Beekeeping

ْ‫ال‬ ُ‫ة‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬ْ‫ر‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ل‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ن‬
Beekeeping

ََ‫ق‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬َََ‫م‬‫ِد‬َْ‫ة‬
•‫مهنة‬ ‫النحل‬ ‫تربية‬ ‫تعتبر‬”‫الحفاظ‬ ‫علم‬“‫المب‬ ‫والطرق‬ ‫الوسائل‬ ‫أفضل‬ ‫بإستخدام‬ ‫النحل‬ ‫على‬‫تكرة‬.
‫إنتاج‬ ‫في‬ ‫النحل‬ ‫تربية‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫تكمن‬:
• Beekeeping is considered a bee “maintaining science” by using the best tools and
innovative ways. The significance of Beekeeping lies in the production of:
-‫العسل‬
-‫الشمع‬
-‫العكبر‬
-‫اللقاح‬ ‫حبوب‬(‫النحل‬ ‫خبز‬)
-‫الملكي‬ ‫الغذاء‬
-‫النحل‬ ‫سم‬
ْ‫ر‬َ‫ت‬ ُ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬ِ‫م‬َ‫ه‬َ‫أ‬َّ‫ن‬ْ‫ال‬ ِ‫ة‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬ِ‫ل‬ْ‫ح‬
Honey
Wax
Propolis
Pollen
Royal Jelly
Apitoxin (Honey Bee Venom)
Introduction
The Significance of Beekeeping

‫هناكَاسبابَعِدةَتِدفعَللمحافظةَعلىَالتربيةَالسليمةَللنحل‬:
1.‫هِدفَثقافي‬:َ‫استخِدَتََنتجاتَالنحلََنذَاقِدمَالعصورَعنِدَالعِديِدََنَالشعوب‬
‫والحضارات‬.َ‫وكانواَيراقبونَويقيمونَالتنظيمَالِداخليَلخالياَالنحلَوالحياةَاإلجتماعية‬
‫التيَتعيشها‬.
2.‫َصِدرَللغذاء‬:َ‫لمنتجاتَالنحلَتاريخَطويلَفيَاإلستهالكَالبشريَلماَلهاََنَقيمة‬
‫غذائيةَوصحية‬.َ‫يعتبرَالعسلََصِدرَقويَللطاقة،َأَاَغبارَالطلعَوالغذاءَالملكيَفهما‬
‫َصِدرانَللبروتيينَواالحماضَاألَينية‬.
3.‫َصِدرَللمكوناتَالطبية‬
4.‫َصِدرَدخل‬
5.‫تلقيحَاألزهار‬
There are several reasons push us to keep a healthy beekeeping for honey bees:
1. Cultural Purpose: Since ancient times the bee products has been used by many nations and
civilizations. They were watching and assess the internal organization of the bee cells and the
social life that they lived.
2. Source of Food: Bee product had a long history in Human consumption due to their nutritional and
healthy value. The honey is considered a powerful source for energy, as for the pollen and the royal
jelly they are a source for protein and amino acids.
3. Source for medical products
4. Revenue source
5. Pollinate the flowers.

َ‫م‬‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬‫م‬‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ْ‫َال‬ ُ‫ات‬َ‫ن‬‫م‬‫و‬َ‫ك‬َُ
Beehive Cell Components

‫حياة‬ ‫تعيش‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الحشرات‬ ‫من‬ ‫العسل‬ ‫نحل‬ ‫يعتبر‬
‫منها‬ ‫الواحدة‬ ‫تحتوي‬ ‫منفصلة‬ ‫خاليا‬ ‫في‬ ‫إجتماعية‬
‫بين‬ ‫وسطيا‬10000‫و‬60000‫ب‬ًّ‫تقل‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫نحلة‬
‫المواسم‬.
The Honey bee are considered one of insects
that live a social life through separate cells each
one contains approximately around 10000 and
60000 bees according to the seasons change.

ََ‫م‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬ََ‫ك‬‫م‬‫ل‬َُ‫ة‬
Queen

‫الملكة‬‫ب‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫وتسمى‬‫أمَالطائفة‬‫وي‬ ،‫التكوين‬ ‫كاملة‬ ‫أنثى‬ ‫وهي‬‫في‬ ‫وجد‬
‫فقط‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫ملكة‬ ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬‫خل‬ ‫كل‬(‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬‫استثنائ‬ ٍ‫ت‬‫حاال‬ ‫في‬ ‫إال‬.)‫أكب‬ ‫وهي‬‫من‬ ‫حجما‬ ‫ر‬
،‫حل‬ّ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬‫بق‬‫ة‬َّ‫ق‬ِ‫د‬َ‫ت‬‫س‬ُ‫م‬ ٍ‫ة‬‫نهاي‬ ‫ذو‬ ،‫طويل‬ ٌ‫بطن‬ ‫ولها‬.‫أ‬ ‫تبدو‬‫قصيرة‬ ‫جنحتها‬
‫أ‬ ‫ها‬ُ‫ر‬‫وصد‬ ،‫االت‬ّ‫غ‬ ّ‫الش‬ ‫أجنحة‬ ‫من‬ ‫قليال‬ ُ‫أطول‬ ‫الحقيقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫ها‬ّ‫ن‬‫ولك‬‫من‬ ‫عرض‬
‫إل‬ ُ‫يميل‬ ،‫ا‬ّ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ز‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫الملكة‬ ‫أرجل‬ ُ‫ولون‬ ،‫حل‬ّ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫ة‬ّ‫ي‬‫بق‬ ‫صدور‬‫ون‬ّ‫الل‬ ‫ى‬
ّ‫ي‬‫قال‬ُ‫ت‬‫ر‬ُ‫ب‬‫ال‬-‫ي‬ّ‫ن‬ُ‫ب‬‫ال‬.‫واش‬ ،‫عومة‬ُ‫ن‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫األحيان‬ ‫أغلب‬ ‫في‬ ‫وتبدو‬‫من‬ ‫لمعانا‬ ّ‫د‬
‫حل‬ّ‫ن‬‫ال‬ ‫جماعة‬ ‫ة‬ّ‫ي‬‫بق‬.
The queen is also known as the mother of the colony, it’s a full shape
female. In every cell there is one queen only (only in exceptional cases).
It’s bigger than the other bees, and it has a long belly, with a spire end. It
wings seems short but in fact it’s little bit longer than the bee workers,
and the chest wider than the other bees. The color of it’s legs are more
bright, tends to orange brown. In Most time it’s more delicate, and more
bright than the other bee community.

‫تعيشَالملكةَلمِدةَثالثَإلىَخمسَسنوات‬.َ‫في‬
َ‫المرحلةَاألولىََنَحياتهاَتضعَبين‬1500‫و‬2000
‫بويضةَفيَاليومَخاصةَفيَفصلَالربيع‬.‫ولكن‬َ‫بعِد‬
‫عمرَالعاَينَتنخفضَتِدريجياَكميةَالبيضَالي‬َ‫وَي‬
‫التيَتضعهَسنةَبعِدَسنة‬.
The Queen lives for three to five years. In the first stage
of her life puts between 1,500 and 2,000 eggs per day,
especially in the spring. But after two years of age, the
amount of eggs that the queen put every year is gradually
decreasing.

‫كأسَالملكة‬
A queen cup
َ‫اليرقاتَتطفوََعلى‬
َ‫الغذاءَالملكيَفي‬
‫البيوتَالملكية‬.
Queen larvae floating on
royal jelly. Older queen larvae in queen
cell lying on top of wax comb
َ‫يرقةََلكةَخادرةَفيَخلية‬
َ‫الملكةََمِدةَفوقَقرصَشمع‬

Metamorphosis of the queen bee َ‫لََلكةَالنحل‬‫م‬‫تحو‬
Egg ‫بيضة‬ hatches on Day 3 ‫اليوم‬ ‫في‬ ‫تفقس‬‫الثالث‬
Larva (several moltings)‫اليرقة‬ Day 3 to Day 8 1⁄2 ‫ونصف‬ ‫الثامن‬ ‫لليوم‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫اليوم‬
Queen cell cappedَ‫يتمَإختتامَخليةَالملكة‬ ~ Day 7 1⁄2 ~ ‫ونصف‬ ‫السابع‬ ‫اليوم‬
Pupaََ‫خادرة‬ ~ Day 8 until emergence ‫الخروج‬ ‫لحين‬ ‫الثامن‬ ‫اليوم‬
Emergenceَ‫خروجَالملكة‬ ~Day 15 1⁄2 - Day 17 ‫اليوم‬15‫ونصف‬–‫عشر‬ ‫السابع‬ ‫اليوم‬
Nuptial Flight(s) ‫رحلةَالتزاوج‬ ~Day 20 – 24 ‫اليوم‬20–24
Egg Layingََ‫وضعَالبيوض‬ ~Day 23 and up ‫فوق‬ ‫وما‬ ‫والعشرين‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫اليوم‬ ‫من‬

َُ‫ك‬ُ‫ذ‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬َْ‫ر‬‫و‬
Drones

‫ََنَالعاَالت‬ً‫الذكورَهيَأكبرَحجما‬.‫تتطورََنَبويضةَغيرََلق‬َ‫حة‬
‫وَهمتهاَاألساسيةَتلقيحَالملكة‬.‫ليسَللذكورَأعضاءَلسع‬َ،
‫جسِدهاَضخمََعَوبرَكثيفَعنِدََؤخرةَالبطن‬.‫عنِدَاَتطيرَتحِد‬َ‫ث‬
‫ضوضاءَصاخبة‬.‫تعتمِدَعلىَالعاَالتَفيَالتغذيةَألنهَليس‬َ‫لِديها‬
‫الخرطونَالمناسبَلتناولَالغذاءَوبالتاليَالَيمكنهاَجمعَالر‬َ‫حيق‬
‫والعسل‬.َ‫يترواحَعِددَالذكورَبين‬200‫و‬500‫ذكرَفيَالخلية‬.َ‫فترة‬
‫حياةَالذكورَعادةَليستَأكثرََنَشهرين‬.
The drones are larger than female workers. Develops from an unfertilized
egg and its primary mission is to mate with a fertile queen. The drones do
not have stinging organs, their bodies are huge with thick hair at the back
of the abdomen. When flying a noisy noise occurs. Depend on the
workers for nutrition because they do not have stingers and do not gather
nectar and honey. The number of drones is between 200 and 500 drone in
the cell. The life span of a drone usually is not more than two months.

‫العاَلة‬ ‫الذكر‬ ‫الملكة‬

َ‫م‬َ‫ا‬َ‫ع‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬َْ‫ت‬َ‫ال‬
Worker

‫يتألفََعظمَالنحلَفيَالخليةََنَالعاَالتَجميعهاَإناثَعقي‬َ،‫مة‬
‫َللسن‬ً‫رََهاَهاَوفقا‬َّ‫ي‬‫تتغ‬.‫العاَالتَالفتيةَتهتمَبتنظ‬َ،‫يفَالخلية‬
‫وإطعامَاليرقاتَوالملكةَوفرزَشمعَالعسلَلبناءَاألفراص‬.‫هي‬
َ‫تتحكمَبِدرجةَحرارةَالخليةَحيثَترفرفَأجنحتهاَللتهوئة‬(‫ب‬َ‫هِدف‬
‫تجفيفَالعسلَأوَتبريِدَالخلية‬)‫َبالحراسة‬ً‫وتهتمَأيضا‬.
Most bees in the cell consist of all female workers who are sterile, whose
functions change according to age. The young workers are interested in
cleaning the cell, feeding the larvae, the queen and sorting beeswax to
build the comb. It controls the temperature of the cell where its wings
flap to cool (to dry honey or cool the cell) and also to guard.

‫العاَالتَالكبارَفيَالسنَتجنيَرحيقَالزهرَوتجمعَحبوبَالل‬َ،‫قاح‬
‫الماء،َوالِدنج‬.‫كماَإنهاَتملكَآلةَلسعَباإلضافةَإلىَغِددَخاصة‬
‫وأجهزةَلمساعِدتهاَعلىَالِدفاعَعنَالخليةَضِدَاألعِدعءَوهيَأيض‬ًَ‫ا‬
‫َسؤولةَعنَجمعَوتصنيعَالعسل‬.َ‫فيََرحلةَالعمل‬(َ‫فصل‬
‫الربيعَوَطلعَالصيف‬)َ‫تعيشََن‬7َ‫إلى‬8َ‫أسابيع،َأَاَفيَفصل‬
‫الشتاءَفتعيشََِدةَثالثةَأشهرَبسببَقلةَالعملَواإلست‬‫راحة‬.
Elderly workers reap the nectar and collect pollen, water, and propolis. It
also has a sting machine in addition to special glands and devices to help
them defend the cell against the enemies and is also responsible for the
collection and manufacture of honey. In the working phase (spring and
early summer) they live from 7 to 8 weeks, while in the winter they live
for three months due to lack of work and rest.

Type ‫النوع‬ Egg ‫البيضة‬ Larvaَ‫اليرقة‬
Cell capped
ََ‫الشرنقة‬
Pupa
‫الخادرة‬
Average
developmental
period(Days
until
emergence)
‫َِدة‬َ‫االنمو‬
‫المتوسطي‬
(َ‫األيامَقبل‬
‫الخروج‬)
Start of fertility
‫بِدءَالخصوبة‬
Body length
‫طولَالجسم‬
Hatching
weight
‫الوزن‬َ‫عنِد‬
‫الفقس‬
Queen ‫الملكة‬
up to day 3
‫ثالثةَأيام‬
up to day 8½
‫اليوم‬َ‫الثاَن‬
‫ونصف‬
day 7½
‫اليوم‬َ‫السابع‬
‫والنصف‬
day 8 until
emergence
‫اليومَالثاَن‬
‫لحينَالخروج‬
16 days
16‫يوم‬
day 23 and up
َ‫اليوم‬23َ‫وَا‬
‫فوق‬
18–22 mm
18–22‫َللم‬
nearly 200 mg
‫بحِدود‬200
‫َلغم‬
Workerَ‫العاَلة‬
up to day 3
‫ثالثةَأيام‬
up to day 9
َ‫عنِدَاليوم‬
‫التاسع‬
day 9
‫اليومَالتاسع‬
day 10 until
emergence (day
11 or 12 last
moult)
َ‫اليومَالعاشر‬
َ‫لحينَالخروج‬
(‫اليوم‬11َ‫أو‬
12)
21 days(range:
18–22 days)
21ًَ‫يوَا‬(َ‫َعِدل‬
َ‫بين‬18–22
ًَ‫يوَا‬)
N/A
‫الَيوجِد‬
12–15 mm
12–15‫َللم‬
nearly 100 mg
َ‫بخِدود‬100
‫َلغم‬
Droneَ‫الذكر‬
up to day 3
َ‫ثالثةَأيام‬
up to day 9½
َ‫اليومَالتاسع‬
‫ونصف‬
day 10
‫اليومَالعاشر‬
day 10 until
emergence
َ‫اليومَالعاشر‬
‫لحينَالخروج‬
24 days
24ًَ‫يوَا‬
about 38 days
‫حوالي‬38ًَ‫يوَا‬
15–17 mm
15–17‫َللم‬
nearly 200 mg
َ‫بحِدود‬200
‫َلغم‬

َ ُ‫ات‬َ‫و‬َ‫د‬َ‫أ‬
َ‫م‬‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ح‬َّ‫ن‬ْ‫ال‬
Beekeeper
Tools

َ‫يتطلبَالعملَفيَتربيةَالنحلَجملةََن‬
‫المستلزَاتَواألدواتَأهمها‬:
Working in Beekeeping needs many supplies
and tools the most important are:

‫المِدخنةَأوَالمنفاخ‬
Bee Smoker

‫يتكونَجسمَالمِدخنةََنَالمعِدن‬.‫شكلَهذاَالجسمَيشبهَقسطلََثق‬َ‫وب‬
‫فيَاألسفلَلِدخولَالهواءَوَنَاألعلىَلخروجَالِدخان‬.َ‫فيَداخلَهذا‬
‫الجسمَيتمَوضعَدائرةَغربال‬.‫يضافَإلىَهذاَالجسمَقطعةَأخرىَوظيف‬َ‫تها‬
‫ضخَالهواءَإلىَالِداخل‬.
The chimney object is made of metal. The shape of this body is like a
perforated tube inserted below to enter the air and from the top to get out
the smoke. Inside the body is a sieve circle. Add to this body another
piece whose function is to pump the air inside.

‫البِدلة‬
Beekeeper Suit

‫يرتِديهاَالنحالَفوقََالبسهَوتصنعََنَقماشَسميك‬.‫يجبَأنَيكون‬َ‫لونها‬
‫أبيضَأوَفاتحَوتزودَفتحاتَاألكمامَواألرجلَبمطاطَلمنعَتسربَالنحل‬.
The beekeeper wears it over his clothes and is made of thick cloth. Must
be white or light color and the sleeve openings and legs are equipe it with
rubber to prevent bee slipping.

َ‫القفازات‬
Gloves

‫تصنعَالقفازاتََنَأحِدَأنواعَالجلودَالطريةَلتسهيلَحركةَاألصابعَو‬َ‫لكي‬
‫َيكونَلونهاَفاتح‬ً‫تحميَاليِدينََنَاللسعَوعادة‬.
Gloves are made from a soft leather to facilitate the movement of the
fingers and to protect the hands from sting and usually light color.

َ‫العتلة‬
The Lever

‫َإلىَإستعمالهاَفيَدق‬ً‫تساعِدَالنحالَعلىَرفعَالغطاءَالِداخليَإضافة‬
َ‫المساَيرَأوَنزعهاَوتستخِدمَفيَفصلَاإلطاراتَعنَبعضهاَالبعض‬
‫وتنظيفهاََنَالشمعَوالعكبر،َكذلكَتستخِدمَلفصلَصنِدوقَالعاس‬َ‫لةَعن‬
َ‫صنِدوقَالتربيةَوهيَعبارةَعنَقطعةََستطيلةََنَالمعِدنَنهايةَأحِد‬
‫أطرافهاََسطحَوحادَأَاَطرفهاَالثانيَفمعكوف‬.
It helps the beekeeper to raise the inner cover as well as using it to knock
or remove the nails. It is used to separate the frames from each other and
to clean them from wax and propolis, as well as to separate the super box
from the breeding box, which is a rectangular piece of metal end of one
side flat and sharp the second part is twisted

‫َلقطَاألقراص‬
Honey Comb Holder

َ‫يساعِدَالنحالَعلىَإلتقاطَاألقراصَبكلَسهولةَوخاصةَالملتصقة‬
‫َواحِدة‬ٍ‫ِد‬‫بالبروبوليسَأوَالثقيلةَوذلكَبإستعمالَي‬.
Helps the beekeeper to pick up the honeycomb easily, especially the
propolis or the heavy one by using one hand.

‫الفرشاة‬
The Brush

‫َصنوعةََنَشعرَناعمَإلزالةَالنحلَعنَالبراويزَوالغطاءَالِداخليَوكذلك‬
‫لتنظيفَقاعِدةَالخلية‬.
Made of soft hair to remove bees from the frames and the inner cover as
well as to clean the base of the cell.

ََ‫ال‬َ‫خ‬ْ‫َال‬ُ‫اع‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬َ‫ا‬َ‫ي‬
The Types of
Beehives

‫كهف‬ ‫جدراية‬ ‫على‬ ‫ر‬َّ‫و‬‫مص‬ ‫العسل‬ ‫عن‬ ‫باحث‬
‫تار‬ ‫يعود‬ ،‫إسبانيا‬ ،‫فالنسيا‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالقرب‬‫يخه‬
‫إلى‬8000‫ق‬ ‫سنة‬.‫م‬.[1]
[1] Traynor, Kirsten. "Ancient Cave Painting Man of Bicorp".
MD Bee. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
Honey seeker depicted on 8000-year-
old cave painting near Valencia, Spain[1]

َ‫كانتَالخالياََكونةََنَفخار،َخشبَأوَحتىََنَالقشَوأصبحَالخشب‬
‫شكلَالمادةَاألساسيةَلتصنيعَالخالياَالحِديثةَلفترةَطويلة‬ُ‫ي‬.‫و‬ًَ‫َاَزالَحاليا‬
‫َنَالممكنَالعثورَعلىَنماذجََنَالخالياَالحِديثةَالمكونةََنَالبالس‬َ،‫تيك‬
َ‫َلإلستعمال‬ً‫شرطَأنَتكونَالموادَالمستخِدَةَهيََصنعةَخصيصا‬
‫الغذائي‬.
The beehives were made of pottery, wood or even straw and wood
became the basic material for modern hives manufacturing. It is still
possible to find models of modern plastic hives, in condition that the
materials used are specially made for the nutrient use.

َْ‫ت‬َ‫ىَف‬َ‫ل‬‫م‬‫َإ‬ُ‫ر‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ش‬ُ‫ي‬َْ‫ر‬‫ا‬َ‫ث‬َ‫َآ‬ُ‫م‬‫م‬‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ع‬َْ‫َال‬‫م‬‫ن‬‫ا‬َ‫ر‬ْ‫ف‬‫م‬‫ق‬َ‫م‬‫ِد‬َ‫ح‬َ‫َأ‬‫م‬‫ح‬َ‫م‬‫ل‬ْ‫ح‬َ‫ن‬
ََ‫ف‬‫م‬‫ش‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ك‬
ُ
‫يَأ‬‫م‬‫ت‬َّ‫ل‬َ‫َا‬‫م‬‫ة‬َ‫م‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ِد‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ال‬َْ‫ات‬َ‫ب‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ق‬ْ‫ن‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫يَال‬‫م‬‫ف‬َ ْ‫ت‬
َ‫م‬‫ف‬َ ْ‫وف‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫ر‬َ‫ي‬‫م‬‫ف‬َ ْ‫ت‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ص‬َ‫ح‬َ‫ي‬‫م‬‫ت‬َّ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬َْ‫ين‬‫م‬‫ط‬ ْ‫س‬‫م‬‫ل‬‫م‬‫ف‬َ‫ي‬.
An archaeologist indicates the opening of
one of the ancient beehives found in
excavations in Rehov in Palestine.

َ‫قفرانَالنحلَفيَالحِدائقَاألَيركية‬
‫األولى‬
Beehive in Early American Gardens

‫القرنَالرابعَعشر‬
14 century

Emile Warré, who invented the
Warré Hive
‫إَيلَواري،َالذيَإخترعَقفيرَواري‬

1890 – William Broughton
Carr, English inventor and
beekeeper, invented the
WBC beehive
َ‫فيَعام‬1890َ‫قامَالمخترع‬
‫الَالبريطانيَويلي‬َّ‫والنح‬َ‫ام‬
‫بروغتونَكارَبإختراعَقفي‬َ‫ر‬
‫يحملَإسمه‬.

The Langstroth Hive
‫قفيرَالنغستروث‬
Widely used in the USA, it has a
deep brood box and about ten
frames.
‫الواليا‬ ‫في‬ ‫واسع‬ ٍ‫نحو‬ ‫على‬ ‫يستخدم‬‫ت‬
‫ت‬ ‫صندوق‬ ‫لديه‬ ،‫ة‬َّ‫ي‬‫األميرك‬ ‫المتحدة‬‫ربية‬
‫إطارات‬ ‫عشرة‬ ‫وحوالي‬.

The Dadant Hive
‫قفيرَدادان‬

َ‫ا‬َ‫ي‬َ‫ال‬َ‫خ‬ْ‫َال‬ُ‫ء‬َ‫ال‬‫م‬‫ط‬
‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ُ‫ان‬َ‫و‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫أ‬َ‫و‬
Beehives coating
and colors.

‫جرتَالعادةََعظمَاألحيانَعلىَإستخِدامَاللونَاألبيضَلطالءَخالياَالن‬‫حل‬.
‫فاللونَاألبيضَجيِدَخاصةَفيَالمناخاتَالِدافئةَألنَاللونَالفاتحَي‬َ‫عكس‬
‫الكثيرََنَالضوءَوالكثيرََنَالحرارة‬.‫أَاَفيَالمناخاتَالباردةََنَالجي‬َ‫ِدَأن‬
‫يكونَالطالءََنَاللونَالذيَيمتصَالحرارة،ََثلَاألخضر،َاألزرقَأوَالبن‬‫ي‬.
As customary most of times to use the color white to paint the beehives.
White color is good especially in warm climates because light color
reflects lots of light and lots of heat. In cold climates it is good to have
paint of a color that absorbs heat, such as green, blue or brown.

ََّ‫ن‬ْ‫َال‬ ُ‫اض‬َ‫ر‬ََْ‫أ‬َ‫م‬‫ل‬ْ‫ح‬
Bee Diseases

َ‫عِديِدةَهيَاألَراضَالتيَتصيبَالخضنةَوَنَالصعبَالتفريقَفيماَبينهما‬
‫َبظواهرَوخصائصَكلََرض‬ٍ‫إذاَلمَيكنََربيَالنحلَعلىَعلم‬.
There are many diseases that affect the broods and it is difficult to teel the
difference between them if the beekeepers are not aware of the
phenomena and characteristics of each disease.

َ‫م‬ََ‫ةَاأل‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ض‬َ‫ح‬‫َال‬ ْ‫ن‬ُ‫ف‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ت‬‫ي‬‫م‬‫ك‬‫م‬‫ر‬‫ي‬
American Foulbrood

َ‫يعتبرَهذاَالمرضََنَأخطرَاألَراضَالبكتيريةَالمعِديةَالتيَتصيب‬
‫الحضنة‬.َ‫وينتشرَفيَجميعَالمناطقََنَالعالمَالتيَيتواجِدَفيهاَنحل‬
‫عالجَفيَالوقتَالمناس‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫سببَخسائرَكبيرةَفيَالخالياَإذاَلم‬ُ‫ي‬‫العسل،َف‬‫ب‬.
َ‫رىَبالعينَالمجردة،ََعروفةَبإسم‬ُ‫سببَهذاَالمرضَبكتيريا،َالَت‬ُ‫ي‬
”‫بنيباسيلوسَالرفي‬.‫بسببَطريقةَالعملَالسيئة،َتِدخلَجراثيمهاَوتتك‬َ‫اثر‬
‫بسرعةَهائلةَفيَاليرقاتَالصغيرةَلتظهرَعوارضهاَفيَالحضنةَالمختوَة‬.
‫واليرقاتَالمصابةَبهذهَالبكتيرياَتصبحَداكنةَاللونَسوداءَوتموت‬.
American foulbrood (AFB), caused by the spore-forming Paenibacillus larvae (formerly classified
as Bacillus larvae and Paenibacillus larvae ssp larvae/pulvifaciens), is the most widespread and
destructive of the bee brood diseases. P. larvae is a rod-shaped bacterium. Larvae up to three days old
become infected by ingesting spores present in their food. Young larvae less than 24 hours old are most
susceptible to infection. Spores germinate in the gut of the larva and the vegetative bacteria begin to
grow, taking nourishment from the larva. Spores will not germinate in larvae over three days old.
Infected larvae normally die after their cell is sealed. The vegetative form of the bacterium will die, but
not before it produces many millions of spores. American foulbrood spores are extremely resistant to
desiccation and can remain viable for more than 40 years in honey and beekeeping equipment. Each
dead larva may contain as many as 100 million spores. This disease only affects the bee larvae, but is
highly infectious and deadly to bee brood. Infected larvae darken and die.

‫و‬َ‫ةَاأل‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ض‬َ‫ح‬‫َال‬ ْ‫ن‬ُ‫ف‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ت‬‫روبي‬
European Foulbrood

‫عرفَبالتعفنَنسبةَللرائحةَالكريهةَالتيَتنتجَعن‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫،َكان‬ً‫َرضَقِديمَجِدا‬‫ه‬.
َ‫َبإسم‬ً‫عرفَعلميا‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫سببَهذاَالمرضَنوعََنَالبكتيريا‬ُ‫ي‬”‫َيليسوكوكس‬
‫بلوتون‬“.َ‫صيبَالخالياَالضعيفةَالمهملةَوهوَأقلَخطورةَوذات‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫ََا‬ً‫غالبا‬
ًَ‫َيزولَتلقائيا‬ً‫َكافحةَأسهلََنََرضَتعفنَالحضنةَاألَيركيَألنهَأحيانا‬
‫وخاصةَفيََوسمَاألزهارَوعنِدَتوافرَحبوبَاللقاحَالضروريةَلتغذيةَالنحل‬.
َ‫إضافةَإلىَذلك،َتستطيعَالعاَالتَتنظيفَالخليةَوالتخلصََنَالحضنة‬
‫ةَفيَالنخاريب‬َّ‫ي‬‫المريضةَوَنَقشورهاَالمتبق‬.
A very old disease, known as rot due to the unpleasant odor that it
produces. This disease is caused by a type of bacteria known scientifically
as "Melisococcus pluton". It often affects weak, neglected cells, which is
less dangerous and easier to fight than American foulbrood disease
because it sometimes disappears spontaneously, especially in the flower
season and the pollen availability to feed the bees. In addition, the
workers can clean the cell and get rid of the diseased brood and its
remaining from the bee comb.

َْ‫ة‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ض‬‫م‬‫ح‬َ‫َال‬ ْ‫س‬ُّ‫ي‬َ‫ك‬َ‫ت‬
Couvain Sacciforme

َ‫ِدعى‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫سببَهذاَالمرضَفيروس‬ُ‫ي‬””Morator
acetulaeَ‫بعكسَأَراضَالتعفن،َتموتَاليرقاتََن‬
‫رَلونَال‬َّ‫ي‬‫دونَأنَتتركَأيَرائحةَأوَعفنَإنماَيتغ‬َ‫يرقة‬
ََّ‫َاللونَاألصفرَثم‬ً‫بعِدَإصابتهاَفتأخذَتِدريجيا‬َ‫َاللون‬
‫البني‬.
This disease is caused by a virus called "Morator
acetulae." Unlike foulbrood diseases, larvae die without
leaving any odor or mildew, but larvae change color after
infection, gradually taking yellow then brown.

ََّ‫ي‬‫م‬‫ر‬ْ‫ط‬‫م‬‫ف‬ْ‫َال‬ ُ‫اض‬َ‫ر‬ََْ‫األ‬َُ‫ة‬:َ
ُّ
‫ل‬َ‫ك‬َ‫ت‬َ ْ‫س‬
ََ‫ن‬ْ‫ض‬‫م‬‫ح‬َ‫َال‬ْ‫ر‬ُّ‫ج‬َ‫ح‬َ‫ت‬َ‫و‬َْ‫ة‬
Mycoses: Fungi Infections

َ‫عِدةَأنواعََنَالفطرياتَتصيبَالنحلَوتؤديَإلىَظهورََرضَتكلس‬
‫الحضنةَأوَتحجرَالحضنة‬.َ‫عرفَبالـ‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫َنَأهمَهذهَالفطرياتََا‬”Ascophera
Apis“‫سَوَنَثمَيليهاَبشكلَأقلَبكثيرَاإل‬ُّ‫التيَتؤديَإلىَالتكل‬َ‫صابةَبفطر‬
َ‫إسبرجلس‬“Aspergillus flavus”َ‫و‬”Aspergillus fumigatus“َ‫الذيَيؤدي‬
‫ر‬ُّ‫إلىَالتحج‬.‫يكثرَإنتشارَهذاَالمرضَفيَالبلِدانَالتيَتقوىَفيه‬‫اَالرطوبة‬.
Several types of fungus infect bees and lead to the emergence of the
disease of calcification of brood or incubation. The most important of
these fungi is known as "Ascophera Apis", which leads to calcification
and then much less followed by the infection of Aspergillus flavus and
Aspergillus fumigatus, which leads to segregation. This disease is
common in countries with high humidity.

ََ‫ط‬َ‫ت‬ُ‫م‬ْ‫ال‬َ‫و‬َ ُ‫اض‬َ‫ر‬ََْ ْ‫األ‬َ‫م‬‫ت‬َ‫ال‬‫م‬‫ف‬
ََّ‫ن‬ْ‫َال‬ ُ‫يب‬‫م‬‫ص‬ُ‫يَت‬‫م‬‫ت‬َّ‫ال‬ََ‫ة‬َ‫ل‬ْ‫ح‬
The Diseases and parasites
that infect the Bee

‫النوزيما‬
Nosema Apis

‫مكنَأنَتصيبَالنح‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫النوزيماَهوََنَاألَراضَالخطيرةَالمعِديةَالتي‬َ‫ل‬
‫خاصةَإذاَطالتَفترةَاألَطارَالمتواصلةَحيثَتقضيَالنحلةَفترةَطوي‬َ‫لة‬
‫أثناءَالشتاءََسجونةَفيَالخلية‬.‫سببَالنوزيماَطفيليان،َوحي‬ُ‫ي‬َ،‫ِداَالخلية‬
َ‫َوَعروفانَبإسم‬ً‫صغيرانَجِدا‬“Nosema Apis”ََ‫و‬“Nosema Ceranae”َ‫رى‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫ال‬
‫أيََنهماَبالعينَالمجردةَويتكاثراَفيَأَعاءَالنحلةَفينتفخَبطنَال‬َ‫نحلة‬
‫وأَعاؤهاَالوسطىَتفقِدَلونهاَاألسمرَالطبيعيَوتأخذَاللونَالمائلَلأل‬‫بيض‬.
Noseema is a serious infectious disease that can affect bees especially if
the rain period prolongod where the bee spend a long period during the
winter imprisoned in the cell. The Nosema is caused by two parasite:
"Nosema Api" and "Nosema Ceranae" that are not seen with the naked
eye and proliferate in the intestines of the bee. The bee's belly swell up
and the middle bowels lose its natural brown color and take a whiteish
color.

َ‫اإلسهالَداخلَالخليةَأوَعلىَخشبةَالطيرانَخارجَالخليةَيرافقَهذا‬
‫المرضَفتنهارَالنحلةَوتضعفَحتىَالشللَثمَالموتَبعمرََبكر‬.‫ين‬َ‫تجَعن‬
‫َإلصابةَالنحلَا‬ً‫اإلسهالَالماليينََنَالجراثيمَالتيَتصبحََصِدرا‬َ‫لسليم‬
‫خاللَفترةَتمتِدَألكثرََنَسنة‬.‫إذاَأصيبتَالملكةَبمرضَالنوزيماَق‬َ‫ِدَتموت‬
‫خاللَشهرََنَاإلصابة‬.
Diarrhea inside the cell or at the flying pine accompanies the disease and
the bee collapses and even weakens affected by paralysis and then dies at
an early age. Diarrhea results millions of germs that become a source of
infection to the other bees over a period of more than a year. If the queen
is infected with Nosema, it may die within one month of infection.

‫الخلية‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫اإلسهال‬
Diarrhea outside the
Bee Hive

‫األكاروز‬
Acariasis

‫سببَبفناءَطوائفَالنح‬ُ‫عتبرَاألكاروزََنَاآلفاتَالخطيرةَالتيَت‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫لَبكاَلها‬
‫إذاَلمَيتِداركَالنحالَاألَرَفيَالوقتَالمناسب‬.‫العنكبوتَالمسببَل‬َ‫هذا‬
َ‫طلقَعليهَإسم‬ُ‫ي‬‫َو‬ً‫المرضَهوَصغيرَجِدا‬”َ‫أكاروزَالنحل‬Acarapis Woodi“
‫يِدخلَعنَطريقَالفتحاتَالتنفسيةَالصِدرية،َيعيشَداخلَالقصبا‬َ‫تَالهوائية‬
‫صبحَعنك‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫للنحلةَحيثَيقضيَدورةَحياتهََنََرحلةَالبيضةَحتى‬ًَ‫َكاَال‬ً‫بوتا‬
‫ََرحلةَاإلخصابَوالتكاثر‬ً‫َتمما‬.‫صيبَالنحلةَالعاَلةَكما‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫األكاروز‬َ‫صيب‬ُ‫ي‬
ًَ‫الذكرَوالملكةَأيضا‬.
Acariasis is a serious pest that causes the entire colony of bees to be
annihilated if the beekeeper does not beware of it at the right time. The
spider that causes this disease is very small and is called "Acarapis
Woodi" enter through the respiratory thoracic aperturae, live within the
bronchus of the bee, where it spend the course of their life from the stage
of the egg until it becomes a complete spider by that completing the stage
of fertilization and reproduction. Acariasis affects the working bee as
well as the male and queen.

َ‫إكتشفَالعالمَجاكوبسونَعنكبوتَالفارواَفأطلقَعليهَإسم‬Varroa
Jacobsoni‫وراحَهذاَالعنكبوتَينتقلََنَبلِدَآلخرَبواسطةَتبادلَالخالي‬ََّ‫اَوعم‬
‫َجسيمةَفيَقطاعَالنحل‬ً‫إنتشارهَالعالمَفأحِدثَأضرارا‬.‫شف‬ُ‫ت‬‫لقِدَأك‬َ‫في‬
َ‫لبنانََعَبِدايةَالثمانيناتَحيثَقضىَهذاَالعنكبوتَعلىَأكثرََن‬50%
‫َنَالمناحلَاللبنانية‬.َ‫سنة‬200َ‫إكتشفَالعالمانَأنِدرسونَوتروَانَنوعان‬
‫َختلفانََنَالعناكبَوأطلقواَعلىَالعناكبَالتيَتصيبَنحلَالعسل‬َ‫إسم‬
Varroa Destructor.
Scientist Jacobson discovered the spider Varroa so he called Varroa
Jacobsoni and this spider moved from one country to another through the
exchange of cells and it spread in the whole world, causing severe damage
to the bee sector. It was discovered in Lebanon at the beginning of the
eighties, where the spider destroyed more than 50% of the Lebanese
apiaries. In the year 200 Andersen and Truman discovered two different
types of spiders and called the spiders that infect the honey bees Varroa
Destructor.

‫الفاروا‬ ‫حشرة‬ ‫تطور‬
Development of Varroa

‫صيب‬ُ‫عتبرَعنكبوتَالفارواََنَأخطرَاآلفاتَالتيَت‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫النحل‬
‫فيَالوقتَالراهن‬.‫تكمنَخطورتهَبتأثيرهَالمباشرََن‬َ‫جهة‬
(‫حيثَيمتصَالسائلَالحيويَلليرقاتَوالنحلَالبال‬َ‫غَعلى‬
‫السواء‬)‫س‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫وَنَجهةَأخرىَبتأثيرهَغيرَالمباشرَحيث‬َ‫اهم‬
‫فيَنقلَالعِديِدََنَالفيروساتَواألَراضَالتيَسبق‬
‫ذكرها‬.
The varroa spider is one of the most serious pests affecting bees
today. The risk is of it direct impact on one hand (where it
absorbs the essential biotic liquid of both the larvae and adult
bees) and on the other hand its indirect effect, contributing to
the transmission of many of the viruses and diseases we already
mentioned.

َْ‫ال‬َ‫ه‬ ْ‫س‬‫م‬ ْ‫إل‬َ‫ا‬
Diarrhea

،‫ألنَهذاَالمرضَالَينتجَعنَاإلصابةَبميكروبَأوَحشرة‬
‫فهوَالَينتقلَبالعِدوىَبينَالنحل،َولكنهَفيَبعضَا‬َ‫ألحيان‬
‫يرافقََرضَالنوزيماَأوَاإلصابةَباألكاروز‬.
Because this disease does not result from infection with a
microbe or insect, it is not contagious between bees, but
sometimes it accompanied Nosema disease or Acariasis.

‫يحِدثَاإلسهالَبينَطوائفَالنحلَلألسبابَالتالية‬:
1–َ‫َودرجةَالحرارةََنخفضة‬ً‫عنِدَاَيكونَالطقسََمطرا‬
‫ينحبسَالنحلَلفترةَطويلةَوالَيستطيعَالخروجَوال‬َ‫تخلص‬
َ‫َنَفضالتَالغذاءَالمتجمعةَفيَأَعائهََماَيسبب‬
‫اإلسهالَنتيجةَالتسممَالِداخلي‬.
Diarrhea occurs between bee colonies for the following reasons:
1. When the weather is rainy and the temperature is low, bees
are trapped for a long time and can not get out and get rid of the
accumulated food waste in the intestines causing diarrhea due to
internal poisoning.

2–‫عِدمَالعنايةَبأعمالَالتشتية،َواإلعتمادَعلىَعسل‬
‫النِدوةَالعسليةَكمصِدرَوحيِدَللغذاء‬
3–َ‫تغذيةَالنحلَبعسلَأوََحاليلَسكريََتخمرةَأو‬
‫َضافَإليهاََنكهاتَصناعية‬.
4–‫تسربَالمياهَإلىَداخلَالخلية،َإزديادَالرطوبةَوالن‬َ‫قص‬
‫فيَالتهوئة‬.
2 - not to take care of the work of extinction, and rely on honey
as the sole source of food.
3 - Feed bees with honey or fermented sugar solutions or adding
to it industrial flavors.
4 - Water leakage into the cell, increased humidity and lack of
ventilation.

‫المرضَاألسود‬
Maladie Noire
Chronic bee paralysis virus

‫عرفَبعِدةَتسميا‬ُ‫ي‬‫يصيبَهذاَالمرضَالنحلَالبالغَو‬َ‫ت‬
”‫شللَالنحل‬“َ‫أو‬”‫َرضَالغابات‬“َ‫أو‬”‫َرضَأيار‬“.‫سبب‬ُ‫ي‬
َ‫عرفَبإسم‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫هذاَالمرضَفيروس‬Virus CBPVَ‫وهوَيتكاثر‬
َ‫عنِدَاَتكونَالظروفََؤاتيةَليضربَالجهازَالهضمي‬
‫والجهازَالعصبيَللنحلة‬.
This disease affects the adult bees and is known by several
names "bee paralysis" or "forest disease" or "May disease." This
disease is caused by a virus known as Virus CBPV, which
proliferate when conditions are conducive to attack the digestive
and nervous system of the bee.

َ‫تختلفَأعراضَاإلصابةَبحسبَقوةَاإلصابةَأوَبحسب‬
‫تجمعَالظروفَالمؤاتيةَلتكاثرَالفيروسَوهيَالتالية‬:
1–‫تحولَلونَالنحلَإلىَاألسودَاللميعََعَفقِدانَالوب‬‫ر‬
2–‫وجودَنحلََيتَبكميةَكبيرةَأَامَالخليةَولهَرائحة‬
‫شبيهةَبرائحةَالسمك‬.
The symptoms of infection vary according to the severity of the
infection or according to the combination of conditions
favorable to the spread of the virus:
1 - The changing of color where the bee turn to the shiny black
and also loses the lint.
2 - The presence of dead bees in large quantity in front of the
cell and has a smell similar to the smell of fish.

3–‫وجودَعالئمَإسهالَفيَالخلية‬
4–َ‫وجودَنحلَأَامَالخلية،َبأعِدادَكبيرة،َغيرَقادرَعلى‬
‫الطيرانَويجرَنفسهَعلىَاألرض‬
5–‫نحلَيرتجفََعَأجنحةََتباعِدة‬
6–‫تضعفَالخالياَبسرعة‬.
3 - The presence of signs of diarrhea in the cell.
4 - The presence of bees in front of the cell, in large numbers,
unable to fly and drag themselves to the ground.
5 - Shivering bees with spaced wings.
6 - The cells weakened quickly.

َ‫م‬‫ل‬ْ‫ح‬َّ‫ن‬ْ‫َال‬ُ‫ء‬‫ا‬َ‫ِد‬ ْ‫ع‬َ‫أ‬
The Enemies of Bees

ًَ‫أوال‬:ََّ‫ض‬ْ‫َال‬ ُ‫ات‬َ‫ر‬ َ‫ش‬َ‫ح‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ا‬ََّ‫ي‬‫م‬‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ْ‫ال‬‫م‬‫ب‬َ‫م‬‫ة‬َ‫ر‬‫ا‬َْ‫ة‬
The Enemies of Bees

َ‫َبالنحل‬ً‫هذهَالحشراتََنهاََاَهوَضارَجِدا‬(َ‫كخنفساء‬
‫الخلية‬)‫وَنهاََاَهوََكملَللحياةَالبيئيةََعَأضرارََح‬َ‫ِدودة‬
َ‫علىَالنحل‬(‫كالِدبور‬)‫ويجبَالتعاَلََعهَبتحفظ‬.
These insects includes what is very harmful to bees (such as
Small hive beetle), and also what is complementary to
environmental life with limited damage to bees (as Hornet), and
must be treated with reservation.

‫خنفساءَالخليةَالصغرى‬
Small hive beetle
(Aethina Tumida)

َ‫خنفساءَالخليةَالصغرىَافريقيةَالموطنَقِدَبقي‬
‫انتشارهاََحصوراَعلىَالقارةَالسوداءَلفترةَطويلة،َاال‬
‫أنهاَوالسبابَعِدةَانتقلتَوانتشرتَفيََناطقَعِديِدة‬َ‫َن‬
‫العالمَلكنهاَلمَتنتشرَبعِدَفيَلبنان‬.
Small hive cells is African has remained confined to the black
continent for a long time, but for several reasons it has spread in
many parts of the world but has not yet spread in Lebanon.

‫الجِديرَبالذكرَانهَاذاَاستوطنتَهذهَالخنفساءَفيََكا‬َ‫نََا‬
‫فانَاستئصالهاَةالقضاءَعليهاَيصبحَاقربَإلىَالم‬‫ستحيل‬.
َ‫ََنَالخنافسَقادرَعلىَإحِداثَإصابة‬ً‫ل‬‫كماَانَعِدداَقلي‬
‫كبيرة‬.
It is worth mentioning that if this beetle is settled somewhere,
eradicating it is almost impossible. A few beetles are also
capable of causing significant hurt to the bees.

‫تتشابهَيرقاتَخنفساءَالخليةَالصغرىََعَيرقاتَد‬َ‫ودة‬
‫الشمع‬
It is worth mentioning that if this beetle is settled somewhere,
eradicating it is almost impossible. A few beetles are also
capable of causing significant hurt to the bees.

َ‫الِدبورَاألحمر‬
Vespa Orientalis
Oriental Hornet

‫َالِدب‬ً‫سمىَأيضا‬ُ‫ي‬‫يكثرَفيَأيامَالصيفَوالخريفَو‬َ‫ور‬
‫الشرقي،َلونهَالعامَأحمر،َأجنحتهَتميلَإلىَاللونَالب‬َ،‫ني‬
‫وعلىَوجههَبقعةَصفراءَواضحة‬.َ‫أَاَعلىَبطنهَفتوجِد‬
‫حلقاتَصفراء‬.
It multiply in Summer and Autumn days, it is also called
Oriental Hornet, its general color is red, its wings tend to brown,
and on its face a clear yellow spot. On his belly there are yellow
rings.

‫،َأوَأث‬ً‫يلتقطَالِدبورَالنحلةَعنِدََِدخلَالخليةََباشرة‬َ‫ناء‬
‫طيرانهاَفيَالحقول،َأوَعنِدَتناولهاَرحيقَاألزهار‬.ََّ‫ثم‬
‫يحملهاَإلىََكانََجاورَعلىَغصنَشجرةَليلتهمها‬.
‫َالطوائفَالضعيفة،َويحاولَالِدخولَإليه‬ً‫ويهاجمَأيضا‬َ‫ا‬
‫ليتغذىَبالحضنةَوالعسل‬.‫كماَإنهَيلتقطََلكاتَال‬َ‫نحلَعنِد‬
‫خروجهاَللتلقيح‬.
The Hornet captures the bee at the entrance to the cell directly,
while flying in the fields, or when ingested the nectar of
flowers. And then carry them to a nearby place on a tree branch
to devour it. He also attacks vulnerable communities and tries to
enter them to feed on brood and honey. It also picks up queens
when they go out for mating.

َ‫الِدبورَاألصفر‬
Polistes Gallicus
Wasp

َ‫يطلقَعليهَإسم‬”‫زرقط‬“‫ََا،َتت‬ً‫،َوهوَحشرةَصغيرةَنوعا‬َ‫بع‬
َ‫رتبةَغشائيةَاألجنحة،َيبلغَطولهاَحوالي‬2‫سنتيمتر‬.
‫أجنحتهاَشفافةَتميلَإلىَإلىَاألصفرَوجسكهاَرفيع‬
‫َلونهَأسود،َتحيطَبهَحلقاتَصفراءَاللون‬ً‫نسبيا‬.
It is called "wasp", a small insect, is a member of the Vespidae
family, about 2 centimeters in length. Its wings are translucent
and tend to yellow, with a relatively high black color,
surrounded by yellow rings.

‫يفترسَالنحلةَبعِدَاإلنفرادَبهَعلىَلوحةَالطيرانَال‬َ‫واقعة‬
‫َلطائفت‬ً‫أَامَالخليةَويأكلها،َأوَيحملهاَإلىَعشهَغذاءا‬‫ه‬.
‫هَيِدخلَإلىَالخليةَويغزوهاََماَيؤديَإلىَهالك‬َّ‫كماَإن‬‫ها‬.
The wasp devour the bee after being singled out on the flight
board in front of the cell and eats it, or carries it to its nest as a
food for its community. And also it enters the cell and invades it
leading to its destruction.

‫دودةَالشمعَالكبيرة‬
Galleria Grisella
Greater Wax Moth/Waxworm

َ‫َبإسم‬ً‫تعتبرَديِدانَالشمعَالمعروفةَأيضا‬”‫دودةَالخن‬‫زيرة‬“
‫َفادحةَلخالي‬ً‫َنَالحشراتَالخطرةَالتيَتسببَأضرارا‬َ‫ا‬
‫َو‬ً‫النحلَخاصةَالضعيفةََنها،َتنشطَفراشاتهاَليال‬َ‫تختبئ‬
ًَ‫نهارا‬.
The wax moth - waxworm known as "Pig Worm", are dangerous
insects that cause severe damage to particularly vulnerable
hives, they are active in night and hide in the day.

‫تتغذىَاليرقاتَعلىَالشمعَوالحضنةَوحبوبَاللقاح،ََتنق‬َ‫ََن‬ً‫لة‬
ََ‫ََختلفةَتبطنهاَبخيوط‬ً‫َأنفاقا‬ً‫نخروبَإلىَنخروب،ََحِدثة‬َ‫ن‬
‫نسيجها‬.‫لتحميَنفسهاََنَلسعاتَالنحل‬.‫تعرقلَهذهَالخيو‬َ‫ط‬
‫َعنِدَاَتشتِدَاإلصابة‬ً‫ة‬َّ‫حركةَالنحلَونشاطه،َخاص‬.‫وتنتقل‬َ‫اليرقات‬
‫َاألقراصَالشمعيةَبخيوطَحريريةَك‬ً‫َنَبروازَإلىَآخرََلصقة‬َ‫ثيفة‬
‫َإلىَهجرةَالنحلَلمسكنه،َوإضمحاللَالطائفة‬ً‫َاَيؤديَتاليا‬
‫بأكملها‬.
The larvae feed on wax, brood and pollen, moving from cell to cell,
producing different tunnels lined with threads from their own tissue, to
protect themselves from bee stings. These threads impede the movement
and activity of bees, especially when the injury is severe. The larvae move
from one box to another, affixed to the wax disks with thick silk threads,
which leads to the migration of bees from their habitat and the decay of
the entire community.

‫الطيورَوالحيواناتَالضارةَبالنح‬َ‫ل‬
Birds and animals that affect the
bees.

‫طائرَالوروار‬
Bee-Eater

‫الوروارَطائرََعروفَبألوانهَالزاهيةَبينَاألخضرَواألصفر،َوَن‬َ‫قاره‬
‫األسودَالطويل،َيظهرَفيَالربيعَوغالباَفيَفصلَالصيفَو‬َ‫يسبب‬
‫ضرراَللنحل،َإذَيلتهمَالعاَالتَأثناءَطيرانهاَفيَالحقول،َوال‬َ‫ملكات‬
‫أثناءَرحلةَالتلقيح‬.
The bee-eater is known for its bright colors green and yellow, and its long
black beak, it appears in the spring and often in the summer and causes
damage to the bees for it devour the workers bees while they are flying in
the fields, and the queens during the mating journey.

َ‫الغربانَوالخطافَوغيرهاََن‬
‫الطيور‬
The Crow, Swallow, and other
birds

َ‫تسببَهذهَالطيورَبعضَاألضرار‬
‫للنحل،َإذَتلتهمهَأثناءَطيرانهَوأحي‬ًَ‫انا‬
‫تلتقطَالملكةَخاللَطيرانهاَللتلق‬‫يح‬.
These birds cause some damage to bees, as
they devour it during its flight and sometimes
attack the queen during her flight for
pollination.

‫َسبباتَفقِدانَالخاليا‬
Causes of Cell loss

ََّ‫ي‬‫تسممَالنحلَبالمبيِداتَالزراع‬‫ة‬
Bee poisoning with pesticides

‫ةَالمخت‬َّ‫ي‬‫لقِدَشاعَإستعمالَاألدويةَالزراع‬َ‫لفة‬
‫إلبادةَالحشراتَواألَراضَالتيَتصيبَالنب‬َ‫اتات‬
‫نتََحاص‬ََّ‫ِدةَوأ‬َّ‫ي‬‫والتيَأعطتَالنتائجَالج‬َ‫يل‬
‫ةَوافرة‬َّ‫ي‬‫زراع‬.
The use of various agricultural medicines to eradicate
insects and diseases affecting plants, which gave good
results and secured abundant agricultural crops.

َ‫بيِدَإنهاَباإلضافةَإلىَإبادةَالحشراتَالمضرة‬
‫أبادتَالحشراتَالمفيِدةَوأهمهاَالنحل‬.َ‫لذلك‬
َ‫عمِدَبعضَالعلماءَإلىَدراسةَهذهَالمبيِدات‬
‫وقسموهاَإلىَفئات‬.
However, in addition to eradicating harmful insects, the
helpful insects have been eradicated like the most
important the bee. Therefore, some scientists started
studying these pesticides and divided them into
categories.

-َ‫َنَهذهَالمبيِداتََاَيؤديَإلىَالتسممَوالموتَلكافةَأنواعَالحشرات‬
َ‫المفيِدةََنهاَوالمضرةَعلىَحِدَسواءَعبرَدخولهاََباشرةَإلىََعِدة‬
‫الحشرة‬.
-‫َنهاََاَيؤديَإلىَالموتَفورََالَسةَالحشرةَلها‬.
-َ‫وَنَهذهَالمبيِداتََاَيؤثرَعلىَالحشرةَعنَطريقَاالبخرةَوالغازات‬
‫الساَةَالتيَتصِدرها‬.
- Of these pesticides, which leads to poisoning and death of all
types of insects useful and harmful both through entering
directly to the insect's stomach.
-Which leads to death immediately after contact with the insect.
- One of these pesticides affects the insect through the vapors
and toxic gases issued by.

‫ظاهرةَإنهيارَالخاليا‬
Colony Collapse Disorder

َ‫ظاهرةَإنهيارَالخالياَنزايِدتَفيَالعقِدَالماضيَفيَأوروبا‬
َ‫َفيَالصين‬ً‫والوالياتَالمتحِدةَكماَإنهاَبِدأتَتظهرَتِدريجيا‬
َ‫ةَوفي‬َّ‫ي‬‫واليابانَوهناكَبوادرَظهورَلهاَفيَالقارةَاإلفريق‬
َ‫َلتقريرَصادرَعنَبرناَجَاألَمَالمتحِدة‬ً‫َوفقا‬ً‫َصرَنحِديِدا‬
َ‫للبيئةَوقِدَأطلقَعليهاَتسميةَظاهرةَإنهيارَخالياَالنحل‬
The colony collapse disorder has increased in the last
decade in Europe and the United States and it has
gradually begun to appear in China and Japan and there
are signs of emergence in the African continent and in
Egypt especially, according to a report by the United
Nations Environment Program and it has been called the
colony collapse disorder CCD.

َ‫هناكَعِدةَعواَلَقِدَتكونَالمسؤولةَعنَهذه‬
‫الظاهرة‬.َ‫وَنَالممكنَأنَتكونَعِدةَعواَلَقِد‬
‫إجتمعتَوساهمتَفيَتفشيَهذهَالظاهرة‬.
There are several factors that may be
responsible for this phenomenon. Several
factors may have converged and contributed to
the spread of this phenomenon.

1–َ‫تِدهورَالغطاءَالنباتي،َبماَفيَذلكَفقِدان‬
‫أنواعَالنباتاتَالمزهرةَالتيَتوفرَالغذاءَللنحل‬.
1. Degradation of vegetation, including the
loss of flowering plant species that provide
food for bees.

2–َ‫بعضَالمبيِداتَالحشرية،َيمتصهاَنظام‬
‫النباتَبأكملهَأثناءََراحلَالنموَوتمتصهاَالنحلة‬
‫فيَالرحيقَأوَغبارَالطلع‬.
2 - Some pesticides, absorbed by the whole
plant system during the growth stages and
absorbed by the bee in nectar or pollen.

3–‫الطفيلياتَواآلفاتََثلَالفارواَوالفيروسات‬
4–َ‫تلوثَالهواءَالذيَيضعفَالنحلةَعلىَالعثورَعلى‬
‫النباتاتَالمزهرة‬
5–‫الترسباتَالتيَتِدخلَإلىَالخلية‬
6–َ‫الهوائياتَالمستعملةَللهواتفَواإلنترنتَواإلشعاعات‬
‫الصادرةَعنها‬
3 - Parasites and pests such as varroa and viruses
4 - Air pollution that weakens the bee to find flowering plants
5 - Residuals entering the colony
6 - Antennas used for telephones and the Internet and the
resulting radiation.

7–ًَ‫النباتاتَالمعِدلةَجينيا‬
8–‫سوءَإستخِدامَالتغذيةَالسكرية‬.
7. Genetically modified plants
8. Misuse of sugary nutrition.

‫أنواعَاألزهارَالتيَتجذبَالنحل‬
Types of flowers that attract bees

‫الالفنِدرََنَفصيلةَالهليونية‬.‫زهرةََمتازةَفيَإنتاج‬
‫الرحيقَوحبوبَاللقاح‬.
Lavender of the Lamiaceae family. The flower is
excellent in the production of nectar and pollen.

َ‫الزعترَأوَالصعترَزهرةََمتازةَفيَإنتاجَالرحيق‬
‫وَتوسطةَفيَإنتاجَحبوبَاللقاح‬.
Thyme is an excellent flower in the production of
nectar and medium in the production of pollen.

َ‫الطيونَزهرةََمتازةَفيَإنتاجَحبوبَاللقاحَفي‬
‫الخريف‬.
Inula Viscosa is excellent in pollen production in
autumn.

َ‫الفصةَأوَبرسيمَحجازيََنَالفصيلةَالفوليةَتزهر‬
َ‫َفيَإنتاجَحبوب‬ً‫عِدةََراتَفيَالعامَجيِدةَجِدا‬
‫اللقاح‬.
Alfalfa also called lucerne is a perennial flowering
plant in the pea family blooms several times in a
year; very good in the production of pollen.

َ‫َفيَإنتاجَحبوبَاللقاح‬ً‫القصعينَاللبنانيَجيِدَجِدا‬
‫والرحيق‬.
East Mediterranean sage is very good in the
production of pollen and nectar.

َ‫َفيَإنتاجَحبوبَاللقاح‬ً‫القويسةَاللزجةَجيِدةَجِدا‬
‫والرحيق‬.
Salvia Viscosa is very good in producing pollen
and nectar.

‫الزوفاََنَفصيلةَالشفويةَإنتاجهاَلحبوبَاللقاحَجي‬َ‫ِد‬
ًَ‫جِدا‬.
The hyssop of the Lamiaceae family, it production
for pollen is very good.ar.

‫المريميةََنَفصيلةَالشفوية‬.
Salvia Officinalis of the Lamiaceae family.

َ‫هنِدباءَبريَتزهرَفيَفصلَالربيعَوإنتاجهاَجيِد‬
‫لحبوبَاللقاحَوالرحيق‬.
Chicory blooms in the spring and its production is
good for pollen and nectar.

َ‫شنِدابََنجليَتزهرَعلىَالمرتفعاتَخاللَفصل‬
‫َللرحيق‬ً‫الصيفَوإنتاجهاَجيِدَجِدا‬.
Eryngium Falcatum blooms on the highlands
during the summer season and it production for
nectar is very good.

َ‫الخرنوبَأوَالخروبَشجرةَتزهرَفيَالخريف،َجيِدة‬
‫َفيَإنتاجَحبوبَاللقاحَوالرحيق‬ً‫جِدا‬.
Carob tree blooms in autumn, very good in the
production of pollen and nectar.

‫الكيناَشجرةَأزهارهاَغنيةَبالرحيق‬.
The eucalyptus tree is rich in nectar.

‫َإلنتاجَحبوبَاللقاحَوالرحيق‬ً‫النفلَجيِدةَجِدا‬.
Clover or Trefoil is very good for producing of
pollen and nectar.

‫إيجادَالمرعىَالمناسب‬
Finding the right pasture

َ‫بحسبَإختالفَالمواسمَوالمناخات،َيمكنَأنَيضع‬
َ‫َربيَالنحلَخطتهَاإلنتاجيةَالتيَتسمحَبإنتاج‬
َ‫العسلَالمتنوعَعبرَنقلَالنحلََنََنطقةَإلىَأخرى‬
‫بحسبََواسمَاألزهار‬.
Depending on the seasons and climates,
beekeepers can develop their own production plan
that allows the production of various honey
through transferring the bees from one area to
another according to the seasons of flowers.

َ‫فيََرحلةَالربيعَوَعََوسمَزهرَالليمون،َيجمعَالنحلَالرحيقَلينتج‬
‫عسلَزهرَالليمونَالذيَيعتبرَأحاديَالرحيق‬.َ‫نقلَالنحلَإلى‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫بعِدها‬
َ‫المناطقَالمتوسطةَاإلرتفاعَعنَسطحَالبحر‬(300َ‫إلى‬1000‫م‬)
َ‫سمىَالعسلَاألسودََنََناطقَتكثرَفيهاَأشجارَالنِدوة‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫فيجنيََا‬
‫العسليةََعََجموعةََتعِددةََنَأنواعَاألزهار‬.َ‫عتبرَهذاَالعسلََن‬ُ‫ي‬
َ‫أجودَاألنواعَوذوَقيمةَغذائيةَغِدعاليةَلماَيحتويهََنََعادنَوفيتاَينات‬
‫َتنوعةَوَتعِددة‬.
In spring and with the lemon blossom season, bees collect nectar to
produce lemon blossom honey, which is mono nectar. The bees are then
transported to medium-altitude areas (300 to 1000 m). The so-called
black honey is known from areas where the honeycomb trees are
abundant with a variety of flower species. This honey is considered to
be one of the best types of food and is of great nutritional value because
it contains various minerals and vitamins.

َ‫نقلَالنحلَإلىَالجرد‬ُ‫ي‬َ،‫فيََرحلةَالصيفَوالجفاف‬
‫العاليَحيثَالَيوجِدَأشجارَإنماَتكثرَاألزهار‬.َ‫عطي‬ُ‫ي‬‫ف‬
‫َخاللَفصلَالش‬ً‫،َيتجمِدَطبيعيا‬ً‫َذوَلونَفاتحَجِدا‬ً‫عسال‬َ‫تاء‬
‫كعسلَزهرَالليمون،َويتمتعَبطعمَشِديِدَالحالوة‬.
In the summer and drought phase, bees are transported
to the high inventory where there are no trees but
flowers are abundant. It gives a very light honey, which
naturally freezes during the winter like lemon blossom,
and has a very sweet taste.

َ‫فيَالخالصةَتمتِدَالفترةَالعاسلةَفيَلبنانََن‬
َ‫نيسانَإلىَتشرينَاألولَوبحسبَتواجِدَالنحلَفي‬
َ‫هذهَالمنطقةَأوَتلكَوبحسبَأنواعَاألزهارَالعاسلة‬
ًَ‫اَونوعا‬ًّ‫التيَيرعاهاَيتنوعَإنتاجَالعسلَكم‬.
In summary, the honey production period in Lebanon
extends from April to October and according to the
presence of bees in this region or that, and according to
the types of flowers that feed on it, and here we see the
variety of honey production in quantity and quality.

‫َنتجاتَالخلية‬
The Beehive Cell Products

َ‫حبوبَاللقاحَأوَغبارَالطلعَهيَكماَيوحيَإسمها‬
َ‫الحبوبَالموجودةَبشكلَغبارَوالتيَتشكلَالجزء‬
‫الذكوريَخاللَعمليةَتلقيحَالنبات‬.‫تشكلَحبوبَاللقاح‬
‫المصِدرَالبروتينيَالوحيِدَللخلية‬.
Pollen is as its name suggests are dust grains that form the
male part during the plant pollination process. Pollen is the
only protein source of the cell.

َ‫يجمعهاَالنحلَفيَجيوبََوجودةَعلىَارجلهَالخلفية‬
َ‫وذلكَخاللَالجنيَوالتنقلَعلىَاألزهارَفيحضرهاَإلى‬
َ‫الخليةَبشكلَحبيباتََتعِددةَاأللوانَبحسبَتعِدد‬
‫المصادر‬.
Collected by the bees in the pockets of the feet on the back
during the harvesting and movement on the flowers, then
brought it to the cell in the form of granules multi-colored
according to multiple sources.

َ‫لحبوبَاللقاحَأهميةَكبيرةَفيَتغذيةَاليرقاتَوالنحل‬
َ‫ساعِدَعلىَنموَوحسنَعملَالغِددَالتيَتفرز‬ُ‫ي‬‫الفتي،َف‬
‫الغذاءَالملكي‬.َ‫تجنيَالخليةَبين‬40َ‫إلى‬50َ‫كلغََن‬
ًَ‫حبوبَاللقاحَفيَالسنةَولكنَهذاَالرقمَيبقىَعرضة‬
‫للتغييرَبحسبَالسنينَوالمواسم‬.
Pollen is very important in feeding larvae and young bees,
helping to grow and improve the function of glands that
produce the royal jelly. The cell reaps between 40 and 50 kg of
pollen in a year but this remains subject to change according to
the years and seasons.

ََ‫العكبرَأوَصمغَالنحلَأوَغراءَالنحلَأوَالِدنجَهوََزيج‬َ‫ن‬
َ‫كمياتََتنوعةََنَشمعَالنحلَوالصمغَالذيَيجمعه‬
َ‫النحلََنَاألشجارَوالنباتات،َوالَسيماََنَاألزهار‬
‫والبراعم‬.
Propolis or bee glue is a resinous mixture that honey bees
produce by mixing saliva and beeswax with exudate gathered
from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources.

‫يستخِدمَالنحلَالعكبرَلسِدَالفتحاتَغيرَالمرغوب‬َ‫فيها‬
‫ولسِدََنافذَالهواءَفيَالخلية‬.‫َلت‬ً‫تستخِدمَأيضا‬َ‫حنيط‬
‫بعضَالحشراتَالتيَتموتَداخلَالخليةَفتعزلهاَوت‬َ‫منع‬
‫بماَتحتويهََنََضاداتَحيويةََنَأنَتنتشرَالبكت‬َ‫يريا‬
‫خارجَهذاَالغالف‬.
The bees use the propolis to fill the unwanted openings and to
block air outlets in the cell. It is also used to mummify some
insects that die inside the cell and isolate them and prevent
through the antibiotic contains from the spread of bacteria
outside this coat.

‫الشمع‬:‫كماَهيَالحالَفيَإنتاجَالعسلَوحبوبَاللقا‬َ،‫ح‬
‫م‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫عتبرَالشمعََنتجََنََنتجاتَالخليةَحيث‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫كنَلمربي‬
‫النحلَتسويقهَواإلستفادةََنه‬.
Wax: As in the production of honey and pollen, wax is a
product of the cell's products, which can be marketed and used
by beekeepers.

َ‫الشمعَهوََادةَتفرزهاَالنحلةََنَجسِدهاَوتصنعها‬
‫َفيَوض‬ً‫بشكلَنخاريبَسِداسيةَإلستعمالهاَالحقا‬َ‫ع‬
‫البيض،َوتربيةَالحضنةَوتخزينَالعسل‬.
Wax is a substance produced by the bee from its body and
manufactured in the form of hexagonal fossils for later use in
laying eggs, breeding brood and storing honey.

‫سمَالنحل‬:‫قِدَظهرتَاآلثارَالمفيِدةَلسمَالنحلَفي‬
‫عالجَبعضَاألَراضَعنِدَاإلنسانََنذَالعصورَالقِديم‬‫ة‬.
َ‫َحاصةََع‬ً‫وقِدَتطورتَوتأكِدتَهذهَالنظريةَعلميا‬
Lukomskiَ‫عام‬1864‫عتب‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫َنَسانتَبطرسبورغَالذي‬َ‫ر‬
‫َؤسسَالمِداواةَالحِديثةَبسمَالنحل‬.
Bee venom: The beneficial effects of bee venom have been
shown to treat some diseases in humans since antiquity. This
theory has been scientifically proven with Lukomski in 1864
from St. Petersburg which is considered the founder of
modern therapeutics through the bee venom.

َ‫سمَالنحلَهوََادةَسائلةَشفافةَذاتَرائحةَعطرية‬
‫تفرزهاَالنحلةََنَجسمهاَلتستعملهاَفيَاللسعَد‬ًَ‫فاعا‬
‫عنَالخلية‬.
Bee venom is a transparent liquid substance with an aromatic
scent produced by the bee from its body to be used in sting in
defense of the cell.

‫الغذاءَالملكي‬:‫فرزََنَالبلعومَالسفليَعنِدَالع‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫اَالت‬
‫الفتية‬.‫تتغذىَبهَاليرقاتَالصغيرةَعلىَأنواعهاَل‬َ‫مِدة‬
‫ثالثةَأيامَبعِدَخروجهاََنَالبيضة‬.‫تاب‬ُ‫ي‬َ‫وفيَحين‬َ‫عَالنحل‬
‫تغذيةَالملكةَبالغذاءَالملكيَطوالََِدةَوجودهاَفيَط‬َ‫ور‬
‫اليرقة‬.
Royal jelly is a honey bee secretion that is used in the
nutrition of larvae, as well as adult queens. It is secreted
from the glands in the hypopharynx of nurse bees, and fed
to all larvae in the colony, regardless of sex or caste.

‫الخاتمة‬
Conclusion

‫النحلَثروةَيجبَالمحافظةَعليهاَبالرغمََنَالتطورَالعالم‬َ‫ي‬
‫الملحوظَفيَعلمَوتقنياتَتربيةَالنحل،ََنَالمؤسفَأنَن‬َ‫رى‬
‫أعِدادَالخالياَفيَإنخفاضََستمرَخاللَالعقودَالثالثةَالم‬َ‫اضية‬
‫األخيرة‬.‫هذاَالتِدنيَفيَأعِدادَالنحلََنَشأنهَأنَيؤثرَسلب‬ًَ‫ا‬
‫علىَسلسلةَإنتاجَالغذاءَوعلىَاألَنَالغذائي‬.
Bees are a wealth to be preserved Despite the remarkable
global development of beekeeping science and technology, it is
regrettable to see the numbers of cells in decline in the past
three decades. This decline in the number of bees will
negatively affect the food production chain and food security.

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