Buerger's disease is a rare condition characterized by inflammation and blockage of blood vessels in the hands and feet. It is caused by an autoimmune reaction triggered by tobacco use. The disease most commonly affects middle-aged men who smoke or use smokeless tobacco. Symptoms include pain, numbness, skin ulcers, and gangrene in the extremities. Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions and detecting blockages using angiograms or ultrasounds. The only effective treatment is permanently quitting tobacco. Without quitting, limb amputation may be necessary to prevent infection or gangrene.
Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) is a rare disease of the arteries and veins in the arms and legs. In Buerger's disease, your blood vessels become inflamed, swell and can become blocked with blood clots (thrombi)
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by the permanent dilation of the bronchi. It has both congenital and acquired causes such as infections from tuberculosis, pneumonia, or cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include chronic cough, production of large amounts of purulent sputum, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and surgery in severe cases. Nursing care aims to improve lung function and prevent infections through techniques like postural drainage and breathing exercises.
Varicose veins are permanently distended veins caused by loss of valvular competence, allowing blood to flow backwards. They commonly occur in the legs and are often due to family history or prolonged standing. Symptoms include leg swelling, pain, and skin discoloration. Treatment options include compression stockings, sclerotherapy, vein stripping, and laser or radiofrequency ablation. Nursing care focuses on pain management, skin protection, exercise and mobility, nutrition, and improving self-image.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi. It results from damage to the airways due to infection or inflammation that impairs mucus clearance. Common symptoms include chronic cough with sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and sputum culture. Treatment aims to clear secretions, treat infections, and manage symptoms. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance techniques, breathing exercises, infection control, nutrition support, and health education.
Buerger's disease, also known as thromboangiitis obliterans, is a type of vasculitis that causes inflammation of the small and medium arteries and veins in the hands and feet. It is strongly associated with smoking and tobacco use. The inflammation and formation of blood clots in the affected vessels leads to reduced blood flow and tissue damage. Common symptoms include pain, numbness, color changes, and non-healing sores or ulcers in the extremities. Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions and may include imaging tests. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking and managing symptoms, with the goal of preventing complications like gangrene that could require amputation.
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin lining of tissue that surrounds the lungs. It causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. The document discusses the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of pleurisy. The main causes are infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and viruses. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, fluid analysis, and other tests. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause through antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, pain medication, and procedures to drain fluid from the lungs.
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
Buerger's disease is a rare condition characterized by inflammation and blockage of blood vessels in the hands and feet. It is caused by an autoimmune reaction triggered by tobacco use. The disease most commonly affects middle-aged men who smoke or use smokeless tobacco. Symptoms include pain, numbness, skin ulcers, and gangrene in the extremities. Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions and detecting blockages using angiograms or ultrasounds. The only effective treatment is permanently quitting tobacco. Without quitting, limb amputation may be necessary to prevent infection or gangrene.
Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans) is a rare disease of the arteries and veins in the arms and legs. In Buerger's disease, your blood vessels become inflamed, swell and can become blocked with blood clots (thrombi)
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by the permanent dilation of the bronchi. It has both congenital and acquired causes such as infections from tuberculosis, pneumonia, or cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include chronic cough, production of large amounts of purulent sputum, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and surgery in severe cases. Nursing care aims to improve lung function and prevent infections through techniques like postural drainage and breathing exercises.
Varicose veins are permanently distended veins caused by loss of valvular competence, allowing blood to flow backwards. They commonly occur in the legs and are often due to family history or prolonged standing. Symptoms include leg swelling, pain, and skin discoloration. Treatment options include compression stockings, sclerotherapy, vein stripping, and laser or radiofrequency ablation. Nursing care focuses on pain management, skin protection, exercise and mobility, nutrition, and improving self-image.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi. It results from damage to the airways due to infection or inflammation that impairs mucus clearance. Common symptoms include chronic cough with sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and sputum culture. Treatment aims to clear secretions, treat infections, and manage symptoms. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance techniques, breathing exercises, infection control, nutrition support, and health education.
Buerger's disease, also known as thromboangiitis obliterans, is a type of vasculitis that causes inflammation of the small and medium arteries and veins in the hands and feet. It is strongly associated with smoking and tobacco use. The inflammation and formation of blood clots in the affected vessels leads to reduced blood flow and tissue damage. Common symptoms include pain, numbness, color changes, and non-healing sores or ulcers in the extremities. Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions and may include imaging tests. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking and managing symptoms, with the goal of preventing complications like gangrene that could require amputation.
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin lining of tissue that surrounds the lungs. It causes sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. The document discusses the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of pleurisy. The main causes are infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and viruses. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, fluid analysis, and other tests. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause through antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, pain medication, and procedures to drain fluid from the lungs.
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
This document provides information on peripheral vascular disease (PVD). It defines PVD as a circulation disorder caused by narrowing or blockage of blood vessels outside the heart. Common risk factors include atherosclerosis, smoking, hypertension, and obesity. Symptoms vary depending on the type of PVD but may include leg pain, skin changes, and ulceration. Diagnostic tests include Doppler ultrasound, angiography, and measuring ankle-brachial index. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery, and sometimes amputation for severe cases. Nursing care focuses on wound prevention, exercise, smoking cessation education, and monitoring for complications.
This document discusses pleural effusion, which is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can be caused by conditions like heart failure, infections, cancer, or autoimmune disorders. The fluid is classified as a transudate or exudate based on its composition. Symptoms include shortness of breath and chest pain. Diagnosis involves x-rays, ultrasound, or thoracentesis to analyze the fluid. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include draining fluid, treating the infection or heart condition, or surgery in severe cases. Nurses monitor for respiratory distress and manage chest tubes if used to drain the fluid.
Raynaud's disease is a condition that causes narrowing of the small blood vessels (arterioles) in the fingers and toes in response to cold temperatures or stress. There are two main types: primary Raynaud's disease, which has no underlying cause, and secondary Raynaud's, which is caused by another condition like connective tissue disease, injury, or exposure to vibrating tools. Symptoms include numbness, pain, and color changes in the skin from blanching to blue or red. Diagnosis involves examining the extremities for color changes and reduced sensation in response to cold. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like avoiding smoking and stress as well as medications to dilate blood vessels.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart that causes chest pain. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, uremia, myocardial infarction, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include chest pain worsened by deep breathing or lying down, fever, and potential heart failure from fluid buildup or tamponade. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam for rubs, ECG changes, imaging like echocardiogram, and labs. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause with rest, drainage procedures, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and steroids along with pain management and monitoring for complications like cardiac tamponade.
Buerger’s disease, also called thromboangiitis obliterans, is an inflammation of small- and medium-sized blood vessels. Although any artery can be affected, it usually presents with blockages of the arteries to the feet and hands, leading to pain and tissue damage.
The disease is found worldwide and can affect people of any race and age group. However, it mainly affects Asian and Middle Eastern men between the ages of 40 and 45 who heavily use, or have heavily used, tobacco products, including chewing tobacco.
There isn’t a cure for Buerger’s disease. However, the single-most important factor in improving symptoms and preventing its progression is quitting smoking.
In rare cases, the pain may be so severe that a surgical procedure called a sympathectomy may be performed to eliminate the pain.
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin membrane that surrounds the lungs. It is usually caused by a viral infection and causes sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens with breathing or coughing. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on relieving pain and includes antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, cough medication, and draining fluid via chest tube if needed.
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This presentation quickly throws light on its subtypes, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and complications.
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a circulation disorder causing narrowing of blood vessels outside the heart and brain. There are two types: functional PVD involves no structural damage while organic PVD causes inflammation and tissue damage. Common causes include atherosclerosis, blood clots, diabetes, and vasculitis. Risk factors are family history of heart disease, age over 50, smoking, obesity, and diabetes. Symptoms range from leg pain with walking to sores or color changes. Diagnosis involves blood pressure tests and imaging of blood vessels. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications, surgery such as stents and bypass grafts, and preventing complications like amputation.
A pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, causing partial or full lung collapse. It can be caused by trauma, mechanical ventilation, or ruptured blebs. There are three main types: closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. A tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency where air builds rapidly in the pleural space, compressing the heart and blood vessels. Needle decompression is needed to release trapped air. Hemothorax is the presence of blood in the pleural space, often accompanying an open pneumothorax or lung injury. Diagnosis involves history, exams, imaging, and blood gas tests. Treatment depends on severity but may include aspiration or
Pleuritis, or pleurisy, is inflammation of the pleura covering the lungs and chest wall that causes sharp, knifelike pain during breathing. It is usually caused by infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, or injuries to the chest. During pleurisy, inflammation of the pleura irritates sensory fibers and causes pain when the membranes rub together during breathing. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, or thoracentesis to identify the underlying cause, and treatment focuses on relieving pain and addressing its source through antibiotics, analgesics, or drainage of excess fluid in severe cases.
Arteriosclerosis is hardening and loss of elasticity of medium and large arteries due to thickening of arterial walls and deposition of calcium. It results from degeneration of elastic and muscle tissues in the arteries. Symptoms vary depending on the location of affected arteries and can include chest pain, impaired vision, dizziness, leg pain with walking, and skin changes in the legs. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Diagnostic tests include Doppler ultrasound, MRI, CT scans, and angiography. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medication to control symptoms and risk factors.
COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by obstructed airflow caused by conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, genetics, and air pollution. Symptoms include excessive cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, examining lungs, and tests like chest X-rays, pulmonary function tests, and blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on preventing further lung damage by quitting smoking, using bronchodilators and steroids, antibiotics for infections, and exercises to clear airways and strengthen breathing. Complications can be respiratory failure, pneumonia, and depression if not properly managed.
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle that can cause thickening and swelling of the heart. It has infectious causes like viruses and bacteria, as well as non-infectious causes like drugs. Symptoms range from mild fatigue to life-threatening arrhythmias or heart failure. Diagnosis involves EKG, blood tests, imaging and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on supporting heart function, reducing workload, and addressing the underlying cause. Complications can include arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death if not properly managed.
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
An aneurysm is a localized bulging or ballooning of the wall of an artery. It occurs when the arterial wall weakens, causing it to widen abnormally. The two main types are saccular aneurysms, which are spherical bulges, and fusiform aneurysms, which elongate a portion of the artery. Aneurysms can enlarge over time and rupture, causing life-threatening hemorrhage. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, infection, smoking, hypertension, and genetic conditions. Diagnosis involves physical exam and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the location and size of the aneurysm but may involve open or endovascular surgical repair to prevent rupture.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by abnormal dilation of the bronchi caused by inflammation and damage to the bronchial walls. It has several causes including post-infection, airway obstruction, immune deficiencies, and genetic disorders. Patients experience excessive sputum production, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, and sometimes hemoptysis. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans showing characteristic findings and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on airway clearance and long-term antibiotics tailored to sputum cultures. Surgery may be considered for severe, localized cases or massive hemoptysis.
Lung abscess is a collection of pus within the lungs caused by aspiration or infection, usually by anaerobic bacteria. Risk factors include periodontal disease, impaired swallowing, and conditions causing altered consciousness. Symptoms include cough with purulent sputum and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, bronchoscopy, and culture of sputum. Treatment is long-term IV and oral antibiotics, postural drainage, and surgery if antibiotics fail or cause massive hemoptysis. Prevention involves good oral hygiene and care to prevent aspiration during unconsciousness or seizures.
This document discusses pulmonary embolism (PE), which refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or its branches by a thrombus (blood clot). PE can be caused by factors that increase clotting like surgery, trauma, or heart failure. When a thrombus blocks a pulmonary vessel, it impairs gas exchange and increases pulmonary vascular resistance, raising pressure in the pulmonary artery and overworking the right ventricle. Diagnosis involves tests like ventilation-perfusion scans and treatment focuses on anticoagulation, thrombolytic drugs, or occasionally surgery to remove clots. Nursing care aims to prevent clots, monitor for complications, manage pain and oxygen therapy.
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
Buerger's disease is an inflammation of the blood vessels in the arms and legs that can lead to damage of the skin tissues and gangrene. It predominantly affects Asian and Middle Eastern male smokers aged 40-45. The exact cause is unknown but tobacco use is a major risk factor. Symptoms include pain, numbness, skin sores and color changes in the extremities. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging tests. The only effective treatment is complete abstinence from tobacco, while exercises like Buerger's can help improve circulation.
Gangrene is the death of body tissue due to reduced blood flow or bacterial infection. There are several types of gangrene including dry, wet, gas and internal gangrene. Gangrene is caused by lack of blood supply, infection, or trauma. Risk factors include diabetes, vascular disease, injury, smoking, obesity, and immunosuppression. Treatment involves removing dead tissue through surgery, antibiotics to treat infection, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy to promote healing. Preventing gangrene requires managing conditions like diabetes, losing weight, not smoking, and promptly treating infections or frostbite.
This document provides information on peripheral vascular disease (PVD). It defines PVD as a circulation disorder caused by narrowing or blockage of blood vessels outside the heart. Common risk factors include atherosclerosis, smoking, hypertension, and obesity. Symptoms vary depending on the type of PVD but may include leg pain, skin changes, and ulceration. Diagnostic tests include Doppler ultrasound, angiography, and measuring ankle-brachial index. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, procedures like angioplasty or bypass surgery, and sometimes amputation for severe cases. Nursing care focuses on wound prevention, exercise, smoking cessation education, and monitoring for complications.
This document discusses pleural effusion, which is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and chest wall. It can be caused by conditions like heart failure, infections, cancer, or autoimmune disorders. The fluid is classified as a transudate or exudate based on its composition. Symptoms include shortness of breath and chest pain. Diagnosis involves x-rays, ultrasound, or thoracentesis to analyze the fluid. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include draining fluid, treating the infection or heart condition, or surgery in severe cases. Nurses monitor for respiratory distress and manage chest tubes if used to drain the fluid.
Raynaud's disease is a condition that causes narrowing of the small blood vessels (arterioles) in the fingers and toes in response to cold temperatures or stress. There are two main types: primary Raynaud's disease, which has no underlying cause, and secondary Raynaud's, which is caused by another condition like connective tissue disease, injury, or exposure to vibrating tools. Symptoms include numbness, pain, and color changes in the skin from blanching to blue or red. Diagnosis involves examining the extremities for color changes and reduced sensation in response to cold. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like avoiding smoking and stress as well as medications to dilate blood vessels.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart that causes chest pain. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, uremia, myocardial infarction, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include chest pain worsened by deep breathing or lying down, fever, and potential heart failure from fluid buildup or tamponade. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam for rubs, ECG changes, imaging like echocardiogram, and labs. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause with rest, drainage procedures, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and steroids along with pain management and monitoring for complications like cardiac tamponade.
Buerger’s disease, also called thromboangiitis obliterans, is an inflammation of small- and medium-sized blood vessels. Although any artery can be affected, it usually presents with blockages of the arteries to the feet and hands, leading to pain and tissue damage.
The disease is found worldwide and can affect people of any race and age group. However, it mainly affects Asian and Middle Eastern men between the ages of 40 and 45 who heavily use, or have heavily used, tobacco products, including chewing tobacco.
There isn’t a cure for Buerger’s disease. However, the single-most important factor in improving symptoms and preventing its progression is quitting smoking.
In rare cases, the pain may be so severe that a surgical procedure called a sympathectomy may be performed to eliminate the pain.
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura, the thin membrane that surrounds the lungs. It is usually caused by a viral infection and causes sharp, stabbing chest pain that worsens with breathing or coughing. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on relieving pain and includes antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, cough medication, and draining fluid via chest tube if needed.
Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This presentation quickly throws light on its subtypes, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and complications.
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) is a circulation disorder causing narrowing of blood vessels outside the heart and brain. There are two types: functional PVD involves no structural damage while organic PVD causes inflammation and tissue damage. Common causes include atherosclerosis, blood clots, diabetes, and vasculitis. Risk factors are family history of heart disease, age over 50, smoking, obesity, and diabetes. Symptoms range from leg pain with walking to sores or color changes. Diagnosis involves blood pressure tests and imaging of blood vessels. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, medications, surgery such as stents and bypass grafts, and preventing complications like amputation.
A pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural space, causing partial or full lung collapse. It can be caused by trauma, mechanical ventilation, or ruptured blebs. There are three main types: closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. A tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency where air builds rapidly in the pleural space, compressing the heart and blood vessels. Needle decompression is needed to release trapped air. Hemothorax is the presence of blood in the pleural space, often accompanying an open pneumothorax or lung injury. Diagnosis involves history, exams, imaging, and blood gas tests. Treatment depends on severity but may include aspiration or
Pleuritis, or pleurisy, is inflammation of the pleura covering the lungs and chest wall that causes sharp, knifelike pain during breathing. It is usually caused by infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, or injuries to the chest. During pleurisy, inflammation of the pleura irritates sensory fibers and causes pain when the membranes rub together during breathing. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, sputum tests, or thoracentesis to identify the underlying cause, and treatment focuses on relieving pain and addressing its source through antibiotics, analgesics, or drainage of excess fluid in severe cases.
Arteriosclerosis is hardening and loss of elasticity of medium and large arteries due to thickening of arterial walls and deposition of calcium. It results from degeneration of elastic and muscle tissues in the arteries. Symptoms vary depending on the location of affected arteries and can include chest pain, impaired vision, dizziness, leg pain with walking, and skin changes in the legs. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Diagnostic tests include Doppler ultrasound, MRI, CT scans, and angiography. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medication to control symptoms and risk factors.
COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by obstructed airflow caused by conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Risk factors include cigarette smoking, genetics, and air pollution. Symptoms include excessive cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, examining lungs, and tests like chest X-rays, pulmonary function tests, and blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on preventing further lung damage by quitting smoking, using bronchodilators and steroids, antibiotics for infections, and exercises to clear airways and strengthen breathing. Complications can be respiratory failure, pneumonia, and depression if not properly managed.
Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle that can cause thickening and swelling of the heart. It has infectious causes like viruses and bacteria, as well as non-infectious causes like drugs. Symptoms range from mild fatigue to life-threatening arrhythmias or heart failure. Diagnosis involves EKG, blood tests, imaging and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment focuses on supporting heart function, reducing workload, and addressing the underlying cause. Complications can include arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death if not properly managed.
Normally, the pleural space contains a small amount of fluid (5 to 15 mL), which acts as a lubricant that allows the pleural surfaces to move without friction.
But if fluid builds up from either increased production or inadequate removal pleural effusion results.
Pleural effusion B/L or unilateral (parapneumonic process)
Refers to any significant collection of fluid within pleural space.
Any imbalance in formation, absorption lead accumulation of pleural fluid. Common condition:
CHF
Bacterial pneumonia
Malignancy(chest tumor)
Pulmonary embolism
Pleura effusion is a condition refers to a collection of fluid in the pleural space. It is almost secondary to other conditions.
An aneurysm is a localized bulging or ballooning of the wall of an artery. It occurs when the arterial wall weakens, causing it to widen abnormally. The two main types are saccular aneurysms, which are spherical bulges, and fusiform aneurysms, which elongate a portion of the artery. Aneurysms can enlarge over time and rupture, causing life-threatening hemorrhage. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, infection, smoking, hypertension, and genetic conditions. Diagnosis involves physical exam and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the location and size of the aneurysm but may involve open or endovascular surgical repair to prevent rupture.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by abnormal dilation of the bronchi caused by inflammation and damage to the bronchial walls. It has several causes including post-infection, airway obstruction, immune deficiencies, and genetic disorders. Patients experience excessive sputum production, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, and sometimes hemoptysis. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans showing characteristic findings and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on airway clearance and long-term antibiotics tailored to sputum cultures. Surgery may be considered for severe, localized cases or massive hemoptysis.
Lung abscess is a collection of pus within the lungs caused by aspiration or infection, usually by anaerobic bacteria. Risk factors include periodontal disease, impaired swallowing, and conditions causing altered consciousness. Symptoms include cough with purulent sputum and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, bronchoscopy, and culture of sputum. Treatment is long-term IV and oral antibiotics, postural drainage, and surgery if antibiotics fail or cause massive hemoptysis. Prevention involves good oral hygiene and care to prevent aspiration during unconsciousness or seizures.
This document discusses pulmonary embolism (PE), which refers to obstruction of the pulmonary artery or its branches by a thrombus (blood clot). PE can be caused by factors that increase clotting like surgery, trauma, or heart failure. When a thrombus blocks a pulmonary vessel, it impairs gas exchange and increases pulmonary vascular resistance, raising pressure in the pulmonary artery and overworking the right ventricle. Diagnosis involves tests like ventilation-perfusion scans and treatment focuses on anticoagulation, thrombolytic drugs, or occasionally surgery to remove clots. Nursing care aims to prevent clots, monitor for complications, manage pain and oxygen therapy.
This document discusses pneumothorax, beginning with a definition and overview of types including spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors are identified such as male sex, smoking, age, genetics, and lung disease. Diagnosis involves physical exam findings and imaging tests like chest x-ray and CT scan. Treatment goals are promoting lung expansion and eliminating causes, using methods such as aspiration, tube drainage, or surgery. Complications are also reviewed.
Buerger's disease is an inflammation of the blood vessels in the arms and legs that can lead to damage of the skin tissues and gangrene. It predominantly affects Asian and Middle Eastern male smokers aged 40-45. The exact cause is unknown but tobacco use is a major risk factor. Symptoms include pain, numbness, skin sores and color changes in the extremities. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging tests. The only effective treatment is complete abstinence from tobacco, while exercises like Buerger's can help improve circulation.
Gangrene is the death of body tissue due to reduced blood flow or bacterial infection. There are several types of gangrene including dry, wet, gas and internal gangrene. Gangrene is caused by lack of blood supply, infection, or trauma. Risk factors include diabetes, vascular disease, injury, smoking, obesity, and immunosuppression. Treatment involves removing dead tissue through surgery, antibiotics to treat infection, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy to promote healing. Preventing gangrene requires managing conditions like diabetes, losing weight, not smoking, and promptly treating infections or frostbite.
Buerger's disease is a condition that affects blood vessels, most commonly in the arms and legs, causing them to swell and preventing blood flow. This can lead to clots, pain, tissue damage, and gangrene. It is caused by tobacco use and smoking, and is managed through stopping smoking, medications, compression therapy, and may require amputation in severe cases to prevent infection and gangrene. The key factors are that it affects blood vessels in the limbs, is caused by smoking, and can progress to tissue death if not properly treated.
Buerger's disease is a rare condition where arteries and veins in the arms and legs become inflamed and blocked by blood clots. This causes damage to skin tissues and can lead to infection and gangrene. The disease usually affects the hands and feet first and may spread to larger areas. Heavy smoking is the main risk factor, as the condition is strongly linked to tobacco use. Symptoms include pain in the limbs that is worsened by movement and improved by rest, as well as skin discoloration from poor blood flow. Tests like blood tests, angiograms, and Allen's tests are used for diagnosis. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation and medications or surgery to improve circulation, with amputation as a last resort for
Seminar on buergers disease and raynauds diseaseUma Binoy
Raynaud's disease and thromboangitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) are caused by reduced blood flow to the extremities. Raynaud's disease involves intermittent vasoconstriction of arteries in fingers and toes in response to cold or stress, causing discoloration and pain. Buerger's disease causes inflammation and blood clots in lower extremity arteries and veins, which can lead to gangrene if untreated. Both diseases require lifestyle modifications like avoiding cold and tobacco to prevent attacks and progression. Treatment involves medications to improve circulation, surgery to relieve symptoms, and amputation in severe cases of Buerger's disease.
Diabetes Health Related Issues: At a Glance. Diabetes can effect every part of you. Learn about risk, prevention and what to keep an eye on.
Liberty Medical
A 70-year-old male smoker presented with fever, swelling and pain in his left hand for 2 weeks. He was diagnosed with diabetes 2 years ago. Doppler ultrasound revealed a deep vein thrombosis in the left upper limb. He was started on enoxaparin injections, aceclofenac tablets, paracetamol, acenocoumarol and tramadol as needed for pain. His symptoms improved over the next few days with treatment and regular monitoring. Lifestyle changes like regular exercise and compression stockings can help prevent future blood clots.
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a circulatory condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, typically causing leg pain with walking. Exercise and lifestyle changes can help manage PAD symptoms and prevent progression. A study found that arm ergometry exercise alone significantly improved walking ability and time to onset of pain in PAD patients over 12 weeks compared to baseline. Specific yoga poses and breathing techniques may also help PAD symptoms.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints, especially small joints in the hands and feet. It is more common in women and is caused by genetic and autoimmune factors. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, swelling in small and large joints. Over time, joint deformities can develop if not treated. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, x-rays, MRI and synovial fluid analysis. Treatment involves medications like NSAIDs, DMARDs, steroids and biologics to reduce inflammation and prevent joint damage. Lifestyle changes and physical therapy can also help manage symptoms. Complications may include osteoporosis, lung and heart disease if not properly treated.
This document provides an overview of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including its causes, symptoms, stages, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment options, and living with the disease. RA is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the joints, causing inflammation and damage. Symptoms include pain, stiffness, and swelling in the small joints. Diagnosis involves blood tests, scans of affected joints, and a physical exam. Treatment options include medications like NSAIDs, steroids, DMARDs, biologics, as well as surgery and physical/occupational therapy.
Deep vein thrombosis is a blood clotting disorder. causes of this is age above 60 yrs. cancer , obesity, prolonged standing etc. diagnostic evaluation of this doppler study, CT, MRI, etc. medical management of this blood thinner, like aspirin, stockings etc
Gangrene is the death of body tissue due to lack of blood supply and oxygen. It is usually caused by infection, vascular disease, or physical trauma that blocks blood flow. There are two main types: dry gangrene involves tissue death without infection, while wet gangrene involves tissue death with infection. Gangrene symptoms include pain, swelling, discoloration and foul odor of the affected area. Risk factors include diabetes, vascular diseases, smoking, obesity, and conditions that weaken the immune system. Diagnosis involves examination of the affected area along with blood tests and imaging studies to determine the cause and extent.
Rheumatoid arthritis- diagnosis and treatment pharmacampus
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that can affect more than just your joints. The condition can damage various body systems, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, and blood vessels.
This document discusses diabetic foot problems and prevention. It notes that diabetes can damage nerves, kidneys, eyes and blood vessels over time if not well controlled. Foot problems are common and can develop from nerve damage impairing sensation in the feet. Wounds may form and become infected due to poor circulation and immune function. Preventative measures like daily foot exams, properly fitting shoes and quitting smoking can help reduce risks.
The document summarizes information about coronary heart disease and lung cancer. It discusses the causes, symptoms, and treatments for each condition. For coronary heart disease, the main cause is atherosclerosis which occurs when plaque builds up in the arteries and restricts blood flow. Common symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications, and procedures to open blocked arteries. For lung cancer, smoking is the primary cause and radon exposure and air pollution can also increase risk. Symptoms often do not appear until later stages and include coughing and weight loss. Treatment options depend on cancer stage and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies.
Deep vein thrombosis, also known as DVT, refers to a serious type of blood clot that develops in the deep venous system. When left untreated, DVT can lead to painful symptoms, along with a life-threatening condition called pulmonary embolism (PE).
Varicose veins are signs of underlying vein disease, also known as venous insufficiency. Vein disease occurs when your vein valves are continuously under strain and begin to malfunction. This process can lead to varicose veins and other venous conditions like spider veins and restless legs syndrome (RLS).
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every DayLucas Smith
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every Day" and unlock the secrets to building a strong, lasting relationship. This comprehensive guide takes you on a journey to self-improvement, enhancing your communication and emotional skills, ensuring that your partner chooses you without hesitation. Forget about complications and start applying easy, straightforward steps that make her see you as the ideal person she can't live without. Gain the key to her heart and enjoy a relationship filled with love and mutual respect. This isn't just a book; it's an investment in your happiness and the happiness of your partner
nursing management of patient with Empyema pptblessyjannu21
prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, SPN
Empyema is a disease of respiratory system It is defines as the accumulation of thick, purulent fluid within the pleural space, often with fibrin development.
Empyema is also called pyothorax or purulent pleuritis.
It’s a condition in which pus gathers in the area between the lungs and the inner surface of the chest wall. This area is known as the pleural space.
Pus is a fluid that’s filled with immune cells, dead cells, and bacteria.
Pus in the pleural space can’t be coughed out. Instead, it needs to be drained by a needle or surgery.
Empyema usually develops after pneumonia, which is an infection of the lung tissue. it is mainly caused due in infectious micro-organisms. It can be treated with medications and other measures.
The story of Dr. Ranjit Jagtap's daughters is more than a tale of inherited responsibility; it's a narrative of passion, innovation, and unwavering commitment to a cause greater than oneself. In Poulami and Aditi Jagtap, we see the beautiful continuum of a father's dream and the limitless potential of compassion-driven healthcare.
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2024 Media Preferences of Older Adults: Consumer Survey and Marketing Implica...Media Logic
When it comes to creating marketing strategies that target older adults, it is crucial to have insight into their media habits and preferences. Understanding how older adults consume and use media is key to creating acquisition and retention strategies. We recently conducted our seventh annual survey to gain insight into the media preferences of older adults in 2024. Here are the survey responses and marketing implications that stood out to us.
Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -Gokul Rangarajan
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...bkling
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Children - Counselling and Family Thera...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners June 2024.pptxMatSouthwell1
Presentation made by Mat Southwell to the Harm Reduction Working Group of the English Drug and Alcohol Commissioners. Discuss stimulants, OAMT, NSP coverage and community-led approach to DCRs. Focussing on active drug user perspectives and interests
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...The Lifesciences Magazine
The cyclothymia test is a pivotal tool in the diagnostic process. It helps clinicians assess the presence and severity of symptoms associated with cyclothymia.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials fo...rightmanforbloodline
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Test bank advanced health assessment and differential diagnosis essentials for clinical practice 1st edition myrick.
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
Digital Health in India_Health Informatics Trained Manpower _DrDevTaneja_15.0...DrDevTaneja1
Digital India will need a big trained army of Health Informatics educated & trained manpower in India.
Presently, generalist IT manpower does most of the work in the healthcare industry in India. Academic Health Informatics education is not readily available at school & health university level or IT education institutions in India.
We look into the evolution of health informatics and its applications in the healthcare industry.
HIMMS TIGER resources are available to assist Health Informatics education.
Indian Health universities, IT Education institutions, and the healthcare industry must proactively collaborate to start health informatics courses on a big scale. An advocacy push from various stakeholders is also needed for this goal.
Health informatics has huge employment potential and provides a big business opportunity for the healthcare industry. A big pool of trained health informatics manpower can lead to product & service innovations on a global scale in India.
2. INTRODUCTION
Berger's disease is a rare disease of the arteries and
veins in the arms and legs. In Berger's disease also
called thromboangiitis obliterans ( TAO) your blood
vessels become inflamed, swell and can become
blocked with blood clots (thrombi).
This eventually damages or destroys skin tissues and
may lead to infection and gangrene. Berger's disease
usually first shows in your hands and feet and may
eventually affect larger areas of your arms and legs
3.
4. Symptoms
Berger's disease symptoms include:
Tingling or numbness in the hands or feet.
Pale, reddish or blue-tinted hands or feet.
Pain that may come and go in your legs and feet or in your arms and hands.
This pain may occur when you use your hands or feet and eases when you stop
that activity (claudication), or when you're at rest.
Inflammation along a vein just below the skin's surface (due to a blood clot in
the vein).
Fingers and toes that turn pale when exposed to cold (Raynaud's
phenomenon).
Painful open sores on your fingers and toes
5. Causes
The exact cause of Berger's disease is unknown. While tobacco
use clearly plays a role in the development of Berger's disease,
it's not clear how it does so. It's thought that chemicals in
tobacco may irritate the lining of your blood vessels, causing
them to swell.
Experts suspect that some people may have a genetic
predisposition to the disease. It's also possible that the disease
is caused by an autoimmune response in which the body's
immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue.
6. Risk factors
Tobacco use
• Cigarette smoking greatly increases your risk of Berger's disease.
But Berger's disease can occur in people who use any form of
tobacco, including cigars and chewing tobacco.
• People who smoke hand-rolled cigarettes using raw tobacco and
those who smoke more than a pack and half of cigarettes a day
may have the greatest risk of Berger's disease. The rates of
Berger's disease are highest in areas of the Mediterranean, Middle
East and Asia where heavy smoking is most common.
7. Chronic gum disease
Long-term infection of the gums has been linked to the
development of Berger's disease, though the reason for this
connection isn't yet clear.
Sex
Berger's disease is far more common in males than in females.
However, this difference may be linked to higher rates of smoking
in men.
Age
The disease often first appears in people less than 45 years old.
8. Complications
• If Berger's disease worsens, blood flow to your arms and legs
decreases. This is due to blockages that make it hard for blood to
reach the tips of your fingers and toes. Tissues that don't receive
blood don't get the oxygen and nutrients they need to survive.
• This can cause the skin and tissue on the ends of your fingers and
toes to die (gangrene). Signs and symptoms of gangrene include
black or blue skin, a loss of feeling in the affected finger or toe, and
a foul smell from the affected area. Gangrene is a serious condition
that usually requires amputation of the affected finger or toe.
9. Diagnosis
Blood tests
• Blood tests to look for certain substances can rule out other conditions that may cause
similar signs and symptoms. For instance, blood tests can help rule out autoimmune
diseases such as scleroderma or lupus, blood-clotting disorders, and diabetes.
The Allen's test
• Your doctor may perform a simple test called the Allen's test to check blood flow through
the arteries carrying blood to your hands. In the Allen's test, you make a tight fist, which
forces the blood out of your hand. Your doctor presses on the arteries at each side of
your wrist to slow the flow of blood back into your hand, making your hand lose its
normal color.
• Next, you open your hand and your doctor releases the pressure on one artery, then the
other. How quickly the color returns to your hand may give a general indication about the
health of your arteries. Slow blood flow into your hand may indicate a problem, such as
Berger's disease.
10. Angiogram
An angiogram helps to see the condition of your arteries. An angiogram
can be done non-invasively with the use of CT or MRI scans.
Or it may be done by threading a catheter into an artery. During this
procedure, a special dye is injected into the artery, after which you
undergo a series of rapid X-rays. The dye helps make any artery
blockages easier to see on the images.
Your doctor may order angiograms of both your arms and your legs —
even if you don't have signs and symptoms of Berger's disease in all of
your limbs. Berger's disease almost always affects more than one limb,
so even though you may not have signs and symptoms in your other
limbs, this test may detect early signs of vessel damage
11. Treatment
Smoking cessation
• Although no treatment can cure Berger's disease, the most effective way to stop the disease
from getting worse is to quit using all tobacco products. Even a few cigarettes a day can
worsen the disease.
• Your doctor can counsel you and recommend medications to help you stop smoking and stop
the swelling in your blood vessels. You'll need to avoid nicotine replacement products
because they supply nicotine, which activates Berger's disease. There are non-nicotine
products that you can use.
• Another option is a residential smoking cessation program. In these programs, you stay at a
treatment facility, sometimes a hospital, for a set number of days or weeks. During that time
you participate in daily counseling sessions and other activities to help you deal with the
cravings for cigarettes and to help you learn to live tobacco-free.
12. Other treatments
Other treatment approaches exist for Berger's disease,
but are less effective than quitting smoking. Options
include:
Medications to dilate blood vessels, improve
blood flow or dissolve blood clots
Intermittent compression of the arms and legs to
increase blood flow to your extremities
Spinal cord stimulation
Amputation, if infection or gangrene occurs
13. Prevention
Quit using tobacco in any form here's no vaccine or behavior
modification that can prevent a person from developing Berger's
disease. However, quitting smoking can prevent progression of
the disease.
Virtually everyone who has Berger's disease has used tobacco in
some form, most prominently cigarettes. To prevent Berger's
disease, it's important to not use tobacco
14. Nursing Management
Provide for ulcer debridement and healing
Remove dead or damaged material from the wound, using wet-to-dry dressing
with saline solution and coarse-mesh gauze filled with cotton
Consider using an enzymatic debrided to aid removal of debris.
Provide additional intervention to promote venous return and healing, maximize
comfort and provide client education for measures to prevent venous stasis
ulcer.
Administer medications which may include antibiotics.
The patient is encouraged to make the lifestyle changes necessitated by the
onset of a chronic disease, including pain management and modifications in diet,
activity, and hygiene (skin care).
The nurse assists the patient in developing and implementing a plan to stop
using tobacco.