in uncomplicated skin infections and otitis media in pediatric patients.
The gut-brain axis (GBA) consists of bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system, linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions. Recent advances in research have described the importance of gut microbiota in influencing these interactions.
In vitro and animal models of SARS Cov-2DRMOHITKHER
Basic research on SARS-CoV-2 is essential to understand its detailed pathophysiology and identify best drug targets. Models that can faithfully reproduce the viral life cycle and reproduce the pathology of COVID-19 are required. Here, we briefly review the cell lines, organoids, and animal models that are currently being used in COVID-19 research.
Medical education is changing to meet the demands of our evolving health care system. One of these changes is the development and implementation of competency-based medical education (CBME).
Animal models of drug relapse & cravingDRMOHITKHER
Animal models of drug relapse & craving. we discuss different animal models that have been used to study behavioral and neuropharmacological mechanisms of these relapse-related phenomena.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
11. Beta Lactamase Inhibitors
• Amoxicillin is combined with clavulanic acid (Co-amoxy-clav)
• Ampicillin is combined with sulbactam (Sultamicin)
• Piperacillin is combined with tazobactam
• Ceftazidime-avibactam combination is approved for complicated UTI
(including pyelonephritis) and complicated intra-abdominal infections
• Meropenem-vaborbactam is a new combination approved for complicated
UTI
12. PENICILLIN
• First Antibiotic to be used clinically
• Obtained from a fungus: Penicillium notatum
• Bacteriocidal drug
• MOA: Inhibit transpeptidase enzyme
14. Penicillin-G
• Oldest drug
• Other name: Benzyl penicillin
• Not used now commonly
• Problems with the drug:
- Acid labile
- Short acting drug
- Resistance developed (penicillinase and beta-lactamase strains)
- Narrow spectrum
- Allergic reactions: Jarisch Herxheimer reaction
16. Newer Penicillin designed to overcome
shortcomings
• Acid resistant Penicillin: Penicillin V, oxacillin, dicloxacillin,
cloxacillin, amoxycillin and ampicillin.
• Benzathine and procaine group can be added to penicillin G to make it
long acting.
• Probenecid can be administered with penicillins. Former inhibits the
tubular secretion.
20. Acid Resistant Penicillin
• Penicillin-V (Phenoxymethyl Penicillin)
• Oral absorption is better
• But spectrum is just same as penicillin-G (Narrow spectrum: Mostly gram
positive)
• It can not be dependent for more serious infections
• USES: Pharyngitis, sinusitis, otitis media, rheumatic fever
21. Aminopenicillins
• Ampicillin
• Prodrugs: Amoxicillin, Bacampicillin
• Active against all gram positive and many gram negative bacilli
• Eg. H. influenzae, E.coli, Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella & H. pylori
• Amoxycillin: More active, Better oral absorption
• Becampicillin: Less used now
• Acid resistant, penicillinase resistant
• But Beta-lactamase sensitive
35. Carbapenems
• Wide spectrum: Gram positive cocci, gram negative rods, pseudomonas as well as
anaerobes.
• Imipenem is rapidly inactivated by renal dehydropeptidase I, so it is combined with
cilastatin, an inhibitor of this enzyme.
• Cilastatin increases the half life of imipenem and also inhibits the formation of
nephrotoxic metabolite.
• A/E: Seizures & GI distress
36. Other drugs (less likely to cause seizure): Do not require to combine
with cilastatin
• Meropenem
• Ertapenem (very long acting)
• Doripenem
• Faropenem (oral)
37. • All carbapenems are injectable (Except faropenem, orally)
• Carbapenems are β-lactamase resistant and are drug of choice for
Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Acinetobacter species.
• Only β-lactams which are reliably efficacious against ESBL.
38.
39. Drugs used in Typhoid
• Ceftriaxone: Injectable DOC
• Cefixime: Oral DOC
• Ciprofloxacin: DOC for carriers
• Cotrimoxazole/Amoxicillin/Ampicillin/Chloramphenicol: Widespread
resistance
40. MONOBACTAMS
Aztreonam
• Only effective against gram negative & pseudomonas
• Do not show any cross allergy
• Indications: Hospital acquired infections originating from urinary, biliary, GI and female genital tracts.
• S/E: Rashes & raised liver enzymes
• Only beta lactam antibiotic that can be used in patients having severe allergy to penicillin or
cephalosporins.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45. Miscellaneous points
• Bactericidal drugs kill the bacteria whereas bacteriostatic drugs only inhibits bacterial
growth. Bacteriostatic activity is adequate for the treatment of most infections,
bactericidal activity may be necessary for cure in patients with altered immune
systems like: neutropenias, HIV and other immunosuppressive conditions.
• Vancomycin resistance occurs due to altered binding site whose structure changes
from Alanine-Alanine to Alanine-Lactate.
• Methicillin resistance occurs due to altered PBPs.
46. • Combination of a bactericidal (ampicillin) and a bacteriostatic drug
(chloramphenicol) is usually antagonistic in nature. This is because cidal
drugs are usually acting on a fast multiplying organisms whereas static
drugs decrease this multiplication.
• Beta lactamase break this ring between N and C=O group and can result
in resistance.
• Beta lactamases are encoded by plasmids that can be transferred with the
help of bacteriophage (transduction) in staphylococci and by
transformation in Pneumococci.
47. • Cefotaxime or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and azithromycin: Effective in
H. influenza infections.
• Cefuroxime has good CSF penetration. It can be used for meningitis,
however ceftriaxone is superior. Cefuroxime is not effective against
anaerobes.
• Fifth generation cephalosporins (ceftobiprole and ceftaroline) are the
only beta-lactams active against MRSA.
48. • Penicillins increase the bactericidal activity of aminoglycosides. Combination of
penicillins/cephalosporins and aminoglycosides is the treatment of choice for
pseudomonas infections.
• Meningococcal meningitis:
DOC: Penicillin-G
Empirical treatment: Ceftriaxone
• The only acceptable treatment for syphilis in pregnancy is penicillin. In penicillin
allergy patients, DOC is doxycycline but it is C/I in pregnancy. Therefore,
desensitization is done and penicillin is given.
49. Antibiotics Used in Empirical Therapy of
Bacterial Meningitis and Focal CNS Infections
50. • Frequent cause of mastitis is Staphylococcus aureus which may be
penicillinase producing. Therefore, penicillinase resistant penicillins like
cloxacillin are preferred for treatment of mastitis.
• Enterococcal endocarditis:
DOC: Ampicillin + Gentamicin → if history of allergy → Vancomycin +
Gentamicin
51. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases
(ESBL)
Beta-lactamases that breaks down:
• 3Rd generation cephalosporins and monobactams
DOC in ESBL:
• Carbapenems
• 2nd gen is preferred over 4th gen cephalosporins
• Beta lactams + beta lactamase inhibitors
60. Glycopeptides
• Vancomycin is DOC for:
MRSA
Corynebacterium jeikeium
Serious infections in penicillin allergic patients
• Rapid i.v. infusion of high doses of vancomycin can cause RED MAN
SYNDROME.
• Vancomycin is used ORALLY to treat pseudomembranous colitis.
Editor's Notes
Bactericidal drugs kill the bacteria whereas bacteriostatic drugs only inhibits bacterial growth. Bacteriostatic activity is adequate for the treatment of most infections, bactericidal activity may be necessary for cure in patients with altered immune systems like: neutropenias, HIV and other immunosuppressive conditions.
Beta lactamase break this ring between N and C=O group and can result in resistance.
Combination of a bactericidal (ampicillin) and a bacteriostatic drug (chloramphenicol) is usually antagonistic in nature. This is because cidal drugs are usually acting on a fast multiplying organisms whereas static drugs decrease this multiplication.
Methicillin resistance occurs due to altered PBPs, thus no penicillin, (infact no beta-lactam antibiotic) is useful against methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.
Vancomycin resistance occurs due to altered binding site whose structure changes from Alanine-Alanine to Alanine-Lactate