Propolis, also called ‘Bee glue’, is resinous material collected by Bees from flowers, buds, and exudates of plants. Literature survey were conducted using different electronic databases, like PubMed, Scifinder, and Indian scientific database. The phytoconstituents composition in the Bee Propolis varies and depends upon the flora in the location; more than 500 compounds have been isolated and identified till now. They belong to such assorted chemical classes as polyphenols like, phenylpropanoids, chalcone, terpenenes, lignans, coumarins, aromatic acids and their esters. This current review is an attempt to compile data, which will give information of constituents present in Propolis.
173.devi karmilia a.characterization of bee pollen from ranca bungur, bogorIndri Eljawiiy
1) The study characterized bee pollen collected from a bee farm in Ranca Bungur, Bogor, Indonesia.
2) Macroscopic and microscopic analysis showed that maize pollen was the major component in the bee pollen.
3) The study found the bee pollen contained 56.14% carbohydrates, 25.82% proteins, and 5.07% lipids. This characterized the nutritional composition of bee pollen from this region.
Introduction, classification, biosynthesis, extraction, identification, occurrence in plants, role in plant life and chemical study of tannins in Kino, Myrobalan, Catechu, Nutgall, Castanea and krameria.
This document provides information on 35 different crude drugs, including their names, biological sources, families, major constituents and uses. It discusses crude drugs from various categories including carbohydrates, tannins, lipids, proteins and volatile oils. For each entry it provides the drug name, synonym(s), source, botanical family, key chemical constituents and common uses. The crude drugs cover a wide range of medicinal plants and substances used in pharmacology and herbal medicine.
Natural color pigments used in food processingDarshan Chavan
The document summarizes natural color pigments used in food processing. It discusses 10 common natural colorants including annatto, betanin, caramel, carmine, carotenoids, curcumin, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, paprika, and lycopene. For each colorant, it provides information on chemical composition, sources, and applications in food products. In general, natural colors are plant or insect derived pigments that can be used as food additives and colorants. They offer benefits over synthetic colors by being less toxic and hazardous to health. However, their use in foods can be limited by instability during food processing due to sensitivity to factors like temperature, oxygen, light and pH.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
173.devi karmilia a.characterization of bee pollen from ranca bungur, bogorIndri Eljawiiy
1) The study characterized bee pollen collected from a bee farm in Ranca Bungur, Bogor, Indonesia.
2) Macroscopic and microscopic analysis showed that maize pollen was the major component in the bee pollen.
3) The study found the bee pollen contained 56.14% carbohydrates, 25.82% proteins, and 5.07% lipids. This characterized the nutritional composition of bee pollen from this region.
Introduction, classification, biosynthesis, extraction, identification, occurrence in plants, role in plant life and chemical study of tannins in Kino, Myrobalan, Catechu, Nutgall, Castanea and krameria.
This document provides information on 35 different crude drugs, including their names, biological sources, families, major constituents and uses. It discusses crude drugs from various categories including carbohydrates, tannins, lipids, proteins and volatile oils. For each entry it provides the drug name, synonym(s), source, botanical family, key chemical constituents and common uses. The crude drugs cover a wide range of medicinal plants and substances used in pharmacology and herbal medicine.
Natural color pigments used in food processingDarshan Chavan
The document summarizes natural color pigments used in food processing. It discusses 10 common natural colorants including annatto, betanin, caramel, carmine, carotenoids, curcumin, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, paprika, and lycopene. For each colorant, it provides information on chemical composition, sources, and applications in food products. In general, natural colors are plant or insect derived pigments that can be used as food additives and colorants. They offer benefits over synthetic colors by being less toxic and hazardous to health. However, their use in foods can be limited by instability during food processing due to sensitivity to factors like temperature, oxygen, light and pH.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document provides an overview of resins and resin combinations. It defines resins as solid or semi-solid amorphous products derived mostly from plants. Resins can occur alone or in combination with other plant metabolites like volatile oils, gums, or oils and gums. The document discusses the properties, types, occurrence, extraction and identification of resins. It provides examples of specific resins and their constituents and uses, including cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of tolu, balsam of peru, benzoin, turmeric and ginger.
This document provides information on 48 herbal drugs including their botanical name, parts used, chemical constituents and uses. Some key herbal drugs discussed include Aloe vera and rhubarb which have laxative properties, ginger and black pepper which are used as carminatives and flavouring agents, and cannabis, belladonna and aconite which have effects on the central nervous system. The document also covers herbal drugs used for conditions like hypertension, malaria, tumours, and leprosy.
pharmacognosy of class of phytoconstituent "QUINONE" which includes synonyms, biological source, chemical constituents and uses of examples like CHITRAK, HENNA, VIDANG etc. included in pharmacognosy-II of T.Y.Bpharmacy.
The document discusses the extraction of active substances from thyme plant (Thymus Vulgaris) including volatile oils, saponins, and tannins. It then studies the antibacterial activity of thyme extracts against two pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, finding inhibition of bacterial growth. The effects of thyme extracts on cancer cell growth were also examined using a mice cell line, with extracts showing potential as anti-tumor agents. Finally, the use of thyme alcohol extract as an antioxidant in margarine is described, with sensory evaluation over one year finding the extract provided good results.
C. amada, also known as mango ginger, is a plant in the Zingiberaceae family traditionally used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine. The document discusses the morphology, distribution, and traditional uses of C. amada. It then summarizes various studies that have shown C. amada extracts have biological activities including cytotoxic, immune modulating, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. The extracts also exhibit antibacterial activity against several pathogens and potential as a neutraceutical.
Essential Oils and Biodegradable Packaging Materials: Application on Food Pr...Scientific Review SR
Essential oils are concentrated hydrophobic oily liquid substances extracted from different plant organs. The most
common source of essential oils are clove, lavender, cinnamon, lemon grass, coriander, rosewood, cumin, ginger,
oregano etc. Essential oils are a good source of several bioactive compounds and serve as antimicrobial and
antioxidant compounds. In addition, essential oils have been used as natural additives for the shelf -life extension of
food products, due to the risk in using synthetic preservatives. Furthermore, essential oi ls can be incorporated into
packaging materials to prevent unavoidable microbial spoilage, and to extend shelf-life of the product. The
extraction method of essential oil is most important because inappropriate extraction may damage the chemical
properties. Essential oil can be extracted by several methods such as distillation, steam distillation, expression, and
solvent extraction. This review article covers up the essential oil including sources, chemical composition, extraction
process, antimicrobial activity of EOs, and their applications, particularly with the emphasis on preservation and the
shelf-life extension of food products.
The document discusses plant phenolic compounds. It notes that thousands of phenolic structures are known, accounting for 40% of organic carbon in the biosphere. Phenolic compounds are primarily derived from the phenylpropanoid and acetate pathways and play important roles in plant cell walls, defense, wood/bark features, and flower color/flavor. Phenolic compounds can be classified into flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Key flavonoids discussed include quercetin, naringenin, and isoflavonoids like genistein and daidzein. Non-flavonoids include hydroxycinnamates, stilbenes like resveratrol, and tannins.
This document provides an overview of secondary metabolites including alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, lignans, and specific examples such as Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, tea leaves. It discusses the biological sources, chemical constituents, uses, and important compounds found in these secondary metabolites and examples.
Antioxidant Activity and Biological Effects of Propolis ExplainedBee Healthy Farms
A thorough summary by Polish researchers of the magnificent properties of propolis. As stated below, "despite its variety, it is always highly biologically active". With over 300 compounds there are many applications in treating and preventing chronic diseases. Properties include: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, cardiovascular effects, estrogenic effects, anti-diabetic effects, anti-HIV activity and reparative-regenerative effects.
This document summarizes a research article about propolis and its uses in dentistry and medicine. It begins by defining apitherapy as the medicinal use of honeybee products, including propolis. The document then discusses the chemical composition of propolis, noting that it contains over 180 chemicals including flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives. Finally, the document outlines some of the clinical uses of propolis, stating that it has been used to treat conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Greek Honeys Exhibit Phenolic Acids with Antiatherogenic, Anticancer and Anti...Bee Healthy Farms
Greek honeys are rich in phenolic acids, in particular protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid and exhibit significant antioxidant, anticancer and antiatherogenic activities which may be attributed, at least in part, to their phenolic acid content.
Propolis Volatile Compounds - Review of its Chemical Diversity and Biological...Bee Healthy Farms
The document reviews the chemical diversity and biological activity of volatile compounds found in propolis, a resinous material collected by bees. Propolis composition varies significantly based on the local plant sources used by bees. Studies have identified many different volatile compounds in propolis samples from around the world. Major constituents include terpenes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, acids, and esters. Sesquiterpenes predominate in European propolis, while other regions contain compounds like monoterpenes, aldehydes, and alkanes. Volatiles contribute to propolis aroma and biological properties like antibacterial activity. Further research on propolis volatiles from additional locations could reveal
Indian Mustard Bee Pollen Exhibits High Antioxidant ContentBee Healthy Farms
This study was designed to investigate the nutraceutical potential of monofloral Indian mustard bee pollen. It was found to be a rich source of nutrients providing high caloric value, making it a candidate for a potential nutraceutical agent. The study also found it possesses a high antioxidant content, especially in the principle polyphenols and flavonoids, which suggests its potential role in the prevention of free radical-implicated diseases. The DPPH-scavenging effect of this Indian mustard bee pollen further confirmed its antioxidant potential.
This document summarizes the pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of the stem of Abutilon indicum. Microscopic analysis revealed distinctive features of the young and thick stems including epidermal trichomes, vascular bundles, fibers and calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical screening were also performed. The results indicate the presence of compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins in the stem. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical profile of the stem of A. indicum that can help validate its traditional uses.
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used to seal their hive. It has been used for centuries as a medicine due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The document reviews the history of propolis use from ancient Egypt and Greece to modern times. It discusses the typical composition of propolis which varies depending on its botanical source, and summarizes over 300 studies showing propolis has antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and other health benefits when tested on cells and animals. The main functional effects include antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties.
Using Bee Glue for Health, Medicine & Perfume v2zq
This document provides a review of the composition, history, and health benefits of propolis. It discusses that propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used as a sealant in beehives. The composition of propolis depends on its botanical source, with poplar and Baccharis plants being common sources. Historically, propolis was used in ancient Egypt and by Greek, Roman, and medieval physicians for its medicinal properties. Modern research has identified hundreds of compounds in propolis and demonstrated broad anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting effects in cell and animal studies.
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used to seal their hive. It has been used for centuries as a medicine due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The document reviews the history of propolis use from ancient Egypt and Greece to modern times. It discusses the typical composition of propolis which varies depending on its botanical source, and summarizes over 300 studies showing propolis has antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and other health benefits when tested on cells and animals. The main functional effects include antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties.
Antioxidant activity of Indian propolis and its chemical constituentsAbu Sayeed
This document outlines a study on the antioxidant properties of Indian propolis and its chemical constituents. It provides background on antioxidants and defines propolis as a natural resinous mixture collected by honeybees from plant sources. The document discusses the composition and sources of Indian propolis in different regions of India. It examines the chemical constituents galangin and pinocembrin that are active components in Indian propolis. The advantages and uses of Indian propolis are outlined, including in traditional medicines, cosmetics, and food products. The aim of the project is to study the antioxidant activity and pharmacological effects of Indian propolis and its chemical components.
The document discusses terpenes and terpenoids. It defines terpenes as hydrocarbons found in plant essential oils and terpenoids as a subclass of prenyl lipids that represent the oldest group of small molecules synthesized by plants. Terpenoids are derived from isoprene units and are universally present in small amounts playing vital roles in plant physiology and cellular membranes. They display a large diversity that may be due to ecological factors playing an evolutionary role. The document then classifies and provides examples of different types of terpenoids including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesterpenoids, triterpenoids, and others. It also discusses terpene biosynthesis and
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Ethiopian Propolis - Characteristics and Chemical CompositionBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is a sticky material mixed by honeybees to utilize it in protecting their hives from infection by bacteria and fungi. The therapeutic properties of propolis are due to its chemical composition with bio-active compounds. These propolis samples indicate that they are potential sources of natural bio-active compounds for biological and pharmacological applications. A unique compound was discovered which hasn't been found in other global studies of propolis.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document provides an overview of resins and resin combinations. It defines resins as solid or semi-solid amorphous products derived mostly from plants. Resins can occur alone or in combination with other plant metabolites like volatile oils, gums, or oils and gums. The document discusses the properties, types, occurrence, extraction and identification of resins. It provides examples of specific resins and their constituents and uses, including cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of tolu, balsam of peru, benzoin, turmeric and ginger.
This document provides information on 48 herbal drugs including their botanical name, parts used, chemical constituents and uses. Some key herbal drugs discussed include Aloe vera and rhubarb which have laxative properties, ginger and black pepper which are used as carminatives and flavouring agents, and cannabis, belladonna and aconite which have effects on the central nervous system. The document also covers herbal drugs used for conditions like hypertension, malaria, tumours, and leprosy.
pharmacognosy of class of phytoconstituent "QUINONE" which includes synonyms, biological source, chemical constituents and uses of examples like CHITRAK, HENNA, VIDANG etc. included in pharmacognosy-II of T.Y.Bpharmacy.
The document discusses the extraction of active substances from thyme plant (Thymus Vulgaris) including volatile oils, saponins, and tannins. It then studies the antibacterial activity of thyme extracts against two pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, finding inhibition of bacterial growth. The effects of thyme extracts on cancer cell growth were also examined using a mice cell line, with extracts showing potential as anti-tumor agents. Finally, the use of thyme alcohol extract as an antioxidant in margarine is described, with sensory evaluation over one year finding the extract provided good results.
C. amada, also known as mango ginger, is a plant in the Zingiberaceae family traditionally used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine. The document discusses the morphology, distribution, and traditional uses of C. amada. It then summarizes various studies that have shown C. amada extracts have biological activities including cytotoxic, immune modulating, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. The extracts also exhibit antibacterial activity against several pathogens and potential as a neutraceutical.
Essential Oils and Biodegradable Packaging Materials: Application on Food Pr...Scientific Review SR
Essential oils are concentrated hydrophobic oily liquid substances extracted from different plant organs. The most
common source of essential oils are clove, lavender, cinnamon, lemon grass, coriander, rosewood, cumin, ginger,
oregano etc. Essential oils are a good source of several bioactive compounds and serve as antimicrobial and
antioxidant compounds. In addition, essential oils have been used as natural additives for the shelf -life extension of
food products, due to the risk in using synthetic preservatives. Furthermore, essential oi ls can be incorporated into
packaging materials to prevent unavoidable microbial spoilage, and to extend shelf-life of the product. The
extraction method of essential oil is most important because inappropriate extraction may damage the chemical
properties. Essential oil can be extracted by several methods such as distillation, steam distillation, expression, and
solvent extraction. This review article covers up the essential oil including sources, chemical composition, extraction
process, antimicrobial activity of EOs, and their applications, particularly with the emphasis on preservation and the
shelf-life extension of food products.
The document discusses plant phenolic compounds. It notes that thousands of phenolic structures are known, accounting for 40% of organic carbon in the biosphere. Phenolic compounds are primarily derived from the phenylpropanoid and acetate pathways and play important roles in plant cell walls, defense, wood/bark features, and flower color/flavor. Phenolic compounds can be classified into flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Key flavonoids discussed include quercetin, naringenin, and isoflavonoids like genistein and daidzein. Non-flavonoids include hydroxycinnamates, stilbenes like resveratrol, and tannins.
This document provides an overview of secondary metabolites including alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, lignans, and specific examples such as Vinca, Rauwolfia, Belladonna, tea leaves. It discusses the biological sources, chemical constituents, uses, and important compounds found in these secondary metabolites and examples.
Antioxidant Activity and Biological Effects of Propolis ExplainedBee Healthy Farms
A thorough summary by Polish researchers of the magnificent properties of propolis. As stated below, "despite its variety, it is always highly biologically active". With over 300 compounds there are many applications in treating and preventing chronic diseases. Properties include: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, cardiovascular effects, estrogenic effects, anti-diabetic effects, anti-HIV activity and reparative-regenerative effects.
This document summarizes a research article about propolis and its uses in dentistry and medicine. It begins by defining apitherapy as the medicinal use of honeybee products, including propolis. The document then discusses the chemical composition of propolis, noting that it contains over 180 chemicals including flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives. Finally, the document outlines some of the clinical uses of propolis, stating that it has been used to treat conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Greek Honeys Exhibit Phenolic Acids with Antiatherogenic, Anticancer and Anti...Bee Healthy Farms
Greek honeys are rich in phenolic acids, in particular protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid and exhibit significant antioxidant, anticancer and antiatherogenic activities which may be attributed, at least in part, to their phenolic acid content.
Propolis Volatile Compounds - Review of its Chemical Diversity and Biological...Bee Healthy Farms
The document reviews the chemical diversity and biological activity of volatile compounds found in propolis, a resinous material collected by bees. Propolis composition varies significantly based on the local plant sources used by bees. Studies have identified many different volatile compounds in propolis samples from around the world. Major constituents include terpenes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, acids, and esters. Sesquiterpenes predominate in European propolis, while other regions contain compounds like monoterpenes, aldehydes, and alkanes. Volatiles contribute to propolis aroma and biological properties like antibacterial activity. Further research on propolis volatiles from additional locations could reveal
Indian Mustard Bee Pollen Exhibits High Antioxidant ContentBee Healthy Farms
This study was designed to investigate the nutraceutical potential of monofloral Indian mustard bee pollen. It was found to be a rich source of nutrients providing high caloric value, making it a candidate for a potential nutraceutical agent. The study also found it possesses a high antioxidant content, especially in the principle polyphenols and flavonoids, which suggests its potential role in the prevention of free radical-implicated diseases. The DPPH-scavenging effect of this Indian mustard bee pollen further confirmed its antioxidant potential.
This document summarizes the pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of the stem of Abutilon indicum. Microscopic analysis revealed distinctive features of the young and thick stems including epidermal trichomes, vascular bundles, fibers and calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical screening were also performed. The results indicate the presence of compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins in the stem. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical profile of the stem of A. indicum that can help validate its traditional uses.
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used to seal their hive. It has been used for centuries as a medicine due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The document reviews the history of propolis use from ancient Egypt and Greece to modern times. It discusses the typical composition of propolis which varies depending on its botanical source, and summarizes over 300 studies showing propolis has antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and other health benefits when tested on cells and animals. The main functional effects include antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties.
Using Bee Glue for Health, Medicine & Perfume v2zq
This document provides a review of the composition, history, and health benefits of propolis. It discusses that propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used as a sealant in beehives. The composition of propolis depends on its botanical source, with poplar and Baccharis plants being common sources. Historically, propolis was used in ancient Egypt and by Greek, Roman, and medieval physicians for its medicinal properties. Modern research has identified hundreds of compounds in propolis and demonstrated broad anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting effects in cell and animal studies.
Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees from tree buds and used to seal their hive. It has been used for centuries as a medicine due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. The document reviews the history of propolis use from ancient Egypt and Greece to modern times. It discusses the typical composition of propolis which varies depending on its botanical source, and summarizes over 300 studies showing propolis has antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial and other health benefits when tested on cells and animals. The main functional effects include antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties.
Antioxidant activity of Indian propolis and its chemical constituentsAbu Sayeed
This document outlines a study on the antioxidant properties of Indian propolis and its chemical constituents. It provides background on antioxidants and defines propolis as a natural resinous mixture collected by honeybees from plant sources. The document discusses the composition and sources of Indian propolis in different regions of India. It examines the chemical constituents galangin and pinocembrin that are active components in Indian propolis. The advantages and uses of Indian propolis are outlined, including in traditional medicines, cosmetics, and food products. The aim of the project is to study the antioxidant activity and pharmacological effects of Indian propolis and its chemical components.
The document discusses terpenes and terpenoids. It defines terpenes as hydrocarbons found in plant essential oils and terpenoids as a subclass of prenyl lipids that represent the oldest group of small molecules synthesized by plants. Terpenoids are derived from isoprene units and are universally present in small amounts playing vital roles in plant physiology and cellular membranes. They display a large diversity that may be due to ecological factors playing an evolutionary role. The document then classifies and provides examples of different types of terpenoids including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesterpenoids, triterpenoids, and others. It also discusses terpene biosynthesis and
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Ethiopian Propolis - Characteristics and Chemical CompositionBee Healthy Farms
Propolis is a sticky material mixed by honeybees to utilize it in protecting their hives from infection by bacteria and fungi. The therapeutic properties of propolis are due to its chemical composition with bio-active compounds. These propolis samples indicate that they are potential sources of natural bio-active compounds for biological and pharmacological applications. A unique compound was discovered which hasn't been found in other global studies of propolis.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacognosy, including definitions, history and sources of drugs from natural origins such as plants, animals and marine sources. It discusses the classification of crude drugs based on various parameters as well as the quality control of natural crude drugs through organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological evaluation methods. The topics covered include the scope of pharmacognosy, historical developments, sources of drugs from plants, animals and microbes, and the systematic study of crude drugs.
Bee pollen contains nutrients and antioxidants like phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Its chemical composition and antioxidant properties depend on its botanical and geographical origin, as pollen collected by bees comes from the plants in the area. Studies show pollen has significant antioxidant activity due to these compounds, though the amount can vary greatly between pollen from different plant species and regions. The antioxidant capacity is often used to measure a pollen's antioxidant potential, and is influenced primarily by its botanical source. Microscopic analysis of pollen grains is used to determine the plant species bees collected pollen from.
Sources of crude drugs (natural)
Drugs obtained from Plants, Animals, Marine, Microorganism, Mineral and from Biotechnology (plant tissue culture) are covered in the presentation
Antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on some clinical bac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This study investigated the antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on two clinical bacterial isolates - Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Honey samples tested included honey fortified with ginger, honey fortified with lemon, unfortified honey, and natural honey. The agar ditch method was used to determine zones of inhibition. Results showed that honey fortified with lemon produced the largest zones of inhibition against both bacteria, indicating it had the highest antibacterial activity. This was attributed to antibacterial compounds in lemon combining synergistically with honey's natural compounds. Unfortified honey showed less activity than fortified honey. The study demonstrated that fortifying honey, especially with lemon, can increase its antibacterial properties.
Qualitative Analysis of Legume Pericarp (Pod Wall) and Seeds of Acacia Farnes...IOSR Journals
Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
the presence or absence of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Proteins, Carbohydrates,
Tannin, Amides, Terpenoides, Amines, Phenol, Test for Unsaturation, Carboxylic acid, Test for NH2, Nitrogen,
Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
the selected medicinal plants. The ethanolic extract of legume pericarp indicates the presence of major
bioactive compound compare to seeds.
Similar to BEE PROPOLIS (BEE’S GLUE): A PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEW (20)
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
This particular slides consist of- what is Pneumothorax,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is a summary of Pneumothorax:
Pneumothorax, also known as a collapsed lung, is a condition that occurs when air leaks into the space between the lung and chest wall. This air buildup puts pressure on the lung, preventing it from expanding fully when you breathe. A pneumothorax can cause a complete or partial collapse of the lung.
Healthy Eating Habits:
Understanding Nutrition Labels: Teaches how to read and interpret food labels, focusing on serving sizes, calorie intake, and nutrients to limit or include.
Tips for Healthy Eating: Offers practical advice such as incorporating a variety of foods, practicing moderation, staying hydrated, and eating mindfully.
Benefits of Regular Exercise:
Physical Benefits: Discusses how exercise aids in weight management, muscle and bone health, cardiovascular health, and flexibility.
Mental Benefits: Explains the psychological advantages, including stress reduction, improved mood, and better sleep.
Tips for Staying Active:
Encourages consistency, variety in exercises, setting realistic goals, and finding enjoyable activities to maintain motivation.
Maintaining a Balanced Lifestyle:
Integrating Nutrition and Exercise: Suggests meal planning and incorporating physical activity into daily routines.
Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
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TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
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Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
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2. Masoodi et al.
J Crit Rev, Vol 4, Issue 4, 9-13
10
compound, propol (3-[4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-but-1-enyl)-phenyl]-
acrylic acid) were isolated [32].
During the chemical investigation of red-type Mexican Propolis three
new molecules has Been isolated, 1-(3', 4'-dihydroxy-2'-
methoxyphenyl)-3-(phenyl) propane, (Z)-1-(2'-methoxy-4',5'-
dihydroxy phenyl)-2-(3-phenyl) propene and 3-hydroxy-5,6-
dimethoxy-flavone, along with known flavanones, isoflavones, and
pterocarpans. Isoflavonoids, 1, 3-diaryl propane and 1, 3-diaryl
propene carbon skeleton was first time found in Mexican Propolis [33].
Glycerol esters derivatives has Been reported from methanolic
extract of Wuhan Propolis are 2-acetyl-1-coumaroyl-3-cinnamoyl
glycerol, (+)-2-acetyl-1-feruloyl-3-cinnamoyl glycerol, (-)-2-acetyl-1-
feruloyl-3-cinnamoyl glycerol, 2-acetyl-1,3-dicinnamoyl glycerol,
and (-)-2-acetyl-1-(E)-feruloyl-3-(3″(ζ),16″)-dihydroxy-palmitoyl
glycerol [34, 35]. The new esters have Been isolated from Egyptian
Propolis are 4-methoxy-hydrocinnamic acid, hydro-ferulic acid,
ferulic acid and 2,6-bis-(pentanyloxy)-4-pentanyl phenoxyethanol,
were present in a significant amount about 27% [36].
Isolation of Viscidone, vanillin, 3', 4’-(methylendioxy) acetophenone,
cinnamic acid, 3-ethoxy-4-methoxy benzaldehyde and 3-methoxy-4-
hydroxymethyl ester were first time reported from the Chilean
matorral hives [37].
During the phytochemical screening Propolis collected from Jeju Island
contained chalcon and coumarin compounds (±)-(E)-4'-methoxy-4,2'-
dihydroxy-3'-(2″,3″-dihydroxy-3″-methylbutyl)-chalcone, (E,E,E)-
4,2',4'-trihydroxy-3'-(7″-hydroxy-3″,7″-dimethyloct- 2″,5″-dienyl)-
chalcone, (±)-(E,E)-4,2',4'-trihydroxy-3'-(5″-hydroxy-3″,7″-di-methyl-
oct- 2″,6″-dienyl)-chalcone, (±)-(E)-4'-methoxy-4,3″,4″-tri-hydroxy-
2″,2″-dimethyl- dihydropyrano-(2',3')-chalcone, (±)-(E)-4'-methoxy-
4,3″-dihydroxy-2″-(1″'-hydroxyisopropyl)-dihydro furano-(2',3')-
chalcone,(-)-(E)-4,4'-dihydroxy-2″-(1″'-hydroxy-1″',5″'-dimethylhex-
4″'-enyl)-dihydrofurano-(2',3')-chalcone,(+)-(E)-4,2'-dihydroxy-2″-
methyl-2″-(3″',4″'-dihydroxy-4″'-methylpentanyl)-2H-pyrano-(3',4')
-chalcone and (-)-(E)-4,2'-dihydroxy-2″-methyl-2″-(3″',4″'-
dihydroxy-4″'-methylpentanyl)-2H-pyrano-(3',4')-chalcone [37]
2',3',4'-trimethoxychalcone, 2'-hydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxy-chalcone,
2',4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxy-chalcone [38].
From the Argentinean Propolis 2',4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxychalcone,
2',4'-dihydroxychalcone, 2',4',4-trihydroxy-6'-methoxychalcone, 5-
hydroxy-4',7-dimethoxyflavone, 4',5-dihydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyflavone
and 7-hydroxy-5,8-dimethoxyflavone were also been isolated [39]. From
the Mexican Propolis methanolic extract phenylallylflavanones (2R, 3R)-
6-[1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-yl] pinobanksin and
(2R, 3R)-6-[1-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-yl] pino-
banksin 3-acetate were isolated [39, 40].
From Chinese Propolis new components 3-O-[(S)-2-methyl-
butyroyl] pinobanksin and 6-cinnamyl chrysin were reported from
ethyl acetate fraction of the methanolic extract [41]. A novel
cinnamate ester derivative benzyl caffeate along with flavonoids
7-O-methyl chrysin, genkwanin and rhamnazin were reported
from Liaoxi Propolis [42].
Another chemical component which has been isolated from the Bee
Propolis is terpenes, from the methanolic extract of Propolis bicyclic
diterpenoids have been isolated and identified as ent-17-hydroxy-3,
13Z-clerodadien-15-oic acid, 15-oxo-3, 13Z-kolavadien-17-oic acid
and itd E-isomer kolavadien-17-oic acid [43]. The other derivative
compounds reported are isocupressic, communic, imbricatoloic,
acetoxy-isocupressic acid and 8(17), 13E-labdadien-15, 19-dioic
acid and its methyl ester [44]. Besides this may other prominent
compounds were isolated from Bee Propolis were the monoterpene
α-pinene, the sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene, α-cubebene, α-
muurolene, γ-muurolene, γ-cadinene, germacrene-D, elemol,
diterpenes manool and totarol [45].
In recently phytochemical investigation more compounds were
reported diterpenes: 14,15-dinor-13-oxo-8(17)-labden-19-oic acid
and a mixture of labda-8(17), 13E-dien-19-carboxy-15-yl oleate and
palmitate, triterpenes, 3,4-seco-cycloart-12-hydroxy-4(28),24-dien-
3-oic acid and cycloart-3,7-dihydroxy-24-en-28-oic acid [46].
In a methanolic extract of Jordanian Propolis a new lanostane
triterpenoid, 24(Z)-1β-3β-dihydroxyeupha-7, 24-dien-26-oic acid,
have been isolated 47]. From Indonesian Propolis collected East Java,
four alk(en) ylresorcinols were reported for the first time from
Propolis, along with four prenylflavanones and three cycloartane-
type triterpenes [48].
From the Methanolic extract of Myanmar Propolis thirteen
cycloartane-type tritepenes in which two of them is novel
(22Z,24E)-3-oxocycloart-22,24-dien-26-oic acid and (24E)-3-
oxo-27,28-dihydroxycycloart-24-en-26-oic acid and known four
prenylated flavanones were isolated [49, 50]. Isolation of
diterpene glycosides ent-8(17)-labden-15-O-alpha-L-
rhamnoside and ent-8(17)-labden-15-O-(3'-O-acetyl)-alpha-L-
rhamnoside were first reported from the El Salvador Propolis
[38]. From the Brazilian Propolis a novel triterpenoid
melliferone and moronic acid, anwuweizonic acid, and betulonic
acid were isolated along with aromatic compounds [51].
Isolation of novel compounds 2, 2-dimethyl-8-prenyl-6-vinyl
chromene and 2, 6-diprenyl-4-vinyl phenol were reported from
the essential oil of Brazilian Propolis apart from terpenoids and
aromatic components [52, 53].
From the aqueous Propolis extract many compounds has been
isolation mainly caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives such as methyl 3,4-
di-O-caffeoyl quinate, 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid, methyl 4,5-di-O-
caffeoyl quinate, 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinic acid [54] and 3,4-di-
caffeoylquinic Acid, is a major component [55-58].
Other compounds reported namely, acetophenones: 2-[1-methyl]-vinyl-
5-acetylcumarane 2-[1-hydroxymethyl]-vinyl-6-acetyl-5-hydroxy-
cumarane and 2-[1-acetoxymethyl]-vinyl-6-acetyl-5-hydroxycumarane.
Lignans: 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)1,2-bis{4-[(E)-3-acetoxy-
propen-1-yl]-2 methoxyphenoxy}-propan-3-ol acetate, 1-(4-
hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{4-[(E)-3-acetoxypropen-1-yl]-2-
methoxyphenoxy}propan-1,3-diol 3-acetate (erythro-and treo), 3-
acetoxymethyl-5-[(E)-2-formylethen-1-yl]-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy
phenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, sesamin, aschantin,
sesartenin, yangambin [58]. Recently two new unknown
arylnaphtalene lignans has been isolated, tetrahydrojusticidin B and
6-methoxydiphyllin [59]. Isolation of three novel lignans from
Chilean Propolis was identified trimeric coniferyl alcohol acetate,
diastereomer of the dimeric coniferyl alcohol acetate,
dihydrobenzofuran lignan aldehyde with two known lignans [60].
Sugars and sugar alcohols: xylose, galactose, mannose,
glucuronic acid, lactose, maltose, melibiose, erytritol, xylitol,
inositol also have been reported isolated from the Bee Propolis
[61]. From the ethanolic extract of Brazilian green Propolis,
flavonoids were isolated and purified baccharin, beturetol,
kaempferide, isosakuranetin, dihydrokaempferide and drupanin
[62, 63]. A prenylated benzophenone was identified from the
hexane fraction of Brazilian Propolis type 6 hyperibone A [64],
hyperibone B, garcinielliptone I along with propolones B, C and
D was isolated from Cuban Propolis [65]. From the ethanolic
extract of Cuban Propolis a novel polyisoprenylated
benzophenone was isolated [66].
Isolation of new prenylated flavonoid, prokinawan were isolated
from Propolis collected from Okinawa Japan along with known
compounds [67]. It has been reported from Taiwanese Propolis
isolation of six propolins, A-F and a new propolin G was found
which is identical to the Nymphaeol C compound [68]. Isolation
of novel compound propolin H from Taiwanese Propolis has been
reported [69]. Two new prenylflavanones have been isolated
from the Taiwanese Propolis are propolin A and B [70].
A new Chalcone together with 10 novel open chain neoflavonoids
was isolated from the methanolic extract of Nepalese Propolis [71].
A Recent investigation carried out by using atomic absorption
spectroscopy revealed that the presence of mineral elements in
Bee Propolis, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe and Zn were observed in
Macedonian samples [72] and in ethanolic extracts of Cuban
samples [73].
3. Masoodi et al.
J Crit Rev, Vol 4, Issue 4, 9-13
11
Structure of some molecules isolated from Propolis
O
OH
HO
(Z)
3-prenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
O
HO
OH
3, 5-diprenyl-4-hydroxycinnamic acid
OOHO
(Z)(Z)
2, 2-dimethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-2H-1-benzopyrane
O OH O
(Z)
(Z )
2, 2-dim ethyl-6-carboxyethenyl-8-prenyl-2H-1-benzopyran
O
HO
OH
(Z)
3-(4-Hydroxy-3,5-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid
O
HO
OH
(E)
(2E)-3-[4-Hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)phenyl]acrylic acid
Artepillin C Drupanin
Hyperibone B Hyperibone A
O
HO O
O
(E)
(2E)-3-{3-(3-Methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-4-[(3-phenylpropanoyl)oxy]phenyl}acrylic acid
O
HO OH
OH
(E)
(2E)-1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one
Baccharin Isoliquiritigenin
(S)
O
O
OH
HO
(2S)-7-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-chromen-4-one
(S )
(R )
O
O
O H
O H
H O
(2S ,3R )-3,5,7-T rihydroxy-2-phenyl-chrom an-4-one
(-)-liquiritigenin Pinobanksin
(All structures were draw using ChemDraw ultra-software)
4. Masoodi et al.
J Crit Rev, Vol 4, Issue 4, 9-13
12
CONCLUSION
Propolis has been known at least 300 BC for its traditional medicinal
values around the globe. In this review, article data has been thorough
collected from various data base study, to sum up the chemical
composition of Propolis till date. The composition, aroma and color of
the Bee Propolis vary from hive to hive, season to season, Bee species,
botanical source and geographical conditions prevailing at the location
from where the resin is collected by honey Bees. Around 500
compounds have been identified till date and the major chemical
composition present on Propolis are flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic
and their ester. Besides that polyphenols like phenylpropanoids,
chalcone, terpenenes, lignans, coumarins, aromatic acids and their
esters were also identified and reported from the Propolis. However,
the other secondary metabolites like as alkaloids, iridoids have not
been isolated and identified from Propolis till date.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Mubashir H. Masoodi would like to present his gratitude to
University Grants Commission (UGC) Govt. of India for financial
support on this research project F. No 42-861/2013 (SR).
CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS
There are no conflicts of interest
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How to cite this article
• Adil F Wali, Ahlam Mushtaq, Muneeb U Rehman, Seema Akbar,
Mubashir Hussain Masoodi. Bee propolis (Bee’s glue): a
phytochemistry review. J Crit Rev 2017;4(4):9-13.