Self compacting concrete can be placed and compacted under its own weight without any vibration and without segregation or bleeding. The use of mineral admixture such as fly ash, GGBS, etc. as partial replacement of cement in SCC can bring down cost. The use of industrial waste such as fly ash, GGBS, etc in the binder of concrete reduces the storage, disposal and environmental problems. The most beneficial property with M SAND addition to the concrete in the hardened state are the tensile strength, impact strength, the toughness and the energy absorption capacity. In the present study the mix design for M50 grade SCC was first carried out in accordance with EFNARC guidelines. The cement will be replaced with GGBS and fine aggregate get replaced with manufacturing sand Test such as slump flow,V funnel were carried out on fresh concrete and the optimum dosage of super plasticizer was found and cubes were cast for 7,28,56 days for the mix ratio 1 1.40 1.27 0.34. The influence of GGBS on the workability, mechanical strength and durability aspects like water absorption test, sulphate attack test, acid resistance test,rapid chloride penetration test , sorptivity test , linear polarization resistivity test and alkalinity test of self compacting concrete are studied. Boopathi V | Sharmila Devi K ""Durability Study on Self Compacting Concrete with Mineral Admixture"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23226.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/23226/durability-study-on-self-compacting-concrete-with-mineral-admixture/boopathi-v
STUDY ON DURABILITY OF CONCRETE WHEN BLENDED WITH MICRO SILICA AND FLYASHIjripublishers Ijri
The environment in some concrete structures can become very acidic due to formation of sulphuric acid converted
from hydrogen sulphide by bacterial action. Significant deteriation of concrete in such harsh environments has
been reported world wide. Deteriotation of sewer system may result in serious problem such as the loss of ability to
transport sewerage, contamaniation of ground and ground water, excessive ground settelements.
The present case sudy is about the upcoming marine structures and methods to deal with the deterioration of structures with the help of bacterial injection in concrete.
Self healing matrix formed by the bacteria excreates calcium components to heal concrete
Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) is a recently developed construction material using steel fibres and cement matrix. The matrix consists of cement slurry and infiltration is usually accomplished by gravity flow. SIFCON is the combination of cement, fibre and water with some admixtures. SIFCON has both high strength as well as large ductility. The properties of SIFCON are achieved through an optimized combination of matrix properties, fibre content and interface characteristics between fibre and matrix. This experiment is carried out to study the compressive strength, flexural strength of SIFCON. The results are then compared with that of Conventional Concrete and Fibre Reinforced Concrete.
This document discusses the effects of salt water on concrete and provides recommendations for designing concrete that will be exposed to seawater. It notes that seawater contains salts that can deteriorate concrete through processes like sulfate attack, lime leaching, alkali-aggregate expansion, and corrosion of reinforcing steel. It recommends using low permeability concrete to limit these effects, and controlling key parameters like water-cement ratio, cement type, use of air-entraining agents, and concrete cover over reinforcing steel. The document provides tables with guidelines on these parameters and recommends repair methods that involve removing deteriorated concrete, cleaning reinforcing steel, and applying a protective barrier between the concrete and salt water.
Once in a lifetime, an industry shift happens that changes everything. First, it was the invention of the wheel, then the invention of the nail.
Next came concrete - the staple of modern construction. But without reinforcement, concrete lacked durability. Thus came the dawn of the industrial steel-making age. Concrete was reinforced with steel rebars. However, without proper waterproofing, water was able to pass through the concrete and cause corrosion to the steel. External surface applied membranes were invented that acted as a glove to protect concrete from the water. Yet, membranes are at risk of tears which can allow water to penetrate the concrete.
Now there is Crystalline Technology. When added to concrete, Crystalline Technology chemically reacts with water and un-hydrated cement particles to form insoluble needle-shaped crystals that fill capillary pores and micro-cracks in the concrete and block the pathways for water and waterborne contaminants. Any moisture introduced over the lifespan of the concrete will initiate crystallization, ensuring permanent waterproofing protection.
To learn more contact us by going to https://bitly.im/CXdX6
Concrete is the most widely used construction material due to its durability, affordability, and ability to be cast into any shape. A proper concrete mix design targets compressive strength, workability, durability, and quality control. The key aspects of mix proportioning include selecting aggregates based on properties like composition and size, using an optimized gradation, and determining the right water-cement ratio to achieve the desired strength and minimize waste. Chemical admixtures can be added to improve properties like freeze-thaw resistance or to accelerate or retard setting times for different construction needs.
Durability of Reinforced Concrete – A major player in Environmental Sustainab...Olukayode Alao
The document discusses the sustainability and durability of reinforced concrete structures. It outlines several deterioration mechanisms for reinforced concrete and emphasizes the need for durable design and quality construction practices to develop sustainable concrete structures. The document also highlights that increasing the service life of reinforced concrete structures can significantly reduce cement usage and carbon emissions through substituting or removing Portland cement.
This document provides an overview of a literature review on the durability of concrete. It discusses several key factors that influence concrete durability, including alkali aggregate reaction, freezing and thawing, acid attack, abrasion resistance, and cyclic wetting and drying. It also describes various standard tests used to evaluate concrete durability. A significant portion of the document focuses on chloride attack, outlining different mechanisms of chloride ingress like capillary suction, permeation, and diffusion. It discusses parameters that govern chloride penetration and various tests used to study chloride penetration. Finally, it briefly touches on corrosion of steel reinforcement due to chloride attack.
STUDY ON DURABILITY OF CONCRETE WHEN BLENDED WITH MICRO SILICA AND FLYASHIjripublishers Ijri
The environment in some concrete structures can become very acidic due to formation of sulphuric acid converted
from hydrogen sulphide by bacterial action. Significant deteriation of concrete in such harsh environments has
been reported world wide. Deteriotation of sewer system may result in serious problem such as the loss of ability to
transport sewerage, contamaniation of ground and ground water, excessive ground settelements.
The present case sudy is about the upcoming marine structures and methods to deal with the deterioration of structures with the help of bacterial injection in concrete.
Self healing matrix formed by the bacteria excreates calcium components to heal concrete
Slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) is a recently developed construction material using steel fibres and cement matrix. The matrix consists of cement slurry and infiltration is usually accomplished by gravity flow. SIFCON is the combination of cement, fibre and water with some admixtures. SIFCON has both high strength as well as large ductility. The properties of SIFCON are achieved through an optimized combination of matrix properties, fibre content and interface characteristics between fibre and matrix. This experiment is carried out to study the compressive strength, flexural strength of SIFCON. The results are then compared with that of Conventional Concrete and Fibre Reinforced Concrete.
This document discusses the effects of salt water on concrete and provides recommendations for designing concrete that will be exposed to seawater. It notes that seawater contains salts that can deteriorate concrete through processes like sulfate attack, lime leaching, alkali-aggregate expansion, and corrosion of reinforcing steel. It recommends using low permeability concrete to limit these effects, and controlling key parameters like water-cement ratio, cement type, use of air-entraining agents, and concrete cover over reinforcing steel. The document provides tables with guidelines on these parameters and recommends repair methods that involve removing deteriorated concrete, cleaning reinforcing steel, and applying a protective barrier between the concrete and salt water.
Once in a lifetime, an industry shift happens that changes everything. First, it was the invention of the wheel, then the invention of the nail.
Next came concrete - the staple of modern construction. But without reinforcement, concrete lacked durability. Thus came the dawn of the industrial steel-making age. Concrete was reinforced with steel rebars. However, without proper waterproofing, water was able to pass through the concrete and cause corrosion to the steel. External surface applied membranes were invented that acted as a glove to protect concrete from the water. Yet, membranes are at risk of tears which can allow water to penetrate the concrete.
Now there is Crystalline Technology. When added to concrete, Crystalline Technology chemically reacts with water and un-hydrated cement particles to form insoluble needle-shaped crystals that fill capillary pores and micro-cracks in the concrete and block the pathways for water and waterborne contaminants. Any moisture introduced over the lifespan of the concrete will initiate crystallization, ensuring permanent waterproofing protection.
To learn more contact us by going to https://bitly.im/CXdX6
Concrete is the most widely used construction material due to its durability, affordability, and ability to be cast into any shape. A proper concrete mix design targets compressive strength, workability, durability, and quality control. The key aspects of mix proportioning include selecting aggregates based on properties like composition and size, using an optimized gradation, and determining the right water-cement ratio to achieve the desired strength and minimize waste. Chemical admixtures can be added to improve properties like freeze-thaw resistance or to accelerate or retard setting times for different construction needs.
Durability of Reinforced Concrete – A major player in Environmental Sustainab...Olukayode Alao
The document discusses the sustainability and durability of reinforced concrete structures. It outlines several deterioration mechanisms for reinforced concrete and emphasizes the need for durable design and quality construction practices to develop sustainable concrete structures. The document also highlights that increasing the service life of reinforced concrete structures can significantly reduce cement usage and carbon emissions through substituting or removing Portland cement.
This document provides an overview of a literature review on the durability of concrete. It discusses several key factors that influence concrete durability, including alkali aggregate reaction, freezing and thawing, acid attack, abrasion resistance, and cyclic wetting and drying. It also describes various standard tests used to evaluate concrete durability. A significant portion of the document focuses on chloride attack, outlining different mechanisms of chloride ingress like capillary suction, permeation, and diffusion. It discusses parameters that govern chloride penetration and various tests used to study chloride penetration. Finally, it briefly touches on corrosion of steel reinforcement due to chloride attack.
قازانج و خراپییەکانی کۆنکریت
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, such as ciment fondu. However, asphalt concrete, which is frequently used for road surfaces, is also a type of concrete, where the cement material is bitumen, and polymer concretes are sometimes used where the cementing material is a polymer.
When aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid mass that is easily molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the water and other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses.[2] Often, additives (such as pozzolans or superplasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials (such as rebar) embedded to provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.
Famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, and the Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of concrete technology were the ancient Romans, and concrete was widely used in the Roman Empire. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the concrete dome of the Pantheon is the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.[3] Today, large concrete structures (for example, dams and multi-storey car parks) are usually made with reinforced concrete.
After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became rare until the technology was redeveloped in the mid-18th century. Today, concrete is the most widely used man-made material (measured by tonnage).
Introduction of concrete
Historic development
Composition of concrete
Advantages of concrete over other materials
Advances and future trends in concrete
Overview of Sustainability and Concrete development.
IPANEX is a liquid admixture added to concrete to make it waterproof by densifying its microstructure. It works by controlling hydration to produce a more homogeneous, fine-grained structure with smaller, more tortuous pores that restrict water penetration. Testing shows IPANEX concrete has significantly reduced permeability and chloride ion ingress. It provides advantages like increased strength, durability, corrosion resistance and waterproofness without organic chemicals that could degrade over time. IPANEX is recommended for applications requiring impermeable concrete under water pressure like foundations, tanks, and marine structures.
Permeability of concrete, chemical attack, acid attack, efflorescence, Corrosion in concrete. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat. Alkali Aggregate Reaction
Behavior of Concrete Using Copper Slag As A Strength Parameter in Low Cost Co...ijtsrd
The value of concrete in present society cannot be underestimated. We can see concrete structures everywhere, such as buildings, roads, bridges, and dams. There is no escaping the impact concrete makes on your everyday life. Concrete is a composite material which is made up of filler and a binder. Typical concrete is a mixture of fine aggregate sand , coarse aggregate rock , cement, and water. Cement and lime are usually used as binding materials, while the sand binder is mixed as fine aggregates and crushed stones, gravel, broken bricks clinker is employed as coarse aggregates. The concrete having cement, sand and coarse aggregates mix up in an appropriate percentage in addition to water is called cement concrete. In this kind of concrete, cement is used as a binding substance, sand as fine aggregates and gravel, crushed stones as coarse aggregates.An investigation relating to the use of byproducts to enhance the functions of concrete has been about for many years. In the recent years, the researchers have been made to use industry by products such as fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, glass cullet, etc., in concrete production and civil applications. The potential uses of industrial byproducts in concrete or as a partial aggregate substitution or as a partial cement substitution depending on their chemical composition and grain size, The utilization of these materials in concrete comes from the environmental constraints in the safe disposal of these products. Big interest is being focused on the environment and safeguarding of natural resources and recycling of waste materials. Various industries are producing a significant number of products which incorporate residues such as reclaimed aggregates, reclaimed asphalt pavement, foundry sand, copper slag, fly ash, glass cullet, polyethylene terephthalate, high density polyethylene HDPE , unplasticized polyvinyl chloride UPVC , plasticized polyvinyl chloride PPVC , low density polyethylene LDPE , polypropylene PP , polystyrene PS , expanded polystyrene UPS . Priyatam Kumar | H. L. Yadav "Behavior of Concrete Using Copper Slag As A Strength Parameter in Low Cost Construction Work" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26689.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26689/behavior-of-concrete-using-copper-slag-as-a-strength-parameter-in-low-cost-construction-work/priyatam-kumar
This document discusses concrete permeability and durability. It defines concrete and its composition, noting that concrete is made up of cement paste and aggregates. The cement paste binds the aggregates but is also porous, allowing water and chemicals to pass through. Several degradation mechanisms are described, all of which involve the penetration of water or other substances into the concrete. The document emphasizes that permeability determines a concrete's vulnerability, and that reducing permeability is key to improving durability. It describes different transport mechanisms by which substances can move through concrete, including diffusion, capillary action, and permeation.
Kryton has developed technologies over the past 45 years to improve concrete durability and waterproofing. Their flagship product, Krystol Internal Membrane (KIM), is a crystalline admixture that is added to concrete at batching to fill pores and cracks and waterproof from within. More recently, they introduced Hard-Cem to increase abrasion resistance up to 6 times, and other products for waterproofing membranes, repairs, joints, and more. Kryton provides a full suite of solutions to create smart, self-sealing concrete that lasts significantly longer than traditional concrete.
This document provides an introduction and overview of concrete. It defines concrete as a construction material made by mixing cement, water, aggregates and sometimes admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that hardens and binds the aggregates together. The document discusses the historic development of concrete, its composition including cement, water, aggregates and admixtures. It also outlines some advantages and future trends of concrete including making it more sustainable through using industrial waste to replace materials and developing low carbon emission binders.
Environmental factors affecting durability of concreteArun Sharma
This document discusses the durability of concrete and factors that affect it. It defines durability as a structure's ability to maintain performance over time when exposed to degradation. The main factors that influence concrete durability are the mix design, materials used, and the aggressiveness of the surrounding environment. The three major durability problems discussed are freezing and thawing, alkali-silica reaction, and sulfate attack. The document also provides recommendations from literature and code IS 456:2000 to improve concrete durability.
Concrete durability is the ability to resist weathering, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining engineering properties. Durable concrete helps the environment by conserving resources. Concrete failures are often due to mix design, material properties, improper mixing, placing, compaction, curing procedures. Inadequate curing is a major reason for concrete failures and reduces structure durability. Factors affecting concrete durability include cement content, compaction, curing, concrete cover, and permeability. Proper curing, sufficient cement, compaction, and concrete cover can provide low permeability concrete with high durability.
Crystalline waterproofing works by creating crystals within the pores and cracks in concrete to block the movement of water. When added to concrete during the mixing or application process, crystalline chemicals react to form long crystals throughout the concrete mass. This seals the concrete and allows it to self-seal any future cracks without additional treatment. Crystalline waterproofing provides a permanent waterproofing solution, can be used for blind-wall applications, protects reinforcing steel from corrosion, and allows for faster construction schedules.
Portland cement is manufactured through a process that involves quarrying and crushing limestone and other materials, heating the materials in a kiln to form clinker, then grinding the clinker and adding gypsum. The chemical components of Portland cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. The Bogue calculation is commonly used to estimate the proportions of these components based on a cement's chemical analysis. Common types of Portland cement used in Canada include general purpose Type 1 cement, sulfate resistant Type 2 cement, moderate heat Type 2 cement, high early strength Type 3 cement, and low heat Type 4 cement.
CON 124 Session 3 - Concrete Durabilityalpenaccedu
This document discusses concrete durability issues related to sulfate attack and corrosion of steel. It describes the mechanisms of sulfate attack which involve sulfate ions reacting with hydration products and causing swelling that can destroy the cement matrix. Mitigation strategies for sulfate attack include using low water-cement ratio concrete, sulfate resistant cement, and supplementary cementitious materials. Corrosion of steel in concrete requires moisture, oxygen and chloride ions which can break down the protective oxide layer on the steel. Proper concrete mix design and construction practices help provide corrosion protection by limiting chloride ingress.
This document discusses different types of aggregates used in concrete. It begins by explaining that aggregates make up 65-75% of concrete's volume and were traditionally viewed as inert fillers, but are now understood to influence many concrete properties. It then describes various natural and synthetic aggregates in detail, including their sources, properties, and how they are produced. Key aggregate types discussed include lightweight aggregates like pumice and expanded clay, as well as heavyweight aggregates used in radiation shielding. The document emphasizes understanding aggregate characteristics and their effects on concrete.
The document discusses various aggressive environments that can affect concrete structures:
(1) Alkali-aggregate reaction caused by reactive aggregates reacting with alkalis in cement.
(2) Sulphate attack where sulphates react with calcium hydroxide and calcium aluminates in concrete.
(3) Chloride attack which can induce corrosion of reinforcement. Special coatings can provide waterproofing against chloride and other attacks.
The document discusses the durability of concrete and the factors that affect it. It defines durability as the ability of concrete to resist weathering, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired properties. The main factors discussed are abrasion, biological factors, temperature effects, freezing and thawing, and various types of chemical attacks including carbonation, chloride attack, acid attack, and sulfate attack. Prevention and mitigation methods are provided for each factor.
Self-healing concrete contains special bacteria and a chemical precursor that allow it to autonomously repair cracks. When cracks form, water activates the precursor which induces bacteria to fill the cracks with limestone, healing them. This increases the concrete's durability and service life. The bacteria, like Pseudofirmus and Cohnii, must withstand the alkaline environment. Calcium lactate is a commonly used precursor that the bacteria metabolize to precipitate limestone. This technology could enable more durable infrastructure with reduced maintenance needs.
The document discusses the durability of concrete, which is defined as its ability to resist weathering, chemical attack, and other deterioration processes over its lifespan. It notes that the interaction between concrete and its environment occurs through the hardened cement paste, allowing materials from the environment to permeate into the concrete. To improve durability, the document states that environments must be better classified so that appropriate cements, water-cement ratios, reinforcement covers, and crack widths can be selected. Lower water-cement ratios produce denser, less permeable concrete and therefore improve durability by reducing cracks and disintegration over time.
This document discusses quality control and durability factors in concrete. It defines quality as conformance to requirements and durability as a concrete's ability to resist deterioration when exposed to the environment. Several factors influence concrete durability, including the materials used, water-cement ratio, compaction, curing and the physical and chemical conditions of the service environment. Common durability issues include corrosion, cracking from sulfate attack or alkali-silica reaction, and carbonation reducing alkalinity. Proper quality control of materials and construction processes is needed to produce durable concrete.
1) Concrete production has a significant environmental impact, emitting around one tonne of CO2 for every tonne of cement produced. The concrete industry contributes 5-7% of global CO2 emissions annually.
2) The ICP Concrete Quality Training teaches students about developing green concrete mixes using supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and slag, which can reduce CO2 emissions. It also covers use of recycled aggregates and self-compacting concrete.
3) Self-healing concrete is discussed, which uses bacteria that seal cracks through the production of limestone, eliminating the need for repair with additional cement-based materials.
A Study on Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Slag as Coarse AggregateIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the properties of self-compacting concrete using blast furnace slag as a coarse aggregate replacement. The study aims to determine the strength characteristics of slag for application in self-compacting concrete. Specimens with 0%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60% replacement of natural coarse aggregate with slag aggregate were produced and tested. Workability, compressive strength, and split tensile strength tests were conducted on the specimens. The results were then compared to code requirements to evaluate the performance of self-compacting concrete with slag aggregate replacement.
IRJET - A Review on Feasibility of Geopolymer Sea Sand Concrete in Interlocki...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the feasibility of using geopolymer concrete with sea sand in interlocking concrete pavement blocks. It first discusses the benefits of using sea sand instead of river sand, as well as the use of geopolymer concrete as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete. It then summarizes several studies that have investigated the properties of concrete made with sea sand and geopolymer concrete, as well as the performance of interlocking concrete pavement blocks. The review found that concrete made with sea sand can develop strength faster but may have slightly lower long-term strength and increased drying shrinkage compared to river sand concrete. Geopolymer concrete can reduce CO2 emissions. Overall, the document concludes that sea sand and geopoly
قازانج و خراپییەکانی کۆنکریت
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, such as ciment fondu. However, asphalt concrete, which is frequently used for road surfaces, is also a type of concrete, where the cement material is bitumen, and polymer concretes are sometimes used where the cementing material is a polymer.
When aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid mass that is easily molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the water and other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses.[2] Often, additives (such as pozzolans or superplasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials (such as rebar) embedded to provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.
Famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, and the Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of concrete technology were the ancient Romans, and concrete was widely used in the Roman Empire. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the concrete dome of the Pantheon is the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.[3] Today, large concrete structures (for example, dams and multi-storey car parks) are usually made with reinforced concrete.
After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became rare until the technology was redeveloped in the mid-18th century. Today, concrete is the most widely used man-made material (measured by tonnage).
Introduction of concrete
Historic development
Composition of concrete
Advantages of concrete over other materials
Advances and future trends in concrete
Overview of Sustainability and Concrete development.
IPANEX is a liquid admixture added to concrete to make it waterproof by densifying its microstructure. It works by controlling hydration to produce a more homogeneous, fine-grained structure with smaller, more tortuous pores that restrict water penetration. Testing shows IPANEX concrete has significantly reduced permeability and chloride ion ingress. It provides advantages like increased strength, durability, corrosion resistance and waterproofness without organic chemicals that could degrade over time. IPANEX is recommended for applications requiring impermeable concrete under water pressure like foundations, tanks, and marine structures.
Permeability of concrete, chemical attack, acid attack, efflorescence, Corrosion in concrete. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat. Alkali Aggregate Reaction
Behavior of Concrete Using Copper Slag As A Strength Parameter in Low Cost Co...ijtsrd
The value of concrete in present society cannot be underestimated. We can see concrete structures everywhere, such as buildings, roads, bridges, and dams. There is no escaping the impact concrete makes on your everyday life. Concrete is a composite material which is made up of filler and a binder. Typical concrete is a mixture of fine aggregate sand , coarse aggregate rock , cement, and water. Cement and lime are usually used as binding materials, while the sand binder is mixed as fine aggregates and crushed stones, gravel, broken bricks clinker is employed as coarse aggregates. The concrete having cement, sand and coarse aggregates mix up in an appropriate percentage in addition to water is called cement concrete. In this kind of concrete, cement is used as a binding substance, sand as fine aggregates and gravel, crushed stones as coarse aggregates.An investigation relating to the use of byproducts to enhance the functions of concrete has been about for many years. In the recent years, the researchers have been made to use industry by products such as fly ash, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, glass cullet, etc., in concrete production and civil applications. The potential uses of industrial byproducts in concrete or as a partial aggregate substitution or as a partial cement substitution depending on their chemical composition and grain size, The utilization of these materials in concrete comes from the environmental constraints in the safe disposal of these products. Big interest is being focused on the environment and safeguarding of natural resources and recycling of waste materials. Various industries are producing a significant number of products which incorporate residues such as reclaimed aggregates, reclaimed asphalt pavement, foundry sand, copper slag, fly ash, glass cullet, polyethylene terephthalate, high density polyethylene HDPE , unplasticized polyvinyl chloride UPVC , plasticized polyvinyl chloride PPVC , low density polyethylene LDPE , polypropylene PP , polystyrene PS , expanded polystyrene UPS . Priyatam Kumar | H. L. Yadav "Behavior of Concrete Using Copper Slag As A Strength Parameter in Low Cost Construction Work" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26689.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26689/behavior-of-concrete-using-copper-slag-as-a-strength-parameter-in-low-cost-construction-work/priyatam-kumar
This document discusses concrete permeability and durability. It defines concrete and its composition, noting that concrete is made up of cement paste and aggregates. The cement paste binds the aggregates but is also porous, allowing water and chemicals to pass through. Several degradation mechanisms are described, all of which involve the penetration of water or other substances into the concrete. The document emphasizes that permeability determines a concrete's vulnerability, and that reducing permeability is key to improving durability. It describes different transport mechanisms by which substances can move through concrete, including diffusion, capillary action, and permeation.
Kryton has developed technologies over the past 45 years to improve concrete durability and waterproofing. Their flagship product, Krystol Internal Membrane (KIM), is a crystalline admixture that is added to concrete at batching to fill pores and cracks and waterproof from within. More recently, they introduced Hard-Cem to increase abrasion resistance up to 6 times, and other products for waterproofing membranes, repairs, joints, and more. Kryton provides a full suite of solutions to create smart, self-sealing concrete that lasts significantly longer than traditional concrete.
This document provides an introduction and overview of concrete. It defines concrete as a construction material made by mixing cement, water, aggregates and sometimes admixtures. The cement and water form a paste that hardens and binds the aggregates together. The document discusses the historic development of concrete, its composition including cement, water, aggregates and admixtures. It also outlines some advantages and future trends of concrete including making it more sustainable through using industrial waste to replace materials and developing low carbon emission binders.
Environmental factors affecting durability of concreteArun Sharma
This document discusses the durability of concrete and factors that affect it. It defines durability as a structure's ability to maintain performance over time when exposed to degradation. The main factors that influence concrete durability are the mix design, materials used, and the aggressiveness of the surrounding environment. The three major durability problems discussed are freezing and thawing, alkali-silica reaction, and sulfate attack. The document also provides recommendations from literature and code IS 456:2000 to improve concrete durability.
Concrete durability is the ability to resist weathering, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining engineering properties. Durable concrete helps the environment by conserving resources. Concrete failures are often due to mix design, material properties, improper mixing, placing, compaction, curing procedures. Inadequate curing is a major reason for concrete failures and reduces structure durability. Factors affecting concrete durability include cement content, compaction, curing, concrete cover, and permeability. Proper curing, sufficient cement, compaction, and concrete cover can provide low permeability concrete with high durability.
Crystalline waterproofing works by creating crystals within the pores and cracks in concrete to block the movement of water. When added to concrete during the mixing or application process, crystalline chemicals react to form long crystals throughout the concrete mass. This seals the concrete and allows it to self-seal any future cracks without additional treatment. Crystalline waterproofing provides a permanent waterproofing solution, can be used for blind-wall applications, protects reinforcing steel from corrosion, and allows for faster construction schedules.
Portland cement is manufactured through a process that involves quarrying and crushing limestone and other materials, heating the materials in a kiln to form clinker, then grinding the clinker and adding gypsum. The chemical components of Portland cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. The Bogue calculation is commonly used to estimate the proportions of these components based on a cement's chemical analysis. Common types of Portland cement used in Canada include general purpose Type 1 cement, sulfate resistant Type 2 cement, moderate heat Type 2 cement, high early strength Type 3 cement, and low heat Type 4 cement.
CON 124 Session 3 - Concrete Durabilityalpenaccedu
This document discusses concrete durability issues related to sulfate attack and corrosion of steel. It describes the mechanisms of sulfate attack which involve sulfate ions reacting with hydration products and causing swelling that can destroy the cement matrix. Mitigation strategies for sulfate attack include using low water-cement ratio concrete, sulfate resistant cement, and supplementary cementitious materials. Corrosion of steel in concrete requires moisture, oxygen and chloride ions which can break down the protective oxide layer on the steel. Proper concrete mix design and construction practices help provide corrosion protection by limiting chloride ingress.
This document discusses different types of aggregates used in concrete. It begins by explaining that aggregates make up 65-75% of concrete's volume and were traditionally viewed as inert fillers, but are now understood to influence many concrete properties. It then describes various natural and synthetic aggregates in detail, including their sources, properties, and how they are produced. Key aggregate types discussed include lightweight aggregates like pumice and expanded clay, as well as heavyweight aggregates used in radiation shielding. The document emphasizes understanding aggregate characteristics and their effects on concrete.
The document discusses various aggressive environments that can affect concrete structures:
(1) Alkali-aggregate reaction caused by reactive aggregates reacting with alkalis in cement.
(2) Sulphate attack where sulphates react with calcium hydroxide and calcium aluminates in concrete.
(3) Chloride attack which can induce corrosion of reinforcement. Special coatings can provide waterproofing against chloride and other attacks.
The document discusses the durability of concrete and the factors that affect it. It defines durability as the ability of concrete to resist weathering, chemical attack, and abrasion while maintaining its desired properties. The main factors discussed are abrasion, biological factors, temperature effects, freezing and thawing, and various types of chemical attacks including carbonation, chloride attack, acid attack, and sulfate attack. Prevention and mitigation methods are provided for each factor.
Self-healing concrete contains special bacteria and a chemical precursor that allow it to autonomously repair cracks. When cracks form, water activates the precursor which induces bacteria to fill the cracks with limestone, healing them. This increases the concrete's durability and service life. The bacteria, like Pseudofirmus and Cohnii, must withstand the alkaline environment. Calcium lactate is a commonly used precursor that the bacteria metabolize to precipitate limestone. This technology could enable more durable infrastructure with reduced maintenance needs.
The document discusses the durability of concrete, which is defined as its ability to resist weathering, chemical attack, and other deterioration processes over its lifespan. It notes that the interaction between concrete and its environment occurs through the hardened cement paste, allowing materials from the environment to permeate into the concrete. To improve durability, the document states that environments must be better classified so that appropriate cements, water-cement ratios, reinforcement covers, and crack widths can be selected. Lower water-cement ratios produce denser, less permeable concrete and therefore improve durability by reducing cracks and disintegration over time.
This document discusses quality control and durability factors in concrete. It defines quality as conformance to requirements and durability as a concrete's ability to resist deterioration when exposed to the environment. Several factors influence concrete durability, including the materials used, water-cement ratio, compaction, curing and the physical and chemical conditions of the service environment. Common durability issues include corrosion, cracking from sulfate attack or alkali-silica reaction, and carbonation reducing alkalinity. Proper quality control of materials and construction processes is needed to produce durable concrete.
1) Concrete production has a significant environmental impact, emitting around one tonne of CO2 for every tonne of cement produced. The concrete industry contributes 5-7% of global CO2 emissions annually.
2) The ICP Concrete Quality Training teaches students about developing green concrete mixes using supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and slag, which can reduce CO2 emissions. It also covers use of recycled aggregates and self-compacting concrete.
3) Self-healing concrete is discussed, which uses bacteria that seal cracks through the production of limestone, eliminating the need for repair with additional cement-based materials.
A Study on Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Slag as Coarse AggregateIRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the properties of self-compacting concrete using blast furnace slag as a coarse aggregate replacement. The study aims to determine the strength characteristics of slag for application in self-compacting concrete. Specimens with 0%, 10%, 20%, 40%, and 60% replacement of natural coarse aggregate with slag aggregate were produced and tested. Workability, compressive strength, and split tensile strength tests were conducted on the specimens. The results were then compared to code requirements to evaluate the performance of self-compacting concrete with slag aggregate replacement.
IRJET - A Review on Feasibility of Geopolymer Sea Sand Concrete in Interlocki...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the feasibility of using geopolymer concrete with sea sand in interlocking concrete pavement blocks. It first discusses the benefits of using sea sand instead of river sand, as well as the use of geopolymer concrete as an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete. It then summarizes several studies that have investigated the properties of concrete made with sea sand and geopolymer concrete, as well as the performance of interlocking concrete pavement blocks. The review found that concrete made with sea sand can develop strength faster but may have slightly lower long-term strength and increased drying shrinkage compared to river sand concrete. Geopolymer concrete can reduce CO2 emissions. Overall, the document concludes that sea sand and geopoly
Study on Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Glass Powder and Steel Slagijtsrd
Cement concrete possesses the most significant job in the field of common building. Cement is the most significant part in Concrete which ties the Totals together, however its creation is very vitality expending and adds to about 7 of Greenhouse gases, all around, and it is evaluated that the generation of one ton of Cement produces about 0.9 huge amounts of CO2, which is discharged in nature. The fine total or sand utilized are typically acquired from common sources exceptionally stream beds or waterway banks. Presently a day because of steady sand mining the characteristic sand is exhausting at a disturbing rate. Along these lines, there is a need to discover option in contrast to common sand and concrete. The endeavors have been made to fractional supplanting of sand with Granular Steel Slag G.S.S and bond with Waste Glass Powder W.G.P in view to diminish ecological issues like contamination, consumption of common assets and issues in squander the executives. Granular Steel Slag G.S.S which is a result of steel making is delivered during the partition of the liquid steel from debasements in steel production heaters. The Slag happens as a liquid fluid soften and is an unpredictable arrangement of silicates and oxides that cements after cooling. Expansion of steel slag improves the mechanical properties of cement. Squander Glass Powder W.G.P is a valuable mechanical squander. It shows pozzolanic conduct when the molecule size is under 75µ. The pozzolanic properties might be ascribed to the high measure of silica. The particles of Glass Powder are fine, filling voids between bond grains which brings about additional solid Concrete. Fine aggregate was incompletely supplanted with 25 , half and 75 Granular Steel Slag G.S.S and bond supplanted with 20 steady Waste Glass Powder W.G.P for M20 grade concrete. Tests were performed for crisp and mechanical properties of concrete at 7, 28 and 56 days and the outcomes appeared there is a steady increase in qualities from 25 to half of substitution. Shaik. Shajahan | Dr. P. Balakrishna "Study on Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Glass Powder and Steel Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29524.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29524/study-on-properties-of-self-compacting-concrete-with-glass-powder-and-steel-slag/shaik-shajahan
Effect of Steel Slag as Partial Replacement of Cement on Property of Concreteijtsrd
A well maintained infrastructure is a fundamental necessity for a modern society that provides great value, but ensuring that it meets all the requirements is challenging. Concrete as a construction material is in use for several decades. Concrete can withstand the severest environments and engineers are constantly trying to improve its performance with the aid of modern admixtures and waste materials with or without cementious properties. The use of waste material in concrete helps to consume these waste materials and also improves the properties of concrete in fresh and hydrated states.Civil structures are designed considering the target compressive strength of the concrete. Although, few other parameters such as workability, water to cement ratio, setting time of cement and surface hardness influence the performance of concrete.In the present research a series of experiments had been performed to compare the use of Steel Slag as partial replacement of cement in different proportions. Concrete mixes are modified by 5 10 , 15 , 20 and 25 of Steel Slag as replacement of cement.The main conclusions drawn are inclusion of Steel Slag increases the compressive strength up to a certain proportion and then reduces the strength. Steel powder increases the strength but reduces the workability. Comparatively higher early strength gain 3 days, 14 days, 28 days is obtained with Steel Slag concrete. Pushpa | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma "Effect of Steel Slag as Partial Replacement of Cement on Property of Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49129.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49129/effect-of-steel-slag-as-partial-replacement-of-cement-on-property-of-concrete/pushpa
This document discusses self-compacting concrete (SCC), which is a type of concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without any external vibration. SCC has advantages over traditional vibrated concrete such as easier placement in complex forms, reduced noise pollution, and improved surface finish. The key properties of SCC include high flowability, passing ability, and segregation resistance. These properties are achieved through optimizing the mix design, including using a high range of superplasticizer, limiting coarse aggregate content, increasing fine particles and viscosity modifying agents. SCC has applications in structures with dense reinforcement like the Burj Khalifa where it simplified construction. The document also discusses experimental investigations into the compressive strength of SCC exposed to
Due to growing environmental awareness, as well as stricter regulations on managing industrial waste, the world is increasingly turning to researching properties of industrial waste and finding solutions on using its valuable component parts so that those might be used as secondary raw material in other industrial branches. Although iron and steel slag is still today considered waste and is categorized in industrial waste catalogues in most countries in the world, it is most definitely not waste, neither by its physical and chemical properties nor according to data on its use as valuable material for different purposes. Moreover, since the earliest times of the discovery and development of processes of iron and other metals production, slag as by-product is used for satisfying diverse human needs, from the production of medicines and agro-technical agents to production of cement and construction element. Considering the specificity of physical and chemical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in other industrial branches and in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using iron slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. Iron and steel making slag are by products of the iron making and steel making processes. To date, these types of slag have been widely used in cement and as aggregate for civil works. The report presents an investigation of mechanical and durability properties of concrete by adding iron slag as replacement of sand in various percentages. The results show that the strength properties of concrete increase significantly when sand is partially replaced by iron slag.
IRJET- Workability and Strength Properties of SCC Made with Processed RCAIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the workability and strength properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) made with processed recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). The study investigated how replacing natural coarse aggregates in SCC with 0-50% RCA in 10% intervals impacted properties. Tests were conducted on M30 and M40 grade SCC mixes. The results showed that workability parameters like flowability and passing ability were influenced by the amount of RCA used. Compressive and tensile strengths generally decreased with higher RCA replacement levels. The study aimed to evaluate the suitability of using RCA in SCC.
Study of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing Silica Fume as Partial Replac...IRJET Journal
This document studies recycled aggregate concrete containing silica fume as a partial replacement for cement. Various percentages of recycled aggregate were used to replace natural aggregate in concrete mixes, from 0% to 50%. Mechanical properties such as compressive and tensile strength were tested. The results showed that replacing up to 30% of natural aggregate with recycled aggregate can achieve similar strength as conventional concrete. Above 30% replacement, strength tends to decrease. The materials used in the concrete mixes included grade 43 cement, natural and recycled coarse aggregates of different sizes, river sand, silica fume, and water.
IRJET - Use of Brick Dust, Flyash and Cement Kiln Dust in SCC – A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of using brick dust, fly ash, and cement kiln dust in self-consolidating concrete (SCC). It first discusses the development and properties of SCC. It then describes brick dust, fly ash, and cement kiln dust waste materials and their potential uses. The document reviews literature on using these materials in concrete and SCC mixtures to explore strength parameters. It examines how paste content and powder content can influence the flow properties and passing ability of fresh SCC.
PERFORMANCE OF LIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE- A REVIEWIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on using lightweight aggregates to produce lightweight concrete as a more sustainable alternative to normal concrete. It discusses how lightweight concrete can be produced using natural or man-made lightweight aggregates, or by adding chemicals to create air voids. Some key advantages of lightweight concrete mentioned include reduced dead weight, transportation and lifting costs, and improved thermal and sound insulation properties. Several studies are then summarized that investigated properties of lightweight concrete made with various industrial byproducts like fly ash and glass fibers as aggregates. These studies found that initial water curing affected compressive strength, and that lightweight concrete made in this way met structural requirements while having benefits like higher workability and lower density compared to normal concrete.
A Study and Analysis on Durability and Mechanical Properties of High Strengt...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the durability and mechanical properties of high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete. The study aims to develop M60 grade concrete and determine effective proportions of silica fume and fly ash replacements. Specimens were tested for compressive strength at various ages, split tensile strength and flexural strength at 28 days. Durability tests like rapid chloride permeability and water absorption were also conducted on specimens with different silica fume and fly ash replacements to cement. The study found that partial replacements of cement with silica fume and fly ash can improve the mechanical and durability properties of high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete.
An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Ultimate Load Carrying capaci...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study investigating the performance of self-compacting concrete containing furnace slag. Self-compacting concrete has advantages in technical, economic and environmental areas. The study aims to replace furnace slag for fine aggregates in self-compacting concrete mixtures. Experimental tests were conducted on concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms with furnace slag replacements ranging from 0-20% to determine the effects on mechanical properties. The results showed that concrete achieves optimal strength at a particular furnace slag replacement percentage, beyond which strength is reduced. Finite element analysis was also used to model and analyze reinforced concrete columns.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE OXIDE CONCRETE WITH THE...IRJET Journal
- The document presents research on the strength properties of concrete with partial cement replacement by wollastonite and the addition of graphene oxide.
- Testing was conducted on concrete cubes with wollastonite replacing cement at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, along with 0.2% graphene oxide addition.
- The highest compressive and tensile strengths were found with a 15% wollastonite replacement of cement. The addition of graphene oxide and wollastonite improved the strength properties of the concrete compared to the control sample.
Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregat...YogeshIJTSRD
Production of one ton of Portland cement emits one ton of CO2 and different greenhouse gases main to atmospheric pollution. Hence the want arises to exchange cement with some different cementitious material. Disposal of Pond ash which is combination of Fly ash andamp Bottom ash into massive lakes reasons land air pollution and different environmental effects. The cause of this find out about is to locate the suitability of silica fume as a alternative cloth for cement and pond ash as a alternative fabric for first rate combination in concrete except compromising the power andamp sturdiness of traditional concrete. The bodily and chemical property of silica fume and pond ash is to be studied and each the industrial wastes are used to substitute the cement and great aggregate. Pond ash is in part changed for fantastic mixture with the aid of various percentages 10 to 30 , additionally silica fume is introduced by way of 10 to 20 by way of the weight of cement. The specimens will be examined for its mechanical houses such as compressive strength, cut up tensile energy and flexural electricity on 7, 28 andamp 56 days. After identifying the houses of the concrete mixes, the foremost share of alternative tiers of silica fume and pond ash will be carried out and Reinforced Concrete Beams had been forged to decide the flexural behaviour for the optimized concrete Mix. Mr. K. Soundirarajan | Telem Shidartha "Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in a Silica Fume Based Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45048.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45048/experimental-study-of-using-pond-ash-as-partial-replacement-for-fine-aggregate-in-a-silica-fume-based-concrete/mr-k-soundirarajan
This document summarizes a research study on the Mode-II fracture properties of light weight concrete containing silica fume pellets. Artificial lightweight aggregate was produced by pelletizing a mixture of silica fume, lime, cement and water. Concrete mixtures were made with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of normal aggregate with the artificial silica fume pellets. Double Centered Notched beam specimens were cast and tested in shear to determine fracture properties like shear strength. Test results showed that shear strength varied with the amount of silica fume pellet inclusion. This research provides data on using an industrial waste product, silica fume, to create artificial lightweight aggregate and develop more
Study on Alccofine based High Strength Self-compacting Fibrous Concrete- A re...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on alccofine-based high strength self-compacting fibrous concrete. It begins with an introduction to high strength concrete, fibrous concrete, self-compacting concrete, and the benefits of fibrous reinforced self-compacting concrete. It then summarizes 13 research papers on topics including replacing aggregates with waste materials, using hybrid fibers, determining optimal fiber contents, and using mineral admixtures like fly ash and alccofine. The conclusion discusses how alccofine can increase self-compatibility and early strength of self-compacting concrete mixes and how fibers can improve tensile strength, ductility, and crack resistance.
The document provides a literature review on the properties of concrete with fractional replacement of recycled coarse aggregates. It discusses 3 main points:
1) Several studies have shown that replacing natural coarse aggregates with recycled concrete aggregates can reduce the compressive strength of concrete, but treating recycled aggregates with water and acid can improve strengths.
2) Other studies found that replacing sand with copper slag as a fine aggregate and using recycled concrete aggregates as coarse aggregates can increase compressive strength up to 30% replacement.
3) The literature review concludes that compressive strength generally increases with higher quality recycled aggregates and copper slag, and workability increases with more copper slag. Strengths are also improved by the hardness of recycled aggregates and copper slag.
IRJET- A Correlative Study of Concrete Incorporating Reused Aggregates and Mi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the use of reused concrete aggregates and microsilica to develop sustainable construction materials. It discusses how recycled concrete aggregates were used to replace natural aggregates at different percentages in concrete mixes. Microsilica was also added at 0%, 10%, and 20% to mixes to compensate for degradation in properties from reused aggregates. Testing of cubes, cylinders, and beams showed that mixes with 100% reused aggregates performed worse than mixes with natural aggregates. However, adding microsilica improved the properties of mixes with reused aggregates by consuming calcium hydroxide and producing additional calcium silicate hydrate. The study suggests reused aggregates can be used viably in construction when supplemented with admixtures like microsilica.
This document is a report submitted for a bachelor's degree in civil engineering. It discusses self-compacting concrete (SCC), including acknowledging help from supervisors and faculty. The document contains chapters that will cover SCC literature, materials used, mix design, experimental procedures, results, further work, disadvantages, photographs, and conclusions. Tables and figures are listed that will be included to illustrate test methods and results from studying SCC.
Experiment and Analysis on the Impact of Flexural Strength on Beam with Parti...ijtsrd
In this examination the correlation silica fume, and copper slag concrete quality utilizing destructive test equipment have been completed. In this investigation three sorts of squanders materials silica fume and copper slag and ordinary aggregate were utilized for preparing beam specimens. There are M30 grade of blended extent are used. Squander materials are used in concrete with the substitution bond of 10 , 20 and 30 . These beams are tried on 28 days. The flexural quality are determined with the help of destructive test equipments. Racit Rawat | Prabhat Kumar Tiwari "Experiment & Analysis on the Impact of Flexural Strength on Beam with Partial Replacement of Cement by Silica Fume & Copper Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47962.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47962/experiment-and-analysis-on-the-impact-of-flexural-strength-on-beam-with-partial-replacement-of-cement-by-silica-fume-and-copper-slag/racit-rawat
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23226 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1791
reliable and uniform quality. Recognising the lack of
uniformity and complete compaction of concrete by
vibration, researchers at the University of Tokyo, Japan,
started in late 1980’s to develop SCC. By the early 1990’s,
Japan has developed and used SCC that does not require
vibration to achieve full compaction. By the year 2000, the
SCC has become popular in Japan for prefabricatedproducts
and ready mixed concrete.
Several European countries recognised the significance and
potentials of SCC developed in Japan. During 1989, they
founded European federation of natural trade associations
representing producersand applicatorsof specialistbuilding
products (EFNARC).The utilisation of self-compacting
concrete started growing rapidly. EFNARC, making use of
broad practical experiences of all members of European
federation with SCC, has drawn up specification and
guidelines to provide a framework for designand useof high
quality SCC, during 2001. Self-compactingconcretehasbeen
described as “the most revolutionary evolutionary
development in concrete construction for several decades”.
Originally developed in Japan to offset a growing concrete
shortage of skilled labour, it has proved to bebeneficialfrom
the following points.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC)isaconcretemixwhich hasa
low yield stress, high deformability, good segregation
resistance (prevents separation of particles in the mix), and
moderate viscosity (necessarytoensureuniformsuspension
of solid particles during transportation, placement (without
external compaction), and thereafteruntiltheconcretesets).
In everyday terms, when poured, SCC is an extremely fluid
mix with the following distinctive practicalfeatures- itflows
very easily within and around the formwork, can flow
through obstructions and aroundcorners("passingability"),
is close to self-levelling (although not actuallyself-levelling),
does not require vibration or tamping after pouring, and
follows the shape and surface texture of a mold (or form)
very closely once set. As a result, pouring SCC is also much
less labour intensive compared to standard concrete mixes.
Once poured, SCC is usually similar to standard concrete in
terms of its setting and curing time (gaining strength), and
strength. SCC does not use a high proportion of water to
become fluid - in fact, SCC may contain less water than
standard concretes. Instead, SCC gains its fluid properties
from an unusually high proportion of fine aggregate, such as
sand (typically 50%), combined with superplasticizers
(additives that ensure particles disperse and do not settle in
the fluid mix) and viscosity enhancing admixtures (VEA).
Ordinarily, concrete is adense, viscousmaterialwhenmixed,
and when used in construction, requires the use of vibration
or other techniques (known as compaction[disambiguation
needed]) to remove air bubbles(cavitation),and honeycomb
like holes, especially at the surfaces, where air has been
trapped during pouring. This kind of air content (unlike that
in aerated concrete) is not desired andweakenstheconcrete
if left. However, it is laborious and takes time to remove by
vibration, and improper or inadequate vibration can lead to
undetected problemslater. Additionallysome complexforms
cannot easily be vibrated. Self-compacting concrete is
designed to avoid this problem, and not require compaction,
therefore reducing labour, time, and a possible source of
technical and quality control issues.
1.3. GROUND GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG
Ground-granulatedblast-furnaceslag (GGBS or GGBFS) is
obtained by quenching molteniron slag(aby-productof iron
and steel making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to
produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and
ground into a fine powder. The chemical composition of a
slag varies considerablydependingonthecompositionof the
raw materials in the iron production process. Silicate and
aluminate impurities from the ore and coke are combined in
the blast furnace with a flux, which lowers the viscosity of
the slag. In the case of pig iron production, the flux consists
mostly of a mixture of limestone and forsterite or in some
cases dolomite. In the blast furnace, the slag floats on top of
the iron and is decanted for separation. Slow cooling of slag
melts results in an unreactive crystalline material consisting
of an assemblage of Ca-Al-Mg silicates. To obtain a good slag
reactivity or hydraulicity, the slag melt needs to be rapidly
cooled or quenched below 800°C in order to prevent the
crystallization of marinateandmelilite.Tocooland fragment
the slag a granulation process can be applied in which
molten slag is subjected to jet streams of water or air under
pressure. Alternatively, in thepelletization processtheliquid
slag is partially cooled with water and subsequently
projected into the air by a rotating drum. In ordertoobtain a
suitable reactivity, the obtained fragments are ground to
reach the same fineness as Portland cement
1.4. M-SAND
Manufactured sand (M-Sand) is a substitute of river sand for
concrete construction. Manufactured sand is produced from
hard granite stone by crushing. Thecrushedsandisofcubical
shape with grounded edges, washed and graded to as a
construction material. The size of manufactured sand (M-
Sand) is less than 4.75mm. Manufactured sand is an
alternative for river sand. Due to fast growing construction
industry, the demand for sand has increased tremendously,
causing deficiency of suitable river sand in most part of the
word. Due to the depletion of good quality river sand for the
use of construction, the use of manufactured sand has been
increased.
1.5. FLY ASH
Fly ash, also known as "pulverised fuel ash" in the United
Kingdom, is a coal combustion product composed of fine
particles that are driven out of the boiler with the flue gases.
Ash that falls in the bottom of the boiler is called bottom ash.
In modern coal-fired power plants, fly ash is generally
captured by electrostatic precipitators or other particle
filtration equipmentbeforethefluegasesreachthechimneys.
Together with bottom ash removed from the bottom of the
boiler, it is known as coal ash. Depending upon the source
and makeup of the coal being burned, the components of fly
ash vary considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial
amounts of silicon dioxide (SiO2) (both amorphous and
crystalline), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and calcium oxide
(CaO), the main mineral compounds in coal-bearing rock
strata. Constituents depend upon the specific coal bed
makeup but may include one or more of the following
elements or substances found in trace concentrations (up to
hundreds ppm): arsenic, beryllium, boron, cadmium,
chromium, hexavalent chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese,
mercury, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, thallium, and
vanadium, along with very small concentrations of dioxins
and PAH compounds. In the past, fly ash was generally
released into the atmosphere, but air pollution control
standards now require that itbe captured prior to release by
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23226 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1792
fitting pollution control equipment. In the US, fly ash is
generally stored at coal power plants or placed in landfills.
About 43% is recycled, often used as a pozzolan to produce
hydraulic cement or hydraulic plaster and a replacement or
partial replacement for Portland cement in concrete
production. Pozzolans ensure the setting of concrete and
plaster and provide concrete with more protection from wet
conditions and chemical attack. After a long regulatory
process, the EPA published a final ruling in December 2014,
which establishes that coal fly ash is regulated on the federal
level as "non-hazardous" waste according to the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Coal Combustion
Residuals (CCR's) are listed in the subtitle D (rather than
under subtitle C dealingfor hazardous waste, which wasalso
considered). In the case that flies or bottom ash is not
produced from coal, for example when solid waste is used to
produce electricity in an incinerator (see waste-to-energy
facilities), this kind of ash may contain higher levels of
contaminants than coal ash. In that case the ash produced is
often classified as hazardous waste.
1.6. SUPERPLASTICIZER
Super plasticizers, also known as high range water
reducers, are chemical admixtures used where well-
dispersed particle suspension is required. These polymers
are used as dispersants to avoid particle segregation (gravel,
coarse and fine sands), and to improve the flow
characteristics (rheology) of suspensions such as in concrete
applications. Their addition to concrete or mortar allows the
reduction of the water to cement ratio, not affecting the
workability of the mixture, and enables the production of
self-compacting concrete and high performance concrete.
This effect drastically improves the performance of the
hardening fresh paste. The strength of concrete increases
when the water to cement ratio decreases. However, their
working mechanisms lack a full understanding, revealing in
certain cases cement-superplasticizer incompatibilities. The
addition of superplasticizer in the truck during transit is a
new development within the industry. Admixtures added in
transitthrough automatedslumpmanagementsystems,such
as Verify, allow concrete producers to maintain slump until
discharge without reducing concrete quality.We know that
the main action of Super Plasticizer is to fluidity the mix and
improve the workability of concrete. Portland cement, being
in fine state of division will have a tendency to flocculate in
wet concrete.
1.7. USES AND ADVANTAGES OF SCC
At present self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be classified
as an advanced construction material. The SCC as the name
suggests, does not require to be vibrated to achieve full
compaction. This offer benefits and advantages over
conventional concrete.
Faster construction
Improved quality of concrete and reduction of onsite
repairs.
Reduction in site manpower
Better surface finish
Easier placing
Improved durability and reliability of concrete
structures
Greater freedom in design
Thinner concrete sections
Reduced noise level
Safer working environment
1.8. OBJECTIVES
To study the fresh, mechanical and durability properties of
concrete by varying the percentage of GGBS by weight of
cement and partial replacement of M-Sand.
To study the influence of M-Sand and GGBS in the
improvement of quality and durability of self-compacting
concrete for various proportions.
1.9. SCOPE
This project work involves castingofcubeswithand without
GGBS and to determine the ultimate load carrying capacity.
Cubes are cast in two different ways
i) without GGBS ii) with GGBS.
1.10. NEED FOR THE RESEARCH
Self compacting concrete is concrete mixture that is able to
consolidate under its own weight. Use of SCC can also help
minimize hearing related damages on the worksite that are
induced by vibration of concrete. Another advantagesofSCC
is that the time required to place large sections is
considerably reduced.
By adding of GGBS in self compacting concrete, cement
content can be reduced. To assess the effectiveness of GGBS
in SCC some of the parameters like chemical composition
and fineness have been carefully examined earlier.
SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
In the above literatures the fresh properties of SCC was
explained in detail and some of the hardened properties on
SCC was also been mentioned. In some literatures the
effective use of granite dust in SCC as a replacementmaterial
was explained. Similarly the effect of GGBS in fresh and
hardened properties of SCC was shown. Therefore in this
project it has been planned to partially replace cement with
GGBS and M-sand with fine aggregate on SCC.
METHODOLOGY
The following methodology has been adopted to achieve
above object
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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
TEST PROGRAME
The project deals with study of the strength and durability behaviour of concrete cube with varying percentage of GGBS and
with M-Sand replacement of 80% of Fine aggregate. To find out the effect of maximum strength of the SCC. This chapter
presents the materials properties as found by laboratory tests. All the material tests were conducted in the laboratory as per
relevant Indian Standard codes. Basic tests were conducted on the fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and cement to check their
suitability for concrete making.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Fig 7.1 Slump Flow Test
Method Slump Flow T50cm Slump Flow V-Funnel V-Funnel @ T5mins
Unit Mm sec sec sec
Typical Range 650 to 800 2 to 5 8 to 12 8 to 15
Control mix 700 3 9 13
5% GGBS 720 4 9 13
15% GGBS 660 2 10 13
25% GGBS 690 3 11 14
35% GGBS 675 5 12 15
45% GGBS 700 4 9 12
55% GGBS 685 3 9 13
Table Fresh Properties of SCC
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
S. No Mix Proportion
Compressive Strength
7 Days 28 Days 56 Days
1 Control 33 50 52
2 5% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 32 51 51
3 15% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 27 52 53
4 25% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 24 54 55
5 35% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 23 38 39
6 45% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 23 27 36
7 55% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 22 30 35
At 7 days of compressive strength the maximum and minimum compressive strength was obtained at Control Specimen
and 55% replacement of GGBS with 80% M-Sand.
At 28 days of compressive strength maximum and minimum compressive strength was obtained at 25% replacement of
GGBS with 80% M-Sand and 45% replacement of GGBS with 80% M-Sand.
At 56 days of compressive strength the maximum compressive strength was obtained at 25% replacement of GGBS with
80% M-Sand.
At 56 days of compressive strength the minimum compressive strength was obtained at 55% replacement of GGBS with
80% M-Sand.
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
The minimum split tensile strength was obtained at 45% replacement of GGBS with 80% M-Sand.
The maximum split tensile strength was obtained at Control Specimen.
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Table Split Tensile Strength
S. No Mix Proportion Split Tensile Strength
1 Control 3.8
2 5% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 3.5
3 15% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 3.4
4 25% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 3.5
5 35% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 2.8
6 45% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.9
7 55% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 2.2
WATER ABSORPTION TEST
Among the specimen the control specimen shows maximum water absorption at 24 hours and 72 hours.
Among the 45% GGBS and 80% M-Sand specimen shows minimum water absorption at 24 hours.
Among the 35% GGBS and 80% M-Sand specimen shows minimum water absorption at 72 hours.
Water absorption has reduced by adding of GGBS content.
S. No Mix Proportion Water Absorption at 24 Hrs (%) Water Absorption at 72 Hrs (%)
1 Control 1.56 1.66
2 5% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.24 1.27
3 15% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.05 1.09
4 25% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.19 1.49
5 35% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.81 0.89
6 45% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.71 1.07
7 55% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.00 1.23
POROSITY TEST
S. No Mix Proportion Porosity at 28 Days (%)
1 Control 3.66
2 5% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 2.68
3 15% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 2.39
4 25% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 2.77
5 35% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.91
6 45% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.67
7 55% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 2.30
S. No Mix Proportion Percentage of Strength loss
1 Control 8.16
2 5% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 27.08
3 15% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 28.57
4 25% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 20.00
5 35% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 21.88
6 45% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 13.79
7 55% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 21.74
Fig.6 Porosity test
The test result shows that the pores of concrete will reduced by adding of GGBS.
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SULPHATE ATTACK TEST
For the Sulphate test after 30 days of immersion itwasobservedthatcontrolspecimen hadshowed theminimumpercentageof
strength loss.
Sulphate test after 30 days of immersion it was observed that the 15% replacement of GGBSwith 80%M-Sand had showedthe
maximum percentage of strength loss.
S. No Mix Proportion Percentage of Weight loss Percentage of Strength loss
1 Control 5.72 44.90
2 5% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 3.40 60.42
3 15% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.65 75.51
4 25% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.26 68.00
5 35% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.02 31.25
6 45% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.24 10.34
7 55% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1.30 13.04
Acid Test
S. No Mix Proportion Charge Passed in Coulombs Asper ASTM C1202
1 Control 674.1 Very Low
2 5% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 1461.6 Low
3 15% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 845.1 Very Low
4 25% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 971.1 Very Low
5 35% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 310.5 Very Low
6 45% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 306 Very Low
7 55% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 221.4 Very Low
Table Acid Test
From the acid resistance test after 30 days it was observed that the 35% replacement of GGBS with 80% M-Sand had showed
the minimum amount of loss in weight compared to Control Specimen.
Acid resistance test after 30 days it was observed that the Control mix had showed the maximum amount of loss in weight.
Acid resistance test after 30 days it was observed that the 15%replacement of GGBS with 80% M-Sand had showed the
maximum percentage of strength loss.
5.8 RAPID CHLORIDE PENETRATION TEST
From the above results, various percentage additions of GGBS showed very low chloride penetration.
RCPT test result shows that the concrete have minimum pores.
The chloride penetration will decreased by adding of GGBS
5.9 SORPTIVITY TEST
S. No Mix Proportion
Sorptivity (mm/sec1/2)
6 Hours 24 Hours 72 Hours
1 Control 0.013 0.007 0.005
2 5% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.012 0.007 0.005
3 15% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.012 0.007 0.005
4 25% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.012 0.007 0.005
5 35% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.012 0.007 0.005
6 45% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.012 0.006 0.005
7 55% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.011 0.006 0.005
Table Sorptivity Test
Initial permeability had high compared with 24 hours and 72 hours permeable.
LINEAR POLARIZATION RESISITIVITY TEST
Fig 5.12 LPR Control Specimen Fig 5.13 5% GGBS Specimen
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Fig 5.14 15% GGBS Specimen
Fig 5.15 25% GGBS Specimen
Fig 7.17 45% GGBS Specimen
Fig 5.18 55% GGBS Specimen
Fig 5.16 35% GGBS Specimen
S. No Mix Proportion Corrosion Rate cm/year
1 Control 0.02237
2 5% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.00714
3 15% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.00579
4 25% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.00535
5 35% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.00555
6 45% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.00581
7 55% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 0.01564
Table LPR Test
The corrosion rate is decreasing by adding of GGBS by compared with control specimen.
Maximum corrosion achieved at control specimen
ALKALINITY TEST
S. No Mix Proportion pH Value at 28Days
1 Control 11.65
2 5% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 11.62
3 15% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 11.67
4 25% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 11.56
5 35% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 11.32
6 45% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 11.50
7 55% GGBS + 80% M-Sand 11.08
Table Alkalinity Test
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In normal concrete the pH value is greater than 8.5. The
GGBS added specimens are achieved the pH value
greater than 11.
So, the concrete is alkaline in nature.
CONCLUSION
Compressive Strength
The control specimens are tested for the compressive
strength at 7, 28, 56 days after water curing.
The compressive strength get increased by adding of
GGBS upto 25% replacement, then after that the
strength get decreased.
The excess amount of Pozzolanic content will affect the
strength.
Split Tensile Strength
The minimum splittensilestrengthwasobtainedat45%
replacement of GGBS with 80% M-Sand. The maximum
split tensile strength was obtained at Control Specimen.
Pozzolanic content will affect the split tensile strength.
Water Absorption Test
At 24 hours of water absorption the maximum and
minimum amount of water was absorbed at Control
Specimen and 45% replacement of GGBS with 80% M-
Sand respectively.
At 72 hours of water absorption the maximum and
minimum amount of water was absorbed at Control
Specimen and35% replacement of GGBS with 80% M-
Sand respectively.
The GGBS added specimen shows the reduce water
absorption value compared to Control Specimen.
Sulphate Attack Test
In sulphate test the minimum and maximum amount of
strength loss at control specimen and 15% replacement
of GGBS respectively.
There is a reduction in strength duetosulphate attack in
the GGBS added samples compared tocontrolspecimen.
Acid Resistance Test
In Acid test the minimum and maximum amount of
weight loss at 35% replacement of GGBS and control
specimen respectively.
In Acid test the minimum and maximum amount of
strength loss at 45% and 15% replacement of GGBS
respectively.
In Acid test the weight loss will be decreased and
strength loss will increased by adding of GGBS.
Rapid Chloride Penetration Test
The chloride ion permeability values shows that the
GGBS added samples are less prone to corrosion.
Sorptivity Test
In sorptivity test the permeability of concrete was
decreased by adding of GGBS content.
The sorptivity test shows that the less poresinconcrete.
Linear Polarization Resistivity Test
Corrosion rate will decreased by adding of GGBS.
Similarly RCPT result also shows the minimum amount
of chloride ion penetration.
Corrosion depended on the chloride penetration.
Alkalinity Test
Is normal concrete the pH value is greater than 8.5. The
GGBS added specimens are achieved the pH value
greater than 11.
So, the concrete is alkaline in nature.
REFERENCE
[1] EFNARC (European Federation of National trade
associations),”specification and Guidelines for Self-
Compacting Concrete”, UK, February 2002.
[2] Concrete Technology Text book, Author M.S.Shetty
[3] H Okamura and K Ozawa. “Mix Design for Self-
Compacting Concrete”. Concrete Libraryof JSCE,no25,
June 1995, pp 107-120.
[4] Okamura, H., Ozawa, K. and Ouchi, M. self-compacting
concrete, structural concrete. No.1, March 3-17-2000.
[5] Persemlidis, G. (2004). “Influence of elevated
temperatures of self-consolidating concretes of
strength classes C20/25 AND C30/37.”Msc thesis,
Democritus Univ. of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece,170 (in
Greek)
[6] Sideris,K.K., Manita, P.Papageorgiou,A., and
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