A project with great illustrations and clarity to get your ideas straight into their brains (Solar Demystified)

1. Photovoltaic Principles and
Design
Presented for:
Presenters:

2. Outline
Why
Renewable
Energy?
The Power
of the Sun
The
Science of
Photovolt-
aics
Designing
PV system
and
Tracking
Algorithm

3. Outline
Why
Renewable
Energy?
The Power
of the Sun
The
Science of
Photovolt-
aics
Designing
PV system
and
Tracking
Algorithm

4. Growing Energy
Requirements
• the growth of the world population
• rising standards of living

5. Tightening of Resources
 world energy consumption continues to grow
 Only coal was estimated to last for about 200
year
 lack of fuels will lead to strongly rising prices
and distribution wars

6. Climate Change
The heat energy remains in the atmosphere due to CO2 and
only a small amount is returned back in to Space 
Greenhouse Effect

7. Outline
Why
Renewable
Energy?
The Power
of the Sun
The
Science of
Photovolt-
aics
Designing
PV system
and
Tracking
Algorithm

8. Energy Distribution of Sunlight

9. Global Radiation Maps

10. Radiation Availability and World
Energy Consumption

11. The Position of the Sun

12. The Sun’s Path

13. Outline
Why
Renewable
Energy?
The Power
of the Sun
The
Science of
Photovolt-
aics
Designing
PV system
and
Tracking
Algorithm

14. The p-n Junction

15. Generating power
E = hc / λ
• The packet of energy for a violet photon is about twice as large as for a
red photon
• Moving from one band to another
requires a ‘quantum leap’
• Infrared photons don’t generally
have the necessary amount of energy
• Most violet photons towards the end
of the spectrum have excess energy
that is dissipated as heat
• 20% efficiency is left

16. Solar Cell Parameters 1
 Open Circuit Voltage Voc 0.5 V – 0.6 V
 Short Circuit Current Isc
proportional to the strength
of the sunlight
 Maximum Power Point
Pmp=Imp*Vmp

17. Solar Cell Parameters 2
The Fill Factor widely used measure of
performance that reflects the overall quality
of the cell
FF = Vmp*Imp / Voc*Isc
FF = PMPP / Voc*Isc

18. Temperature Dependency of Solar
Cells

19. Solar module Ratings
The power of a solar module is measured according to Standard
limiting conditions:
 Full Sun radiation (radiation strength E = 1000 W/m2)
 Temperature of the solar module: T=25 °C
 The rated power (or nominal power) of the module is given in
Watt-Peak (Wp) describing the peak power of the module under
optimal conditions

20. Design of Solar Modules

21. Solar Module Simulation

22. Outline
Why
Renewable
Energy?
The Power
of the Sun
The
Science of
Photovolt-
aics
Designing
PV system
and
Tracking
Algorithm

23. PV Systems
I. Grid Connected (use the National Grid as
backup)
II. Stand-alone (use batteries as backup)
III. Hybrid (use generators and batteries as
backup)

24. Grid Connected System
 By 2009, more than 95% of solar cell production was being
deployed in grid - connected systems
 The Grid supply the power needed at night
 A part of the power produced at peak Sun hours is connected to
the Grid and sold

25. Scheme of Grid Connected
System
PV combiner unit
Protection unit
DC to AC
Inverter
Energy - flow metering
junction box
connected to utility

26. DC to AC Inverter
 Use advanced electronics to produce AC power at the right
frequency and voltage to match the grid supply
 Must be able to handle wide output power range (different
sunlight conditions)
 They do this using maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
 DC to AC conversion efficiencies up to 98%

27. Tracking Algorithm : P and O

28. STEADY-STATE OPERATION VS
RAPIDLY CHANGING
IRRADIANCE CONDITIONS

29. Perturb & Observe Simulation

30. Conclusion
 Energy densities for renewable energies are
small → large areas are needed in order
to “collect” sufficient energy → high cost of
production
 As technology grows, the cost of production
decreases
 In the next 100 years, solar energy will sure
be the major provider of energy for world’s
consumption

31. Any
Questions?
Thank you
For Your Attention