Power quality issues can arise from reactive power demand, harmonic distortion, voltage sags and swells, unbalance, flicker, notching, and interruptions. Non-linear loads like rectifiers and adjustable speed drives generate harmonics. Harmonics can overheat equipment and increase losses. Voltage sags are brief reductions in voltage from events like motor starts. Unbalance occurs when three-phase voltages differ in magnitude. Flicker is the perception of lighting variations below 25 Hz. Mitigation methods include active and passive filters, dynamic voltage restorers, static compensators, and surge arresters.
Power quality improvement using upqc with soft computing method: Fuzzy logicSakti Prasanna Muduli
Now a days problems regarding power quality is more in large inter connected power systems. There are many method to mitigate these problems but using the latest most efficient compensation method is some what impressive. Here is the brief explanations regarding UPQC using soft computing method(fuzzy logic). This was my academic project along with my friends.
Power quality improvement using upqc with soft computing method: Fuzzy logicSakti Prasanna Muduli
Now a days problems regarding power quality is more in large inter connected power systems. There are many method to mitigate these problems but using the latest most efficient compensation method is some what impressive. Here is the brief explanations regarding UPQC using soft computing method(fuzzy logic). This was my academic project along with my friends.
This is the third slide set in series of Introductory course on Power Quality for undergraduates. This deals with transient over-voltages, Ferro Resonance, Over Voltage Protection, Switching Transients, Shielding
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
The frequency of a system is dependent on active power balance
As frequency is a common factor throughout the system, a change in active power demand at one point is reflected throughout the system
Because there are many generators supplying power into the system, some means must be provided to allocate change in demand to the generators
speed governor on each generating unit provides primary speed control function
supplementary control originating at a central control center allocates generation
In an interconnected system, with two or more independently controlled areas, the generation within each area has to be controlled so as to maintain scheduled power interchange
The control of generation and frequency is commonly known as load frequency control (LFC) or automatic generation control (AGC)
POWER HARMONICS- SOURCES, ISSUES AND MITIGATIONASHIKS842
Various developments in the field of power system are being carried out to find a fruitful solution to mitigate the harmonics. some of the basic solutions are being described here.
SEMINAR PRESENTED ON 21 JANUARY 2017 CONDUCTED BY KERALA STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD ENGINEER'S ASSOCIATION.
This is the third slide set in series of Introductory course on Power Quality for undergraduates. This deals with transient over-voltages, Ferro Resonance, Over Voltage Protection, Switching Transients, Shielding
The significance of power factor correction (PFC) has long been visualized as a technology requirement for improving the efficiency of a power system network by compensating for the fundamental reactive power generated or consumed by simple inductive or capacitive loads. With the Information Age in full swing, the growth of high reliability, low cost electronic products have led utilities to escalate their power quality concerns created by the increase of such “switching loads.” These products include: entertainment devices such as Digital TVs, DVDs, and audio equipment; information technology devices such as PCs, printers, and fax-machines; variable speed motor drives for HVAC and white goods appliances; food preparation and cooking products such as microwaves and cook tops; and lighting products, which include electronic ballasts, LED and fluorescent lamps, and other power conversion devices that operate a variety of lamps. The drivers that have resulted in this proliferation are a direct result of the availability of low-cost switch-mode devices and control circuitry in all major end-use segments: residential, commercial, and industrial.
The frequency of a system is dependent on active power balance
As frequency is a common factor throughout the system, a change in active power demand at one point is reflected throughout the system
Because there are many generators supplying power into the system, some means must be provided to allocate change in demand to the generators
speed governor on each generating unit provides primary speed control function
supplementary control originating at a central control center allocates generation
In an interconnected system, with two or more independently controlled areas, the generation within each area has to be controlled so as to maintain scheduled power interchange
The control of generation and frequency is commonly known as load frequency control (LFC) or automatic generation control (AGC)
POWER HARMONICS- SOURCES, ISSUES AND MITIGATIONASHIKS842
Various developments in the field of power system are being carried out to find a fruitful solution to mitigate the harmonics. some of the basic solutions are being described here.
SEMINAR PRESENTED ON 21 JANUARY 2017 CONDUCTED BY KERALA STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD ENGINEER'S ASSOCIATION.
Come join the area's leading power quality experts as we demonstrate and replicate common power quality issues, problems and solutions in today's industrial and commercial electrical environments.
Introduction: Definition & Reasons of Occurrence of following Voltage Dip, Brief voltage increases, Brief voltage interruption, Transients, Voltage Notches, Flickers, Distortion, Un-balance. Power Quality Indices,Limits of Harmonic Distortion according to IEEE, IEC, EN and NORSOK limits.Brief Introduction of Power quality Standards: IEC 61000-2-5,IEC 61000-2-1, IEC 1159 ( Categories of Power quality variation according to IEEE 1159 standard with their relevant Spectral content, Duration of occurrence & Magnitude)
Power Quality Basics_Complex Compatibility_AclaraAclara
Power Quality is a major concern to utility customers and the utility. For the energy consumer, the economic impact of power disturbances can range from hundreds of dollars in equipment repair to millions of dollars in production losses and downtime. For utilities, disturbances lead to customer dissatisfaction and losses in load and revenue.
This presentation clarifies the unique electrical relationship between utility and customers relative to Power Quality. Introducing Power Quality terminology, tools to determine compatibility, and data that is available for analysis.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
This presentation on Power Quality Improvement Techniques: A Review presented by Sahid Raja Khan student of B. Tech. Electrical Engineering of Compucom Institute of Technology and Management Jaipur. It describes the improvement technique of Power Quality at GSS and other Substations including Generating Stations.
Application of Capacitors to Distribution System and Voltage RegulationAmeen San
Application of Capacitors to
Distribution System and Voltage
Regulation
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT,
System Harmonics
Voltage Regulation
Methods of Voltage Control
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. Basic Requirements for Critical Loads
Continuous, No Break in Power
Voltage Regulation
Sine wave Supply
Isolation
Constant Frequency
LoadVs
Is
3. Understanding
Reactive Power and Power Factor
Vs
Is
R
Is
Vs
XL
ReactivePower(Q)
inVAR
Apparent
Power(S) in
VA
Imp. Phase
Angle
True Power(P)
in Watts
XL
Vs
Is
R
4. Displacement and True Power Factor
Displacement Power Factor:
“Ratio of the active power of the fundamental, in
watts, to the apparent Power of the fundamental
wave, in volt-amperes”
True Power Factor:
“Ratio of the total power, in watts, to the total volt-
amperes. This includes fundamental and all harmonic
components ”
7. Total Harmonic Distortion
Defines the total harmonic content of current or voltage
Ratio of the RMS of the harmonic content to the RMS of the
Fundamental, as % of Fundamental
THD =
sum of squares of amplitudes of all harmonics
square of amplitude of fundamental
x 100
Mathematically,THD of a voltage wave form can be defined as,
THD =
V
V
100x
h
h
h
2
1
22=
=∞
∑
8. Power Quality
Supply Voltage at load must
The Voltage at any point in the distribution system is uniquely
described by
Where
v,f are constants (declared Value) for all t
)2(2V(t) ftVSin π=
have fundamental component only
be balanced
have declared magnitude under all conditions
9. PQ affected by Polluting Load
Polluting
Load
A
B
PCC
Distorted
voltage
Pure Sinusoidal
Line Impedance ZL
10. Common PQ Disturbances
Reactive Power Demand
Harmonic Distortion
Voltage sags and swells
Undervoltages and overvoltages
Voltage Unbalance
Voltage Flicker
Voltage Notching
Voltage Interruption
Transient Disturbances
Frequency variations
12. Harmonics-FFT Analysis
Current drawn by PC
Harmonic Spectrum of PC
Current Waveform
6 Pulse Converter/Battery Charger
Harmonic Spectrum of 6 Pulse
Converter/Battery Charger
13. Implication of
Reactive and Harmonics currents
Oversize of all installation equipments to transmit Reactive and
Harmonic currents namely
Transformer
Cables
Circuit breakers & distribution switch boards
Neutral overloads
Increase in Transmission & Distribution loss
Reduction in voltage stability margin
Overheating and loss of life & equipments
Major Increase in cost
14. Voltage sags and swells
• Reduction in the ac voltage, at the power frequency, for durations
from a half-cycle to a few seconds.
• Voltage Sag is Characterized by two parameters – Magnitude and
Duration
• Power Electronics Loads are Sensitive to Voltage Sags
15. Causes of Voltage sags and swells
Causes for Sag
Motor Starting
Transformer Energization
Transmission Faults
Causes for Swell
Single line to ground fault
Removing a large load /
adding a large
capacitor bank
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11190
195
200
205
210
215
220
RMSvoltageinV
Time in Cycles
0 5 10 15 20 2510
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
11
Time in Cycles
RMSvoltageinkV
Voltage sag due to Motor Starting
Voltage sag due to Transformer
Energization
16. Voltage Unbalance
Definition
In a balanced sinusoidal supply system the three line-neutral voltages
are equal in magnitude and are phase displaced from each other by 120
degrees
Causes for Unbalance
Unequal system impedances
Unequal distribution of
single-phase loads
Phase to Phase loads
Unbalanced Three phase loads
Va
Vb
Vc
1200
1200
1200
Va
Vb
Vc
1200
1210
1190
Balanced System Unbalanced System
17. Effect of Voltage Unbalance
Induction Motor drive
• Overheating and loss of Insulation life
• Reduced Motor Efficiency
• Noisy in their operation due Torque and speed pulsation
• Motor derating factor
NEMA Induction motor derating curve
18. Effect of Voltage Unbalance
AC Variable Speed drive
M
3Ø Diode Rectifier
Line Current of 3Ø diode
Rectifier for Balanced Input
Line Current of 3Ø diode
Rectifier for 5%unbalanced Input
Line Current of 3Ø diode Rectifier
for 15%unbalanced Input
• Draws uncharacteristic triplen harmonics
• Triplen harmonic current can lead to undesirable
harmonic problems
• Excessive thermal stress on diodes
19. Voltage Flicker
Definition
Repetitive or random variations of the voltage envelope modulated at
frequencies less than 25 Hz, which the human eye can detect as a
variation in the lamp intensity of a standard bulb due to sudden changes
in the real and reactive Power drawn by a load
Voltage waveform showing flicker created by an arc furnace
20. Voltage Flicker
Effect
lamp flicker
Human eye is most sensitive to voltage waveform
modulation around a frequency of 6-8Hz.
Causes
Induction Motor drive
• Arc furnaces
• Arc welders
• Frequent motor starts
23. Transient Disturbances
Transient disturbances are caused by the injection of
energy by switching or by lightning
Causes
Lightning
Capacitor Switching
Load switching
Oscillatory transient waveform caused by capacitor energizing
24. Need for Power Quality
Business Problems:
• Momentary disturbance can cause scrambled data, interrupted
communications, system crashes and equipment failure
• Lost productivity and idle people and equipment
• Overtime required to make up for lost work time
• Revenue and accounting problems such as invoices not
prepared, payments held up etc
According to Electric Light and Power Magazine, 30 to 40 percent
of all business downtime is related to Power Quality Problems
25. IEEE 519 Harmonic Standard
IEEE 519 “Recommended Practices and Requirements for
Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems”
Specifies load current harmonic limits at PCC
Specifies supply voltage harmonic limits at PCC
HARMONIC CURRENT DISTORTION LIMITS IN % OF IL
V<69 kV
h 11< 11<h<17 17<h<23 23<h<35 35<h TDD
4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
ISC/ IL
< 20
20-50
50-100
100-1000
> 1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
26. PQ Mitigation
Reactive and Harmonic Demand
Active Filter
Passive Filter
Voltage sag and Swell
Dynamic Voltage Restorer
Tap changing transformer
27. PQ Mitigation
Voltage Unbalance
Static Power balancer
Redistribution of single-phase loads equally
to all phases (Utility level).
Load Balancing (Plant level)
Voltage Flicker
Distribution static VAR compensator
