In this webinar on Certification we are going to explain the various sources of certified data available to Assessors. Most of these resources have been available since the introduction of BER certification in 2007. While some more experienced Assessors may feel some of the topics should be well known at this point, the purpose of the presentation is to accommodate Assessors of all levels of experience and knowledge. It is hoped that this Webinar will help Assessors’ understanding of the evidence requirements and acceptable sources of certified data to support DEAP inputs.

1. www.seai.ie

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3. BER DOCUMENTARY
EVIDENCE
CERTIFICATION

4. PRESENTATION CONTENTS:
1. CERTIFIED DATA AND LABORATORY ACCREDITATION
- Harmonized European Standards
- EA and Nando Websites
2. SOURCES OF CERTIFIED DATA
- HARP and PCDB databases
- Test Reports – Air tests, Windows etc.
- CE Marking , Declaration of Performance and CE Marked Literature
- Agremént Certificates - NSAI and BBA Certification
- Agremént Certification Schemes – Thermal Bridging Modelers and Air Tightness
Testers
- Manufacturer Self Declaration Literature - Heat Pump data and ERP Labels

5. PRESENTATION CONTENTS:
3. SUPPORTING EVIDENCE FOR CERTIFICATION
- ‘As-Built’ Plans and Specifications
4. BREXIT
- What are the major implications for assessors
5. AUDIT EXAMPLES

6. 6
CERTIFIED DATA AND
LABORATORY
ACCREDITATION

7. 7
INTRODUCTION
In this webinar on Certification we are going to explain
the various sources of certified data available to
Assessors. The purpose of the presentation is to
accommodate Assessors of all levels of experience and
knowledge. It is hoped that this Webinar will help
Assessors’ understanding of the evidence requirements
and acceptable sources of certified data on building
products to support DEAP inputs.

8. 8
What are Harmonized European Standards? (abbreviated
ENs owing to the more literal translation from
French/German as European Norms)
 Technical specifications defining requirements for products,
production processes, services or test-methods
 Voluntary
 Developed by Industry and Market Actors
 Standards ensure interoperability and safety, reduce costs and
facilitate companies' integration in the value chain and trade.

9. 9
 European Standards are drafted and maintained by the
CEN (European Committee for Standardization,
CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization) and ETSE (European
Telecommunications standards institute)

10. 10
Notified Bodies
This presentation refers to the term ‘Notified Body’ (NB).
This is a testing facility which has been accredited for
testing to specific standards. All NBs have a specific
reference number and details of the NB can be checked
on the NANDO website

11. 11
CERTIFIED DATA
For building products such as windows, doors, insulation
etc. we rely on certified data in Test certificates, Agrement
certificates etc produced by an Accredited Body.
The first basic requirement of any source of certified data
as per the DEAP Manual is that
‘Test certificates must be in English or be accompanied by
a certified English translation. The translation can be from
the accredited test house or from a professional translator
listed by the Irish Translators and Interpreters Association
or international equivalent;’
REF. DEAP Manual Version 4.2.2 page 10

12. 12
LABORATORY ACCREDITATION
The test laboratory MUST be accredited to test to the relevant
standard. This may be demonstrated as follows:
o The governing accreditation signatory body for the country in
which the test laboratory is based can be found under
https://european-accreditation.org/ea-members/search-facility/ . This
governing body may list the test laboratory as accredited;
o The accredited laboratory may be found under
http://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/nando/ ; NANDO (New
Approach Notified and DesignatedOrganisations) Information System
Website
REF: DEAP Manual Version 4.2.2 Page 10

13. 13
European Accreditation
Website
The European co-operation
for Accreditation or EA is an
association of
national accreditation bodies
in Europe that are officially
recognised by their national
Governments to assess and
verify—against international
standards.
Check for Accreditation
Conformity Body by
Clicking on EA members and
then country
In Ireland’s case this
is INAB ( Irish National
Accreditation Board.
Click on Scope and then click
again on Product certification. A
directory of certified bodies in
Ireland is shown.

14. 14
NANDO (New Approach Notified and
Designated Organisations) Information System
Website
When searching this website for a Test Body you can
check by Country or by Notified Body Number (NB). If
you have the NB click on ‘Body’ and a list of numbers
appears. Click on the body number you require and
the details of the test body is available.
The alternative is to click Country and choose from
the list of Countries which appears. Click on the
Country and a list of Institutions appears per Country.
You can then search the required test body by name
or the Notified Body (NB) number which should be on
the Test Certificate. As explained earlier the NB is a
unique number assigned to each of the laboratories
listed on NANDO.
For example NSAI (National Standard Authority of
Ireland) NB number is 0050.

15. 15
SOURCES OF
CERTIFIED DATA

16. 16
HARP and PCDB Databases
The most commonly used resource of certified data on Boilers, Room
heaters, Ventilation equipment and Heat pumps is the HARP (Home
Heating Appliance Register of Performance) and PCDB (Product
Characteristics Database).
Liquid, gas and solid fuel Boilers (HARP only for new boilers after
31/12/2020)
GAS/Oil /LPG Cooker Boilers
Oil/Gas/ Solid Fuel heaters without back boiler
Solar Thermal Collectors
Ventilation equipment
Heat pumps – DEAP 4 update to include eco-design data

17. 17
CERTIFICATION TYPES
- CE Marking ,Declaration of
Performance and CE Marked Literature
- Test Reports – Air tests, Windows, Doors etc.
- Agremént Certificates - NSAI (National Standards
Authority of Ireland) and BBA Certification (British
Board of Agrément)
- Certification Schemes – Thermal Bridging
Modelers and Air Tightness Testers
- Manufacturer Self Declaration
Literature - Heat Pump Ecodesign data and
ERP Labels

18. 18
CЄ Marking ( Conformité Européenne means
European Conformity)
When a company puts a CE Marking on their product they are declaring that
- It fulfils the requirements of relevant European product directives.
- They have checked and identified all the laws that apply to it
- It conforms to all the applicable health, safety, and environmental laws
- It is legally safe enough to sell everywhere in the European Economic
Area ( All EU countries +Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway)
- It meets the requirements, and you can prove it with
documentation
- You can provide the EU Authorities at their request with a legally
correct and complete Technical File that demonstrates conformity
- You have given a legal assurance, and you take full legal
responsibility for any failings

19. 19
DECLARATION OF PERFORMANCE
Declarations of performance are the most important document which supports the
CE Marking because it contains the full information about the manufacturer, the
product and its performance. It is defined under EU Construction Products
Regulation No. 305/2011 which came into force on the 1st of July 2013
A Declaration of Performance (DoP) as used for CE marked products is
acceptable for DEAP assessments provided the following requirements are met:
- The DoP must display the relevant standard for the product in question
as referenced in the DEAP methodology.
- The DoP must show the relevant performance data for use in DEAP in
sufficient detail for the data to be used in DEAP.
- If the above data is available on the DoP document, the product must
have a CE mark referencing the DoP reference number being used.
The CE mark would typically be on the product itself, associated
literature or product packaging. This DoP reference number on the CE
marked literature/label must match the DoP reference number on the
DoP document being used or else the DoP CANNOT be used. A copy
of the CE mark showing the DoP number along with a copy of the DoP
itself MUST be retained by the BER Assessor as supporting evidence.

20. 20
- If using a DoP document as supporting evidence for a BER, the above data suffices,
without the need to verify that the DoP document follows the required format to the exact
requirements in the Regulation. Only the relevant data is checked for the BER assessment
EXAMPLE DOP
Product Identification
code. There are 7
different products on
this certificate.
Address of product
manufacturer and
contact details
Harmonized
Standard is
declared EN 13162
Notified Body
number 0751
and Address

21. 21
DOP - RELEVANT DATA CHECKED
Please note the thermal conductivity is usually expressed in W/mK so the values above which are
expressed in mW/mK need to be divided by a 1000. Therefore Metac UF-040 has a thermal
conductivity value of 0.039W/m2K.

22. 22
Product Label
The Product label with Identification code
Metac UF-034.
EN 13162 2012+A1:2015

23. 23
CHECKING STANDARDS
However, EN 13162:2012+A1 2015 is not on the list of Standards in the DEAP Manual. Therefore
Assessors can confirm if the EN Standard is relevant to the test data we are interested in by cross
checking it using the descriptions of the Standards available on websites such as British Standards
Institute BSI (https://shop.bsigroup.com) or NSAI https://shop.standards.ie/ . The Assessor is not
expected to purchase the standard as access to the standard description and contents page is free on
these websites.
The procedure for checking Standards not in DEAP Manual is as follows:
Certificate to a
Harmonized
Standard not
in DEAP
Use BSI or NSAI
websites to
confirm Standard
is current and
relevant by
checking the
Overview and
preview pages
Request more
information from
manufacturer or
use defaults
Enter Data in DEAP and
Keep Standard summary
in records
Yes
No

24. 24
The Standard description in this case is
BS EN 13162:2012+A1:2015
Thermal insulation products for buildings. Factory made mineral wool (MW) products. Specification.
We are interested in the thermal conductivity of mineral wool fibre and this standard is applicable as
the Preview of the Standard Contents page indicates in Annex A the ‘The Determination of the
declared values of thermal resistance and thermal conductivity’ is included in the Standard.
Proceed and fill data in DEAP.

25. 25
Web Sites where information on Standards is available is
National Standards Authority of Ireland NSAI website
https://shop.standards.ie/. Type in Standard number in search box. Just
Click preview on the Standard icon to get the information required.
British Standards Institute BSI (https://shop.bsigroup.com). Type in
number in Search box and Check Overview or Preview for information
the CEN (European Committee for Standardization) website
https://www.cen.eu . Click on Standards Search

26. 26
Test Reports
Test reports included the following
1 Air Tightness Tests
- Make sure test is completed in accordance with IS EN ISO 9972 and
that the tester is accredited
- The test report should include the Address of the dwelling and date of
pressure test. The floor area of the dwelling should match the area
measured on site by the assessor.
2 Window Test Reports
- Should include the relevant test standards, the testing body is a
accredited and that both the U-Value and the Solar transmittance data
are provided.

27. DOOR U-
VALUE
CERTIFICATE
This is the cover
page of a Door U-
Value Certificate
which is in English.
The door was tested
in France and
manufactured in
Greece and now
being sold in Ireland.
27

28. DOOR CERTIFICATE CONT.
This is the second page of the certificate and shows the name of the
manufacturer and the relevant Standards the door is tested too.
28

29. DOOR CERTIFICATE CONTD.
Moving to the NANDO site. Check the notified body list for France and
CSTB is a register notified body NB 0679 .
29

30. DOOR CERTIFICATE CONTD.
Click on the company and the list of standards the testing body is accredited for
is shown. In this case the standards 10077-1 or 10077-2 does not appear on
the list however, CSTB is accredited for EN 14351-1: A2:2016 which is current
and references with EN 10077-1 as stated in the DEAP Manual page 74.
The conclusion therefore is the door certificate can be used.
30

31. 31
Test Certificate evaluation flow chart
Test Certificate
Received
Certificate not in
English or certified
translation not
available
Check Certificate is
current, product type is
correct and data
required is on it
No
Use Defaults or get
further information
No
No
Yes
Supporting evidence
collected as per DEAP
Survey Guide
Yes

32. 32
Flow Chart Continued
Correct Standard
used on Certificate as
per DEAP Manual
Standard not in DEAP then
check Standard contents or
contact the manufacturer.
Check NANDO to
confirm Laboratory
accredited forTest
Standard
Use Defaults or get
further information
No
No
Certificate Data can be
used in DEAP
Yes
Yes
Yes
No

33. 33
CE MARKED LITERATURE
In the DEAP Manual it states that ‘Performance data on
“CE marked” literature is acceptable provided that the
literature refers to the relevant test performance
standard’.
So what type of literature are we talking about
- Brochures
- Manuals
- Data Sheets
- Product Plates
There is one example where either, a CE mark or the
relevant standard will suffice. This is the capacity of
domestic hot water tank in litres. Refer to Table 2a,
Note c), DEAP Manual

34. 34
AGREMÉNT CERTIFICATES
Technical certification for new and innovative products and
processes in building and materials technology based on a
Technical Assessment Specification.
In Ireland Agremént Certificates are published in accordance with
the Irish Building Regulations and the rules of the European
Union of Agrément Institutes for Construction (UEAtc). NSAI
Agremént are responsible for Agremént assessment and
certification in Ireland. A list of the Bodies responsible for the
Agremént certification in other member countries are available at
www.ueatc.eu.In In the UK it’s the British Board of Agremént
(BBA)
Criteria for use of Agremént Certificates in DEAP
- Certificate must be up to date. Either check the
Conditions of Certification on the Certificate or the
Issuers website to make sure the certificate is still
valid.

35. 35
Agremént Certificates Contd.
- The certificate must be clearly related to the actual
product in question
- The certificate must contain the required certified data for
entry into DEAP
- The correct Harmonized standard is being used.

36. 36
Agrément Certification Contd.
Other schemes which are accepted under the
Agrément Certification are Window Energy
Performance (WEP). These certificates cover
- Thermal Transmittance i.e. U-Value
- Solar Transmittance Factor gꓕ
- The Air Leakage
A list of the windows certified by the WEP
scheme is on the NSAI website

37. 37
Agrément Certification Scheme Contd.
There is also the following Certification schemes for qualified persons
Air Tightness Testing
SEAI require Air tightness testers to be certified under this scheme or similar approved
such as INAB to carry out an Air -Tightness testing on Dwellings. In the NSAI scheme the
Air Tightness Testers names are published and can be checked on the NSAI website.
https://www.nsai.ie/certification/agrement-certification/air-tightness-testing/
Thermal Modelling
SEAI require Thermal Modelers engaged in Thermal Modelling calculations for dwellings
to be certified under the NSAI Thermal Modelers scheme or similar
approved. In the NSAI scheme the Thermal Modelers names are published and can be
checked on the NSAI website.
https://www.nsai.ie/certification/agrement-certification/thermal-modellers-scheme/

38. 38
SELF DECLARATION LITERATURE
‘Self-declaration literature from manufacturer referencing the Eco-design
directive, efficiency and relevant test performance standard where
applicable in DEAP guidance’
REF:DEAP Manual page 10.
For example heat pumps where eco-design data is incomplete SEAI
accept the following declared values if the document is from the
Manufacturer on their printed letterhead, lists the Model in question, the
relevant Eco design directive (811/2013, 812/2013, 813/2013 or
814/2013), and EN16147 test data for the following areas -
- Reference hot water temperature
- Capacity of Heat Pump
- Volume of DHW accounted for in test
- Standby Heat Loss
ErP Labels are another example of this type of certification

39. 39
SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
FOR CERTIFICATION

40. 40
PLANS AND SPECIFICATIONS
The following is a procedure based on the DEAP Survey Guide for evaluating plans and specifications:
Building
element or
system not
observable
and reliant on
Specifications
/ Drawings to
be confirmed
Check As-Built
Specification /
Drawing includes
dwelling address
and relevant data
for DEAP entry.
The role of the
person in the
project who signs
the documentation
must be clear.
For Existing
dwelling
refurbishment
where drawings /
specifications
available the same
as New Builds
For New dwellings
and existing dwelling
extensions.
Documentation must
be signed off “As
Built” by Architect,
Engineer, or Assigned
Certifier
Where not
available
DOW’s,
Contractor
report on letter
headed paper or
Invoices can be
used.
No Building
professional
involved then
progress photos,
Invoices can be
used.

41. 41
Plans and Specifications contd.
Provisional Ratings
Provisional Ratings are dealt the same way as New Dwellings with the following
exceptions.
- Design drawings/specifications for the proposed dwelling must be signed
off by at least one of the following for the dwelling in question, Architect,
Engineer, Developer/Builder/Contractor or BER Assessor Client.
- The Assessor may use generic insulation Thermal Conductivities from Table
12b, DEAP Manual to determine element U-Values.
- An air permeability design value may be used as described in page 12 of the
DEAP Manual, 0.25ac/h without balanced Mechanical Ventilation and
0.15ac/h with balanced Mechanical Ventilation. It can also be based via a
permeability test for a similar building as described in the Manual.

42. 42
As Built-Specification Example
Information Requirements
1. Headed Paper
2. As – Built Specification stated
3. Dwelling Address
4. Exact specification of insulation
including thicknesses, types, test
certificate number etc.
5. Signature of Specification Author and
his or her supervisory capacity.

43. 43
Supporting Evidence for Certification
Guidance on supporting evidence is detailed in the DEAP Survey Guide.
The following is a summary of the requirements
- The actual data observed on site takes precedence. This can
be recorded by the assessor using photographs, DEAP Survey
form, bills, invoices, receipts etc. All must be clear and legible
and clearly connected with the dwelling.
- Where the data item is not observable, it should be detailed
using documentary evidence.
- Where data item is not observable or via documentary
evidence, then a default is used.
- Quotations, Tender Documentation and ‘For Review’
drawings/specifications are not acceptable as supporting
evidence

44. 44
BREXIT - Implications for Assessors from 1st of
January 2021
- Third-party certification using UK-based notified bodies for hot
water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels will NOT
be recognised post Brexit. Notified body certification is
mandated through the Boiler Efficiency Directive 92/42/EEC.
- CE Marking by UK notified bodies is no longer recognised in
the EU. BER Assessors are required to ensure that non- default
data entry into DEAP is from a source that is CE conforming
using recognised Notified Bodies situated in the EEA where
required
In the UK after the 31/12/21 CE marking for products will not
be recognised and will be replaced by a new UK
Conformity Assessment Mark UKCA.
--

45. 45
Brexit Implications Continued
- A two-year transition period that UKAS (UK National Accreditation Board)
will remain a recognised member of the European Accreditation
Association (EA), until 31st of January 2022. Third-party laboratory
certification accredited under ISO/IEC 17025 (General Requirements for
competence of testing and calibration laboratories ) and EN 13141
(Ventilation for buildings, Performance testing of components/products for
residential ventilation ) by UKAS will continue to be recognised.
Following 31st of January 2022, UKAS may no longer be recognised member of
EA. This may impact on, for example, final BERs where certification used in
provisional or design stage BERS may no longer be relied upon for the final
BER if published after 31st January 2022. Assessor’s are asked to advise
their clients of this.
- Non-default data sources from BFRC (windows) BBA (insulation products),
Hetas (stoves) are not subject to the Construction Products Regulation. SEAI
will continue to recognise thermal performance certified data from these sources
for the purpose of BER assessments..

46. 46
BREXIT SUMMARY OF IMPLICATIONS FOR ASSESSORS

47. AUDIT EXAMPLES OF
CERTIFICATION
47

48. Certification Timelines
The following are examples from Audits carried out over
a number of years. The certificates displayed were
current at the time of the Audit process. The publication
of European standards is a dynamic process and they
are regularly updated and revised over the years. The
onus is on the Assessor to make sure that when a
product is manufactured /installed the certification is
tested to the current standard.
48

49. Certification Timelines
In the following slides there are three certification examples of solid fuel
room heaters when the European Standards EN 13240 and EN 13229
were current. However, since the 7th of September 2018 these
standards have been superseded by EN 16510-1:2018. Therefore any
efficiency certificate for a solid fuel heater manufactured after that date
needs to be tested to the new standard to be entered in DEAP.
The status of a standard whether it is current or superseded can be
checked on the NSAI or British Standards Institute website. It should
also be noted that a laboratory’s status is also being constantly
updated on the NANDO Website as new standards are developed. For
example NSAI, Body Number 0050 is on its 9th version since 2006. All
the previous versions of the NSAI status are available to Assessors.
49

50. Window Certification
BFRC Cert
This is an example of British
Council Fenestration Certificate
for a triple glazed window. The
performance data is acceptable
for input into DEAP 4. The type
of windows has to confirmed in
writing by the installer/builder to
make sure it matches the
certificate. The number of
openings in the window sketch
does not have to match the
windows on site. The U-Value of
the Window and Solar
Transmittance gꓕ are the data
entered in the DEAP software. If
the gꓕ is not available then it
can be derived from the
gWindow value.
gꓕ = gwindow ( 0.4) / 0.9 x 0.7 =
0.63
50
Window
sketch

51. Window Certification
In this example we have VELUX
triple glazed Roof light. The window
has a CE marked plate fitted to the
window with the Product code and
harmonised Standard EN 14531-1-
2006+A2:2016. This tag on its own
does not give us the information we
require to enter into DEAP 4 but in
this case we can download from the
VELUX website the associated
Declaration of Performance which
lists the product data we are looking
for.
51

52. Declaration of Performance
This document shows the product code
which matches the window on site.
The relevant Harmonised standard EN
14351-1-2006+A2:2016 which cross
references standards EN10077-2 and EN
410 is included for the information we
require i.e. U-Value and Solar Factor.
This Standard is current as per the BSI
shop website so the data can be used.
The data we require to input into DEAP is
Window U-Value = 1.0W/m2K and gꓕ=
0.52 is available. Remember to select
the Roof window check box in DEAP 4.
52

53. Non-Default Central Heating Pump
Electricity Consumption
Where a pump has an Energy Efficiency Index (EEI)
value displayed on the pump nameplate or technical
data sheet (as required by EU Commission Regulation
641/2009). The EEI may be used for standalone or
integrated pumps.
The annual electricity consumption = 130 * EEI
(boiler/heat pump controlled by room thermostat) i.e.
130 x 0.2 = 26kWh/yr.
169 * EEI (boiler/heat pump not controlled by room
thermostat) i.e.. 169 x 0.2 = 33.8kWh/yr. Please refer
to page Table 4f, DEAP Manual pages 195-196
53

54. ErP Labels (Energy related
Products)
The volume and standing heat loss for a
cylinder can be taken from the ERP label
once it references the regulation 812/2013.
‘Energy Labelling of Water Heaters, hot water
storage tank and packages of Water heater
and solar device’
The standby heatloss is calculated as follows:
(83 x 24) / 1000 = 1.992kW/day
54
EU
Regulation
No.812/2013
Model of
Tank
Tank
Volume
Standby
Heatloss

55. EU Regulations on Energy Labelling and Eco-design requirements
811/2013 - Energy Labelling of Space Heaters, combination heaters,
packages of space heater, temperature control and solar device
and packages of Combination heater, temperature control and
solar device.
812/2013 – Energy Labelling of Water Heaters, hot water storage tank and
packages of Water heater and solar device.
813/2013 - Eco-design requirements for space heaters and combination
heaters
814/2013 - Eco-design requirements for water heaters and hot water storage
tanks
55

56. Tank Label
The data on this Label shows the
model, capacity, declared heat loss
etc. While it contains a lot of useful
information it is not CE marked and
does not have any relevant
standards. Note ERP is written on the
label but it is not in the correct format
and it does not reference the EU
Regulation. It therefore cannot be
used on its own as a supporting
evidence in DEAP. It can be used as
starting point to see if other certified
data can be sourced for this model of
Tank.
56

57. SOLID FUEL STOVE PLATE
NO.1
This plate mounted on a Closed
Room heater. It can be used for
DEAP 4 entry because it is a
CE Marked Plate with the
relevant test performance
standard EN 13240. The
efficiency of 76.4% is a net
value as per guidance in Table
E3, DEAP Manual and the fuel
is wood. When entering into
DEAP the net efficiency must be
changed to gross using the
factor from Table E4, Appendix
E, DEAP Manual. The
calculation looks like this
76.4 x 0.91 = 69.5%.
57
EN 13240
Product Name
Net Efficiency of
Stove
Wood

58. SOLID FUEL STOVE
PLATE NO. 2
In this case all the
certification requirements
have been met i.e. the CE
mark, the relevant
Standard and product
name. In this case the fuel
is Solid Multi-fuel and the
gross efficiency which is
entered in DEAP is
calculated as follows:
((72.4 + 69.1) / 2) x 0.94 =
66.5%.
Ref: DEAP Manual Section
10.3.3
58
CE Mark and EN
13240
Product Name
Net Efficiency of
Stove for both
Wood and
Manufactured
Smokeless Fuel

59. SOLID FUEL INSERT
STOVE
This certification is dated
June 2013. The standards
quoted were current at the
time the certificate was
published and the product
installed. The Laboratory
NB 1625 was authorized to
test the appliance to these
standards as per the
NANDO website. In this
case the fuel is wood and
the gross efficiency which
is entered in DEAP is
calculated as follows:
(81 x 0.91 = 73.71%.
59
Product Name
EN
13229:2001+AC:
2006 and EN
13229:2001/A2:
2004/AC:2007
Notified Body
number 1625
and Laboratory
name
Net efficiency
of 81%

60. Heat Pump Indoor Unit
The Standard EN12897:2006 was withdrawn on the 30th of June 2016 and replaced by
EN12897:2016+A1:2020, three years before this unit was produced in 2019. Hence the Standing
heatloss 1.35kWh/24h and Volume cannot be used.
60

61. ANY QUESTIONS?
61