The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Honey has been used for centuries as a treatment for infected wounds. It has antimicrobial properties due to its high osmolarity and acidity, which helps inhibit bacterial growth. Recent research has rediscovered honey's medical applications, especially for wounds that fail to heal with conventional treatments. Different types of honey from various floral sources and geographical locations have varying antimicrobial potency and effectiveness in wound healing. The objective of the study is to assess the antibacterial action of forest honey against pathogens like E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Staphylococcus aureus by screening its antibacterial properties, isolating clinical samples, and determining zone of inhibition compared to standard antibiotics.
Antibacterial activity of honey on pseudomonas speciesRavi Ramchandani
1. The study evaluated the antibacterial activity of honey against Pseudomonas species using disk diffusion and well diffusion methods.
2. The results showed inhibition zones against Pseudomonas species, demonstrating honey's antimicrobial potential.
3. Honey possesses several antibacterial properties including its high sugar content, low pH, and ability to produce hydrogen peroxide, that give it antibacterial activity.
This document discusses the antibacterial activity of honey. It begins by providing background on honey's increasing acceptance in medicine to treat infections. It then summarizes key points from the document, including that there is significant variation in the antibacterial potency of different honeys depending on factors like floral source and handling. The document also notes that honey is a complex substance with various chemical, physical and biological properties that contribute to its antibacterial effects and potential medical applications.
Biochemical screening of pure honey and its antibacterial activity on some ba...inventionjournals
The document discusses a study that analyzed the biochemical components and antibacterial activity of pure honey. Biochemical analysis found reducing sugars, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, and flavonoids present in the honey, but not phenols or tannins. Testing showed the honey had antibacterial activity against common pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with zone of inhibitions ranging from 18-30mm. The honey generally demonstrated stronger antibacterial efficacy than the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, suggesting honey could be suitable for treating infections caused by these bacteria.
Anti microbial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of roots and leaves...SriramNagarajan19
Murraya koenigii, family Rutaceae, commonly known as Curry leaf plant is a highly valued plant for its medicinal value and characteristic aroma.The plant shows varied pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antifungal,hypoglycemic,antiobese,antipyretic,hepatoprotective etc., The plant is a rich source of carbazole alkaloids containing mahanimbine as a major alkaloidal constituent in its major proportion which was proved by mayer’s alkaloidal test. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of roots and leaves of the plant were screened for antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.The antimicrobial activity was tested by diffusion assay method in which cup plate method was chosen. The study shows that aqueous and ethanolic root and leaf extracts possess remarkable antimicrobial activity when compared with standard cephalosporin. Thus,Murraya Koenigii shows tremendous antimicrobial activity with root and leaf extracts.
Expanding the Malaysian Herbal Industry by Developing the Farmer-Government-U...Murray Hunter
The document discusses the herbal products industry and value chain. It provides a figure showing the family tree of herb derivatives from raw herbs to bioactive compounds. It also defines various types of herbal products including nutritional supplements, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, herbal medicines, and homeopathic medicines. Additionally, it outlines issues in the industry around obtaining finance, technology, skills, business models, and challenges facing farmers. It also examines causes of issues including lack of ideas, education, resources, and will. Finally, it depicts the essential oil value chain and options for farmers and producers along the chain from production to consumers.
Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Composition and Antimicrobial Activity o...iosrjce
This document reports on a study that analyzed the phytochemical content, nutritional composition, and antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf extracts. Key findings include:
- Qualitative phytochemical screening found alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and other compounds in the leaf extracts, while only terpenoids, steroids, and saponins were found in the seed extracts.
- Proximate analysis found the leaf had higher moisture, ash, and fiber content, while the seed had more lipid, protein, and carbohydrate.
- Antimicrobial testing showed both leaf and seed extracts had inhibitory effects against several gastrointestinal
Cosmetic Properties of Honey & Antioxidant Activity v2zq
This document discusses the antioxidant properties and cosmetic uses of various types of honey. It reviews the historical use of honey topically and in cosmetics. An experiment measured the hydrating power of emulsions containing six different honeys on human skin. The Brazilian pot-honey of Melipona fasciculata was found to have the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity by two methods. It also produced an emulsion with the highest measured hydrating power on skin. The polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties varied between honey types and were correlated with their hydrating abilities in emulsions applied to human skin.
Honey has been used for centuries as a treatment for infected wounds. It has antimicrobial properties due to its high osmolarity and acidity, which helps inhibit bacterial growth. Recent research has rediscovered honey's medical applications, especially for wounds that fail to heal with conventional treatments. Different types of honey from various floral sources and geographical locations have varying antimicrobial potency and effectiveness in wound healing. The objective of the study is to assess the antibacterial action of forest honey against pathogens like E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, and Staphylococcus aureus by screening its antibacterial properties, isolating clinical samples, and determining zone of inhibition compared to standard antibiotics.
Antibacterial activity of honey on pseudomonas speciesRavi Ramchandani
1. The study evaluated the antibacterial activity of honey against Pseudomonas species using disk diffusion and well diffusion methods.
2. The results showed inhibition zones against Pseudomonas species, demonstrating honey's antimicrobial potential.
3. Honey possesses several antibacterial properties including its high sugar content, low pH, and ability to produce hydrogen peroxide, that give it antibacterial activity.
This document discusses the antibacterial activity of honey. It begins by providing background on honey's increasing acceptance in medicine to treat infections. It then summarizes key points from the document, including that there is significant variation in the antibacterial potency of different honeys depending on factors like floral source and handling. The document also notes that honey is a complex substance with various chemical, physical and biological properties that contribute to its antibacterial effects and potential medical applications.
Biochemical screening of pure honey and its antibacterial activity on some ba...inventionjournals
The document discusses a study that analyzed the biochemical components and antibacterial activity of pure honey. Biochemical analysis found reducing sugars, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids, and flavonoids present in the honey, but not phenols or tannins. Testing showed the honey had antibacterial activity against common pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with zone of inhibitions ranging from 18-30mm. The honey generally demonstrated stronger antibacterial efficacy than the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, suggesting honey could be suitable for treating infections caused by these bacteria.
Anti microbial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of roots and leaves...SriramNagarajan19
Murraya koenigii, family Rutaceae, commonly known as Curry leaf plant is a highly valued plant for its medicinal value and characteristic aroma.The plant shows varied pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antifungal,hypoglycemic,antiobese,antipyretic,hepatoprotective etc., The plant is a rich source of carbazole alkaloids containing mahanimbine as a major alkaloidal constituent in its major proportion which was proved by mayer’s alkaloidal test. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of roots and leaves of the plant were screened for antimicrobial activity for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.The antimicrobial activity was tested by diffusion assay method in which cup plate method was chosen. The study shows that aqueous and ethanolic root and leaf extracts possess remarkable antimicrobial activity when compared with standard cephalosporin. Thus,Murraya Koenigii shows tremendous antimicrobial activity with root and leaf extracts.
Expanding the Malaysian Herbal Industry by Developing the Farmer-Government-U...Murray Hunter
The document discusses the herbal products industry and value chain. It provides a figure showing the family tree of herb derivatives from raw herbs to bioactive compounds. It also defines various types of herbal products including nutritional supplements, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, herbal medicines, and homeopathic medicines. Additionally, it outlines issues in the industry around obtaining finance, technology, skills, business models, and challenges facing farmers. It also examines causes of issues including lack of ideas, education, resources, and will. Finally, it depicts the essential oil value chain and options for farmers and producers along the chain from production to consumers.
Phytochemical Screening, Nutritional Composition and Antimicrobial Activity o...iosrjce
This document reports on a study that analyzed the phytochemical content, nutritional composition, and antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera seed and leaf extracts. Key findings include:
- Qualitative phytochemical screening found alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and other compounds in the leaf extracts, while only terpenoids, steroids, and saponins were found in the seed extracts.
- Proximate analysis found the leaf had higher moisture, ash, and fiber content, while the seed had more lipid, protein, and carbohydrate.
- Antimicrobial testing showed both leaf and seed extracts had inhibitory effects against several gastrointestinal
Cosmetic Properties of Honey & Antioxidant Activity v2zq
This document discusses the antioxidant properties and cosmetic uses of various types of honey. It reviews the historical use of honey topically and in cosmetics. An experiment measured the hydrating power of emulsions containing six different honeys on human skin. The Brazilian pot-honey of Melipona fasciculata was found to have the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity by two methods. It also produced an emulsion with the highest measured hydrating power on skin. The polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties varied between honey types and were correlated with their hydrating abilities in emulsions applied to human skin.
Herbs, Plant Extracts, Enzymes and Essential Oils: Potential Malaysian and In...Murray Hunter
This document discusses the potential markets for Malaysian agricultural products such as herbs, plant extracts, enzymes, and essential oils internationally and locally. It outlines various uses of these products in traditional medicine, supplements, cosmetics, agriculture, and other industries. The global market for these products is valued at over USD $1.5 billion annually and is growing. Malaysia is well-positioned to produce and export more of these goods but currently only supplies a small portion of the global demand.
Traditional and Modern uses of Natural Honey in Human Diseases - A ReviewBee Healthy Farms
"One of the most important natural products is honey, which has been used for different medicinal purposes
since ancient times. In addition to the important role of
honey in the traditional medicine, scientists also
accept honey as a new effective medicine for many kinds of diseases".
This document summarizes a research article about propolis and its uses in dentistry and medicine. It begins by defining apitherapy as the medicinal use of honeybee products, including propolis. The document then discusses the chemical composition of propolis, noting that it contains over 180 chemicals including flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives. Finally, the document outlines some of the clinical uses of propolis, stating that it has been used to treat conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Honey bees, or apis mellifera, have been helping humans since the dawn of time. They’ve not only provided us with a long standing source of honey and wax, but have played an integral part in helping our agricultural growth and in sustaining our ecosystem.
This document summarizes high-value co-products that can be derived from plants for use in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It discusses three important groups of plant-derived components: polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, and plant-derived oils. Specific examples of plants containing these compounds that are commonly used in cosmetics include aloe vera, green tea, and olive oil. The document also outlines the various health benefits and applications of compounds extracted from these plants. Key reasons for exploiting plant-derived co-products include environmental benefits, consumer preference for natural products, and the economic potential of extracting high-value compounds from by-products.
The document discusses honey as a natural preservative for milk. It describes how various bacteria were isolated from milk samples and tested for inhibition by honey. The results showed that honey inhibited the growth of both catalase positive and negative bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner. Milk samples stored with honey at 50mg/ml demonstrated less bacterial growth compared to samples without honey. Therefore, the document concludes that honey has potential as a safe, natural preservative to improve the shelf life of milk.
Neem Azadirachta indica has much importance. Usefulness of neem has already mentioned in several literature. Ayurveda has mentioned its use in many disease conditions. Now public awareness for herbal products are increasing highly so it has been found demand of neem products are increasing day by day. Neem is a plant who's every parts holds multiple usage. Researcher has reported many medicinal benefits of neem. Neem is known for its anti diabetic, anti inflammatory, anti cancer effect. Neem is used in many hindu rituals. This review work represents several usage of neem which will provide a great knowledge to people and let them know about the wonder of neem. Rudra Prasad Giri | Dr. Ajit. K. Gangawane | Dr. Sucheta Ghorai Giri ""Neem the Wonder Herb: A Short Review"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23038.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/23038/neem-the-wonder-herb-a-short-review/rudra-prasad-giri
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
Moringa is used for “tired blood” (anemia); arthritis and other joint pain
(rheumatism); asthma; cancer; constipation; diabetes; diarrhea; epilepsy;
stomach pain; stomach and intestinal ulcers; intestinal spasms; headache; heart
problems; high blood pressure; kidney stones; fluid retention; thyroid disorders;
and bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections.
Oil from moringa seeds is used in foods, perfume, and hair care products, and as a
machine.
The Moringa tree (Moringa Oleifera), is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. This plant also known as “Drumstick Tree“, is a tree which essentially grew in the Himalayan region of northern India, however is now cultivated in the Pacific and Caribbean Islands, Africa, Malaysia, Pakistan, Central and South America. Different parts of this plant such as the leaves, seed, bark, roots, flowers, fruit, and immature pods work as heart and circulatory stimulants, possess antitumor, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, antifungal and antibacterial effects, and are being utilized for the therapy of numerous diseases.
This document summarizes the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera based on a review of literature. It discusses how all parts of Moringa, including roots, bark, leaves, flowers, seeds and seed oil have been used traditionally for various ailments. Modern research has also found Moringa to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, diuretic and cholesterol lowering properties. The review concludes that Moringa has great potential as a therapeutic agent and nutritional supplement, and further research could lead to development of novel medicines.
A dye can generally be described as a colored substance that has an affinity to the fiber, fur or hair.
Melanin is what gives color to human skin, eyes, and hair. It’s the ratio of two types of melanin Eumelanin and Pheomelanin that determines your natural hair color.
This work was made possible while investigating the alternative to the synthetic and semi synthetic dyes.The composition of 100% herbal hair dye. The chemicals that are normally used in the dye are amino compounds (4-amino-2-hydroxytoluene and m-Aminophenol).Metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide and iron oxide, are also often used as colorants in the process.
Continuous usage of such compounds containing dye on natural hair causes so many side effects such as skin irritation, erythrema, loss or damage of hair and skin cancer.
Beauty is a multi-billion-dollar industry that’s continuing to grow. According to one industry report, cosmetics manufacturing will have brought in $255 billion in revenue globally in 2014.
Discovery of hair dye
In the 1800s, chemists found a substance called as para-phenylenediamine (PPD) and discovered its use in the creation of a synthetic dye.
The main aim and objective of present study is Formulation and evaluation of Herbal Hair Dye,(investigating the alternative to the synthetic and semi synthetic dyes. The composition of 100% herbal hair dye. )
Some research has suggested that using hair dye may lead to an increased risk of bladder cancer, In the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) May 2005, some research was published that looked into all the studies on hair dyes causing cancer.
An analysis of all these studies, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in May 2005, found that there may be a link between hair dye use and myeloma, lymphoma or some types of lymphoblastic leukemia.
In 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) said that there is some evidence that hair dyes can increase the risk of bladder cancer for male hair dressers and barbers. This is because they are working with these chemicals all the time.
Those who reported regular use of the hair dye for at least 15 years were more than three times as likely to develop bladder cancer as non-dye users, concluded the study. Even some hairstylists and barbers were 50 per cent more likely to have bladder cancer than those who did not experience occupational exposure
Because of the manufacturing hazards, environmental pollution, its side and toxic effects there is a vital need for an alternative to the existing black dye. These limitations of the chemically derived dye can only be overcome by replacing the constituents in the composition, by non toxic ingredients derived from herbal resources.
Herbal cosmetics face several challenges in their formulation. Key among these are a lack of documentation for herbal ingredients, no standardized processes for extraction and production, and unstable active compounds that can degrade over time. Specific issues include inconsistent quality and potency of raw herbal materials, difficulties assessing safety due to complex mixtures of compounds, and constraints in the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. Proper drying, storage conditions, and quality controls are needed to ensure herbal cosmetics maintain therapeutic properties throughout production and shelf life.
1) The study evaluated the microbial quality of raw milk, pasteurized milk, and Zabadi baladi (a fermented milk) after the addition of fennel honey at various concentrations during refrigerated storage.
2) Results showed that the addition of honey, especially at 10%, reduced bacterial counts and increased acidity levels in the milk products, extending their shelf life.
3) Consumer testing found that samples with 1-5% honey addition were the most acceptable, suggesting honey can be used to naturally preserve and improve the quality of milk products.
ABSTRACT- Medicinal plants have been used from the Vedic era. For thousands of years, they have been used to treat and prevent many types of diseases along with epidemics. Some medicinal plants also utilized as pleasant condiments, to flavor, to dye, for conserve food etc. Almost every portion of the plant has own medicinal properties. Different types of secondary metabolites found in the medicinal plants which play an important role in many kinds of diseases and also used for manufacturing medicines. A large number of the plants are also reported to possess many other activities like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-insecticidal, anti-parasitic, antibiotic, anti-hemolytic properties etc, also used widely by the tribal people all over the world. The traditional medicinal uses of 23 plants species belonging to different families are reported in this review article. Key-words- Traditional medicine, Medicinal plants, Anti-oxidant, Medicinal plants
We Provide Aloevera juice,Ayurvedic Piles management kit, Herbal product for total piles control, Indian herbs for Men's health, Ayurvedic medicine for Men's stamina, Herbal Micro Nutrition, Herbal Green Food Supplement, Herbal Unique Cuisine Hing, Indian herbs for eye care, Herbal Best Care For Eye Care, Herbal health digestion video, Herbal Joint pain Oil kit
Neem has been used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for over 2,000 years. Archaeological excavations in India uncovered evidence that Neem was used in ancient medical practices, including for surgery and herbal remedies. All parts of the Neem tree have medicinal properties and can treat a variety of ailments. Modern research has validated many of Neem's traditional medicinal uses and shown it to be effective for conditions like skin diseases, fungal infections, viral diseases, and more. Neem is considered a natural "village pharmacy" in India due to its wide range of medical applications.
Improving Growth and Productivity of “Pear” Trees Using Some Natural Plants E...iosrjce
This study was conducted during two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) at Baloza, North Sinai
governorate, Egypt. The aim of this research is to study the effect of spraying pear trees with some natural
plants extracts on yield, fruit quality and fire blight infection of Le-Conte cultivar. Seven treatments were done
as follows: control treatment (spraying with water), garlic extract at (2 and 4 %), moringa extract at (2 and 4
%) and licorice extract at (2 and 4g/ L.). All treatments were sprayed once every month started form January
until the harvest time (July).The obtained results revealed that all treatments were very effective in stimulating
growth parameters (leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf mineral contents (nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium), yield, physical and chemical characteristics and fire blight infection of the fruits.
Generally, licorice extract at (4g/ L.) increased the leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter in both
seasons. In addition, moringa extract at (4%) improved leaf mineral content (N, P and K), yield/ tree, number of
fruits /tree, fruit length, diameter, shape, weight, volume, T.S.S., total sugar, vitamin C, and decreased total
acidity. On the other hand, garlic extract at (4%) gave the highest number and percentage of healthy fruits.
Key word: garlic extract, licorice extract, moringa extract, Le-Conte “pear”.
Production, characterisation and value addition of dahi made from raw, pasteu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Disease: a major constraints in the flourishing aqua farm in Bangladesh Mohammad Rashed
Aquaculture has become one of the most productive sector in Bangladesh. It not only provides the production of fish for local demand but also contributing in the export market to earn foreign money. But recent years the field of aquaculture in Bangladesh has faced great production loss due to disease. So disease has become one of most talked of topics of that field.
Unprocessed honey was collected and tested for its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Proteins were isolated from the honey using ammonium sulfate precipitation at concentrations from 40-80%. Antibacterial assays found that the 60% and 80% precipitations inhibited bacterial growth, with the 80% precipitation producing the largest zone of inhibition. Unprocessed honey showed stronger antibacterial activity than processed honey. The study demonstrates the antibacterial properties of components in unprocessed honey.
How To Improve Your Memory: The Substitute Word Systemspeed-reading
The document discusses the Substitute Word System, a technique for improving memory. It can help remember speeches, abstract concepts, definitions, and foreign languages by associating them with images. Examples are given of using similar sounds to remember phobia definitions and foreign words like "despertar" meaning "to awaken". The system works by turning abstract ideas into concrete images.
Herbs, Plant Extracts, Enzymes and Essential Oils: Potential Malaysian and In...Murray Hunter
This document discusses the potential markets for Malaysian agricultural products such as herbs, plant extracts, enzymes, and essential oils internationally and locally. It outlines various uses of these products in traditional medicine, supplements, cosmetics, agriculture, and other industries. The global market for these products is valued at over USD $1.5 billion annually and is growing. Malaysia is well-positioned to produce and export more of these goods but currently only supplies a small portion of the global demand.
Traditional and Modern uses of Natural Honey in Human Diseases - A ReviewBee Healthy Farms
"One of the most important natural products is honey, which has been used for different medicinal purposes
since ancient times. In addition to the important role of
honey in the traditional medicine, scientists also
accept honey as a new effective medicine for many kinds of diseases".
This document summarizes a research article about propolis and its uses in dentistry and medicine. It begins by defining apitherapy as the medicinal use of honeybee products, including propolis. The document then discusses the chemical composition of propolis, noting that it contains over 180 chemicals including flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives. Finally, the document outlines some of the clinical uses of propolis, stating that it has been used to treat conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Honey bees, or apis mellifera, have been helping humans since the dawn of time. They’ve not only provided us with a long standing source of honey and wax, but have played an integral part in helping our agricultural growth and in sustaining our ecosystem.
This document summarizes high-value co-products that can be derived from plants for use in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It discusses three important groups of plant-derived components: polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, and plant-derived oils. Specific examples of plants containing these compounds that are commonly used in cosmetics include aloe vera, green tea, and olive oil. The document also outlines the various health benefits and applications of compounds extracted from these plants. Key reasons for exploiting plant-derived co-products include environmental benefits, consumer preference for natural products, and the economic potential of extracting high-value compounds from by-products.
The document discusses honey as a natural preservative for milk. It describes how various bacteria were isolated from milk samples and tested for inhibition by honey. The results showed that honey inhibited the growth of both catalase positive and negative bacteria in a concentration-dependent manner. Milk samples stored with honey at 50mg/ml demonstrated less bacterial growth compared to samples without honey. Therefore, the document concludes that honey has potential as a safe, natural preservative to improve the shelf life of milk.
Neem Azadirachta indica has much importance. Usefulness of neem has already mentioned in several literature. Ayurveda has mentioned its use in many disease conditions. Now public awareness for herbal products are increasing highly so it has been found demand of neem products are increasing day by day. Neem is a plant who's every parts holds multiple usage. Researcher has reported many medicinal benefits of neem. Neem is known for its anti diabetic, anti inflammatory, anti cancer effect. Neem is used in many hindu rituals. This review work represents several usage of neem which will provide a great knowledge to people and let them know about the wonder of neem. Rudra Prasad Giri | Dr. Ajit. K. Gangawane | Dr. Sucheta Ghorai Giri ""Neem the Wonder Herb: A Short Review"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23038.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/23038/neem-the-wonder-herb-a-short-review/rudra-prasad-giri
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity evaluation of aqueous and ...Premier Publishers
Azadirachta indica Juss (neem) is a plant which has been used for a long time as traditional medicine for household remedy against various human ailments from antiquity. To evaluate the scientific basis for the use of Azadirachta indica, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the dried leaves of the plant were subjected to phytochemical screening and determination of anti-microbial activity on six different species of bacteria and a fungus. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of dried powdered leaves of the plant was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the concentrated extracts was evaluated by determination of the diameter of zone of inhibition against the microorganisms using agar well diffusion method. The Phytochemical screening of the test plant revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, cardiac glucosides, phenols, resins, tannins, terpenes and steroids. Although, both plant extracts had antimicrobial effects against the test organisms, the aqueous extracts were found to show greater anti-microbial effect than ethanolic extract. Thus, the mean diameter zones of inhibition ranged from 0.03mm-40.00mm for aqueous extract and 0.50mm-21.00mm for ethanolic extract at the highest concentration of 50mg/ml. The finding of this study supports the use of neem leaf in the treatment of various microbial infections by alternative systems of medicine.
Moringa is used for “tired blood” (anemia); arthritis and other joint pain
(rheumatism); asthma; cancer; constipation; diabetes; diarrhea; epilepsy;
stomach pain; stomach and intestinal ulcers; intestinal spasms; headache; heart
problems; high blood pressure; kidney stones; fluid retention; thyroid disorders;
and bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections.
Oil from moringa seeds is used in foods, perfume, and hair care products, and as a
machine.
The Moringa tree (Moringa Oleifera), is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. This plant also known as “Drumstick Tree“, is a tree which essentially grew in the Himalayan region of northern India, however is now cultivated in the Pacific and Caribbean Islands, Africa, Malaysia, Pakistan, Central and South America. Different parts of this plant such as the leaves, seed, bark, roots, flowers, fruit, and immature pods work as heart and circulatory stimulants, possess antitumor, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, antifungal and antibacterial effects, and are being utilized for the therapy of numerous diseases.
This document summarizes the medicinal properties of Moringa oleifera based on a review of literature. It discusses how all parts of Moringa, including roots, bark, leaves, flowers, seeds and seed oil have been used traditionally for various ailments. Modern research has also found Moringa to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antihypertensive, diuretic and cholesterol lowering properties. The review concludes that Moringa has great potential as a therapeutic agent and nutritional supplement, and further research could lead to development of novel medicines.
A dye can generally be described as a colored substance that has an affinity to the fiber, fur or hair.
Melanin is what gives color to human skin, eyes, and hair. It’s the ratio of two types of melanin Eumelanin and Pheomelanin that determines your natural hair color.
This work was made possible while investigating the alternative to the synthetic and semi synthetic dyes.The composition of 100% herbal hair dye. The chemicals that are normally used in the dye are amino compounds (4-amino-2-hydroxytoluene and m-Aminophenol).Metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide and iron oxide, are also often used as colorants in the process.
Continuous usage of such compounds containing dye on natural hair causes so many side effects such as skin irritation, erythrema, loss or damage of hair and skin cancer.
Beauty is a multi-billion-dollar industry that’s continuing to grow. According to one industry report, cosmetics manufacturing will have brought in $255 billion in revenue globally in 2014.
Discovery of hair dye
In the 1800s, chemists found a substance called as para-phenylenediamine (PPD) and discovered its use in the creation of a synthetic dye.
The main aim and objective of present study is Formulation and evaluation of Herbal Hair Dye,(investigating the alternative to the synthetic and semi synthetic dyes. The composition of 100% herbal hair dye. )
Some research has suggested that using hair dye may lead to an increased risk of bladder cancer, In the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) May 2005, some research was published that looked into all the studies on hair dyes causing cancer.
An analysis of all these studies, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in May 2005, found that there may be a link between hair dye use and myeloma, lymphoma or some types of lymphoblastic leukemia.
In 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) said that there is some evidence that hair dyes can increase the risk of bladder cancer for male hair dressers and barbers. This is because they are working with these chemicals all the time.
Those who reported regular use of the hair dye for at least 15 years were more than three times as likely to develop bladder cancer as non-dye users, concluded the study. Even some hairstylists and barbers were 50 per cent more likely to have bladder cancer than those who did not experience occupational exposure
Because of the manufacturing hazards, environmental pollution, its side and toxic effects there is a vital need for an alternative to the existing black dye. These limitations of the chemically derived dye can only be overcome by replacing the constituents in the composition, by non toxic ingredients derived from herbal resources.
Herbal cosmetics face several challenges in their formulation. Key among these are a lack of documentation for herbal ingredients, no standardized processes for extraction and production, and unstable active compounds that can degrade over time. Specific issues include inconsistent quality and potency of raw herbal materials, difficulties assessing safety due to complex mixtures of compounds, and constraints in the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. Proper drying, storage conditions, and quality controls are needed to ensure herbal cosmetics maintain therapeutic properties throughout production and shelf life.
1) The study evaluated the microbial quality of raw milk, pasteurized milk, and Zabadi baladi (a fermented milk) after the addition of fennel honey at various concentrations during refrigerated storage.
2) Results showed that the addition of honey, especially at 10%, reduced bacterial counts and increased acidity levels in the milk products, extending their shelf life.
3) Consumer testing found that samples with 1-5% honey addition were the most acceptable, suggesting honey can be used to naturally preserve and improve the quality of milk products.
ABSTRACT- Medicinal plants have been used from the Vedic era. For thousands of years, they have been used to treat and prevent many types of diseases along with epidemics. Some medicinal plants also utilized as pleasant condiments, to flavor, to dye, for conserve food etc. Almost every portion of the plant has own medicinal properties. Different types of secondary metabolites found in the medicinal plants which play an important role in many kinds of diseases and also used for manufacturing medicines. A large number of the plants are also reported to possess many other activities like anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-insecticidal, anti-parasitic, antibiotic, anti-hemolytic properties etc, also used widely by the tribal people all over the world. The traditional medicinal uses of 23 plants species belonging to different families are reported in this review article. Key-words- Traditional medicine, Medicinal plants, Anti-oxidant, Medicinal plants
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Neem has been used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for over 2,000 years. Archaeological excavations in India uncovered evidence that Neem was used in ancient medical practices, including for surgery and herbal remedies. All parts of the Neem tree have medicinal properties and can treat a variety of ailments. Modern research has validated many of Neem's traditional medicinal uses and shown it to be effective for conditions like skin diseases, fungal infections, viral diseases, and more. Neem is considered a natural "village pharmacy" in India due to its wide range of medical applications.
Improving Growth and Productivity of “Pear” Trees Using Some Natural Plants E...iosrjce
This study was conducted during two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) at Baloza, North Sinai
governorate, Egypt. The aim of this research is to study the effect of spraying pear trees with some natural
plants extracts on yield, fruit quality and fire blight infection of Le-Conte cultivar. Seven treatments were done
as follows: control treatment (spraying with water), garlic extract at (2 and 4 %), moringa extract at (2 and 4
%) and licorice extract at (2 and 4g/ L.). All treatments were sprayed once every month started form January
until the harvest time (July).The obtained results revealed that all treatments were very effective in stimulating
growth parameters (leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf mineral contents (nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium), yield, physical and chemical characteristics and fire blight infection of the fruits.
Generally, licorice extract at (4g/ L.) increased the leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter in both
seasons. In addition, moringa extract at (4%) improved leaf mineral content (N, P and K), yield/ tree, number of
fruits /tree, fruit length, diameter, shape, weight, volume, T.S.S., total sugar, vitamin C, and decreased total
acidity. On the other hand, garlic extract at (4%) gave the highest number and percentage of healthy fruits.
Key word: garlic extract, licorice extract, moringa extract, Le-Conte “pear”.
Production, characterisation and value addition of dahi made from raw, pasteu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Disease: a major constraints in the flourishing aqua farm in Bangladesh Mohammad Rashed
Aquaculture has become one of the most productive sector in Bangladesh. It not only provides the production of fish for local demand but also contributing in the export market to earn foreign money. But recent years the field of aquaculture in Bangladesh has faced great production loss due to disease. So disease has become one of most talked of topics of that field.
Unprocessed honey was collected and tested for its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Proteins were isolated from the honey using ammonium sulfate precipitation at concentrations from 40-80%. Antibacterial assays found that the 60% and 80% precipitations inhibited bacterial growth, with the 80% precipitation producing the largest zone of inhibition. Unprocessed honey showed stronger antibacterial activity than processed honey. The study demonstrates the antibacterial properties of components in unprocessed honey.
How To Improve Your Memory: The Substitute Word Systemspeed-reading
The document discusses the Substitute Word System, a technique for improving memory. It can help remember speeches, abstract concepts, definitions, and foreign languages by associating them with images. Examples are given of using similar sounds to remember phobia definitions and foreign words like "despertar" meaning "to awaken". The system works by turning abstract ideas into concrete images.
The document discusses the history of wound care from ancient times to modern practices. Some key points covered include:
- Ancient civilizations used remedies like honey, grease, and herbs to treat wounds. Hippocrates advocated cleaning wounds with wine or vinegar.
- Different types of wounds are discussed like acute, chronic, pressure ulcers, venous ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers.
- Modern wound care includes debridement, dressings, antibiotics, growth factors, skin substitutes, and addressing underlying patient issues.
- Wound etiology, staging, and treatments are described for various chronic wounds. Biofilms, infection, and other complex wound factors are also addressed.
Antibacterials and their mode of actionMidhun M Nair
This document discusses the history and classification of antibacterial agents. It begins by defining an antibacterial as an agent that interferes with bacterial growth and reproduction. It then provides a brief history of antibacterial use dating back to ancient Egypt and Greece. The document outlines several important discoveries and individuals that advanced the field, such as Alexander Fleming, Florey, Chain, and Selman Waksman. It proceeds to classify antibacterials according to their spectrum of activity (broad vs narrow), effect on bacteria (bactericidal vs bacteriostatic), and mode of action (inhibiting cell wall, membrane, protein, nucleic acid synthesis etc.). The classifications and examples are described in detail in the document.
Speed Reading: How to Get Comprehension at High Speedsspeed-reading
This document discusses how to improve reading comprehension at high speeds. It outlines four main topics: 1) rules of comprehension that influence speed such as concreteness and prior knowledge, 2) adjusting reading speed based on these factors, 3) common information patterns in text, and 4) techniques to improve focus like eliminating distractions and using a pacer. The goal is to understand how to optimize speed while maintaining comprehension.
Remember More of What You’ve Read with These Proven Techniquesspeed-reading
http://www.smartspeedreading.com
These slides are from the Iris Speed Reading Classes & Memory Improvement Courses. Iris is the largest and leading provider of Speed Reading & Memory Improvement Courses in the United States. This course covers memory and comprehension techniques so you could remember more of what you read.
This case report describes a male infant who developed staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus producing exfoliative toxin B. He presented with fever, irritability, and an erythematous rash on his trunk and face that progressed to tender, painful skin and flaccid bullae. Standard treatment of systemic antibiotics was supplemented with application of Suprathel, a synthetic wound dressing, as a whole-body covering. This innovative treatment relieved pain, prevented heat loss and infection, accelerated healing, and did not require frequent changes.
Speed Reading Class: Develop a Faster Reading Rate with High Speed Techniquesspeed-reading
This document discusses techniques for increasing reading speed through practice. It recommends starting with basic techniques like using your hand to guide your eyes as you read. More advanced techniques include using speed drills, where the reader re-reads material in less time to build reading pace. Specific speed drills described include using deadlines, reading only first sentences at first, and moving the hand in different patterns like "S", "Z", or wiggling motions across the text. Consistent practice of 15 minutes per day for a month is recommended to improve reading speed.
Speed Reading: Essential Eye Training and Brain Rewiringspeed-reading
http://www.smartspeedreading.com
These slides are from the Iris Speed Reading Classes & Memory Improvement Courses. Iris is the largest and leading provider of Speed Reading & Memory Improvement Courses in the United States. This course covers essential eye-training and brain rewiring techniques for speed readers.
This document provides information and strategies for improving reading rate and comprehension. It discusses how to use the SQ4R (Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Write, Review) method for active reading. It also outlines essential skills for speed reading, such as increasing one's eye span to take in more words at once, reducing subvocalization, and adjusting reading rate based on material. The document recommends practicing these techniques to improve reading efficiency.
This document provides tips for speed reading by reducing subvocalization. It explains that subvocalization is the process of seeing words, saying them in your mind, hearing them in your mind, and then understanding them. This slows reading speed to around 400-600 words per minute. The tips suggest replacing subvocalization by asking questions of the text to engage your mind, such as "what is this about?" and "what can the author tell me?". It also advises summarizing and interpreting the text in your mind rather than silently reading every word. The goal is to transform rather than eliminate subvocalization so comprehension is maintained while increasing reading speed.
The document provides a schedule for microbiology lectures and practical classes on skin and soft tissue infections held at Addis Ababa University from January 28 to February 10, 2015. The schedule details 13 hours of lectures on topics including streptococcal infections, staphylococcal infections, leprosy, viral exantems, gas gangrene, and cutaneous fungal infections. Corresponding practical classes are also listed covering bacterial culture techniques and identification. References for further reading are provided at the end.
E coli, klebsiella, enterobacter lecture notesBruno Mmassy
E. coli is a common Gram-negative bacteria that normally inhabits the gastrointestinal tract. Certain strains can cause illnesses such as gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, and neonatal meningitis. E. coli is biochemically identified using tests such as IMViC, which examines indole production, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, and citrate utilization. Treatment involves antibiotics such as ampicillin, but there is increasing antibiotic resistance in many strains. Preventing the spread of pathogenic E. coli requires proper sanitation and food handling.
The document discusses different types of wound dressings, including hydrogel dressings which are used for dry wounds or wounds with minimal drainage due to their high water content. Hydrocolloid dressings form a moist environment to promote healing but cannot be used on infected wounds. Alginate dressings absorb moderate to high amounts of drainage from infected or non-infected wounds. Composite dressings have multiple layers and can be used for wounds with varying amounts of drainage or tissue types. Transparent film dressings conform easily, allow monitoring of the wound, and create a moist environment.
There are several types of wounds including incisions, contusions, abrasions, punctures, and lacerations. Wound drainage can include serous, purulent, or sanguineous exudate. The RYB color code categorizes wounds as red, yellow, or black based on their appearance and healing phase. Red wounds are usually healing and require protection. Yellow wounds contain slough or pus and should be cleansed. Black wounds have necrotic tissue that requires debridement. Wound cleaning involves using isotonic saline to clean or irrigate wounds as needed based on the amount of exudate or foreign material present.
Invitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Honey against Wound Pathogenijtsrd
The medicinal importance of honey has been documented in the worlds oldest medical literatures, and since the ancient times, it has been known to possess antimicrobial property as well as wound healing activity. The healing property of honey is due to the fact that it offers antibacterial activity, maintains a moist wound condition, and its high viscosity helps to provide a protective barrier to prevent infection. Its immunomodulatory property is relevant to wound repair too. The antimicrobial activity in most honeys is due to the enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide. However, another kind of honey, called non peroxide honey viz., manuka honey , displays significant antibacterial effects even when the hydrogen peroxide activity is blocked. Its mechanism may be related to the low pH level of honey and its high sugar content high osmolarity that is enough to hinder the growth of microbes. The medical grade honeys have potent in vitro bactericidal activity against antibiotic resistant bacteria causing several life threatening infections to humans. Thus, identification and characterization of the active principle s may provide valuable information on the quality and possible therapeutic potential of honeys against several health disorders of humans , and hence we discussed the medicinal property of honeys with emphasis on their antibacterial activities. J. Ishwarya | R. Ellammal "Invitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Honey against Wound Pathogen" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50210.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/50210/invitro-evaluation-of-antibacterial-activity-of-honey-against-wound-pathogen/j-ishwarya
Comparison of Antimicrobial Potential of Honey Samples from Apis mellifera an...JULIUS NWEZE
The antimicrobial activity of honey depends on many factors, including its botanical origin, geographical and
entomological source. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial potential of honey
varieties from Apis mellifera, Hypotrigona sp. and Melipona sp. against MDR Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25783, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans SC 5314
and Cryptococcus neoformans. By using standard microbiological procedure, the agar-well diffusion and broth
microdilution methods were used to evaluate honey samples for their antimicrobial and non-peroxidase activity.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Orchis latifolia, an orchid plant used in traditional Indian medicine, against multidrug-resistant bacteria and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. The methanolic extract of O. latifolia was partitioned into different fractions and tested for antimicrobial activity. The n-hexane fraction showed the highest activity against clinical isolates of E. coli and S. aureus. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited maximum inhibition of C. albicans. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids and tannins in the active fractions, suggesting these compounds may contribute to the antimicrobial effects. Thin layer chromatography identified several constituents in the n
Antimicrobial Activity of Commonly Used Raw and Commercially Available Kitche...IOSR Journals
Garlic shows significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while ginger and clove do not. Raw garlic extract is more effective than commercially processed garlic powder. Higher concentrations of raw garlic extract produce larger inhibition zones, with Staphylococcus aureus being more sensitive than Escherichia coli. Commercially processed garlic does not exhibit comparable antimicrobial activity to raw garlic extract.
Is is a project proposal by which the antimicrobial and antioxidant property of Phyllanthus acidus will be explored that will open a new door for the innovation of new medicine.
ANTI-MlCROBIAL EFFECTS OF BEE HONEY ON CLINICAL ISOLATE OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUR...JOHSAT ZUNGERU POLY
The document summarizes a study that tested the antimicrobial effects of bee honey on Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium commonly found in wounds. The study found that honey exhibited significant zones of inhibition against S. aureus ranging from 6mm to 14mm for honey concentrations between 10% to 100%. Based on these results, the study concludes that honey has potent antimicrobial properties and could be used to treat infections caused by S. aureus, making it a potential alternative to conventional antibiotic drugs for wound treatment.
Arthropods : The New Alternative Medicine For 21st CenturyPritha Ghosh
Arthropods have a long history of traditional medicinal use around the world. Many insect species and their extracts or products have been used to treat various illnesses. For example, honeybee products like honey, pollen, propolis, and royal jelly have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties and have been used for wound healing and treating gastrointestinal issues. Other insects used medicinally include silkworms, caterpillars, cicadas, centipedes, ants, beetles, and termites. Their extracts have shown properties like analgesic, antibacterial, anti-cancer effects. Insects also serve as models in medical research due to genetic similarities with humans.
Comparative analysis of the physico chemical and antioxidant properties of ho...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The aim of the current study was the comparative analysis of the physical, biochemical and antioxidant properties of Mustard, Litchi, and Nigella honey. The physical parameters include the mean moisture content of Mustard, Litchi and Nigella honey were found 14.32%, 15.27%, and 14.12% respectively; PH content were 6.97, 5.8, 4.78; the TSS content were71%, 70%, and 73% respectively. The biochemical parameters including protein content were 1.103%, 0.57% and 0.985%; mean ash content were 0.2%, 0.19%, and0.188%, total carbohydrate content were 84.377%, 83.97% and 84.496% and the minerals contents Na were 539.238 ppm, 424.3565 ppm and 588 ppm; K were 239.216 ppm, 219.017 ppm and1063.774 ppm; Ca were 1710.499 ppm, 611.4852 ppm and 75.4 ppm for the Mustard, Litchi and Nigella honey respectively. The Antioxidant properties such as polyphenol content were found 42.572 ± 0.00529 mg gallic acid/50 ml, 30.625 ± 0.00529 mg gallic acid/50 ml and 95.5 ± 0.00529 mg gallic acid/50 ml; flavonoid content were found 1.052 ± 0.000577 mg catechin/50 ml, 0.6 ± 0.000577 mg catechin/50 ml and 2.66 ± 0.000577 mg catechin/50 ml and vitamin C content were 0.41 mg/100ml, 0.63 mg/100ml and 0.7 mg/100ml for Mustard, Litchi and Nigella honey respectively.
Keywords: Honey, Physico-chemical, Antioxidant, Polyphenol, Flavonoid
This document discusses the antioxidant properties and cosmetic uses of various types of honey. It reviews the historical use of honey topically and in cosmetics. An experiment measured the hydrating power of emulsions containing six different honeys on human skin. The Brazilian pot-honey of Melipona fasciculata was found to have the highest polyphenol content and antioxidant activity by two methods. It also produced an emulsion with the highest measured hydrating power on skin. The polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties varied between honey types and were correlated with their hydrating abilities in emulsions applied to human skin.
In vitro antibacterial effect of Vernonia amygdalina leaves extract on Escher...BRNSSPublicationHubI
This study investigated the antibacterial effects of extracts from Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) leaves on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Extracts were tested using disc diffusion and well diffusion methods. The ethanolic extract showed inhibition zones ranging from 11.3mm to 17.4mm against E. coli and 12.6mm to 14.5mm against S. aureus. The leaves extracts contained phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, and phenols. The results suggest that V. amygdalina extracts have antibacterial properties and could be a potential source for new antimicrobial drugs.
Greek Honeys Exhibit Phenolic Acids with Antiatherogenic, Anticancer and Anti...Bee Healthy Farms
Greek honeys are rich in phenolic acids, in particular protocatechuic and p-hydroxybenzoic acid and exhibit significant antioxidant, anticancer and antiatherogenic activities which may be attributed, at least in part, to their phenolic acid content.
Honey has various health benefits and can be used to treat many illnesses. It has antimicrobial properties that help heal wounds and treat infections. Research shows honey can aid in wound healing, treat pediatric skin issues, diabetic foot ulcers, gastrointestinal disorders, oral health problems, sore throats, acid reflux, stomach ulcers, diarrhea, liver and heart health issues. Honey works through mechanisms like creating barriers on wounds, stimulating tissue growth, and having anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant effects. Studies demonstrate honey's effectiveness in wound repair, managing cough and symptoms of various digestive system illnesses.
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a study on the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of Oroxylum indicum, an endangered medicinal plant, against four bacterial strains. The aqueous extracts of the stem bark were tested using the well diffusion method. Results found that extracts showed inhibitory activity against all bacterial strains tested, with the highest activity observed against Bacillus subtilis at a 1:1 extract concentration. This provides evidence that O. indicum may be a potential source of antimicrobial agents and suggests further investigation is needed to identify active compounds responsible for the antibacterial effects.
This document summarizes a seminar on honey as a nutritional and functional food. It discusses honey's production, chemical composition, functional properties including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. It also covers honey's health benefits such as supporting physical performance, gut health, immunity and cardiovascular health. The seminar discusses using honey as an ingredient in foods and discusses honey's role in nutrition for diabetes patients and infants.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Antimicrobial Drug Synthesis from Submerge Cultures of Pleurotus florida in D...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of Senna siamea leaf. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids, but absence of saponins. The extract showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis in a dose-dependent manner. The highest inhibition was observed for E. coli at the highest extract concentration. The antimicrobial activity is likely due to the phytochemical constituents, supporting traditional use of the plant to treat infections. Further research is recommended to explore other solvent extracts and
Similar to Antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on some clinical bacterial isolates (20)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
The document describes a case study of an 18-year-old female patient who developed toxic epidermal necrolysis as a severe adverse reaction to the drug sulfasalazine, which she had been taking for ankylosing spondylitis. She was admitted to the intensive care unit and treated with high dose corticosteroids, fluid replacement, and supportive care. She improved with treatment and was discharged with only post-inflammatory hypopigmentation.
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
This study examined self-medication practices for oral health problems among dental patients in Bangalore, India. The study found that 100% of the 175 dental patients surveyed practiced self-medication. Toothache was the most common triggering factor reported. Analgesics and herbal remedies were commonly used for self-treatment. Most participants consulted pharmacists for advice on self-medication and would see a dentist only if problems persisted after self-medicating. The high prevalence of self-medication indicates a need for education programs to increase awareness of risks.
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
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patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
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Antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on some clinical bacterial isolates
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 5, Issue 6 (June 2015), PP. 50-55
50
Antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on some
clinical bacterial isolates
Ibrahim Hussein Isiaka1*
, Abdulrasheed Mansur2
, Tabitha Bahago3
.
1,2,3
Department of Microbiology, Gombe State University P.M.B 127, Gombe State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT: The use of herbal medicine to treat infection has been practiced since the origin of mankind,
and honey produced by Apis mellifera is one of the oldest traditional medicines considered important in the
treatment of various human ailments. However, differently processed honeys exhibit different antibacterial
properties, thus this study was aimed at investigating the antibacterial potency of fortified honey, and compared
with the unfortified and natural honey tested on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The antibacterial
susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi on the four honey samples (honey fortified with ginger,
honey fortified with lemon, unfortified honey and natural honey) was determined using the agar ditch method.
Honey fortified with lemon shows higher antibacterial activity especially on Salmonella typhi with the zones of
inhibition of 25, 28, 29.5, 30 and 31 mm at the concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % (v/v) respectively,
than unfortified honey and natural honey. This study revealed that fortified honey mostly honey fortified with
lemon has increased antibacterial activity due to the presence of fortifying agents than the unfortified honey.
The antibacterial activity of fortified honey may depend on the quantity of the fortifying agents present in the
honey samples as honey fortified with ginger produced a contrary result; this means that the fortifying agents
may not necessarily be applied in honey to add to its antibacterial potency rather used as a flavoring agent.
KEYWORDS: Antibacterial activity, Clinical bacterial isolates, Fortified and unfortified honey, Fortifying
agents, Zones of inhibition.
I. INTRODUCTION
Honey produced by Apis mellifera is one of the oldest traditional medicines considered to be important
in the treatment of several human ailments [1]; as herbal medicine has been widely employed in the treatment of
diseases since the origin of mankind. Honey is the sweet substance; produced when the nectar and deposit from
plant are gathered, modified and stored in the honey comb by honey bees [2]. According to [3], honey has been
extensively used as healing agent throughout the human history in addition to its widespread usage as popular
food. Different cultures have extensively used honey as a medicine for many health issues and disorders.
Honey is an excellent source of flavonoids, a natural antioxidant which have the ability to protect
against allergens, viruses and carcinogens [4]. Also as related by [5], honey includes hydrogen-peroxide,
flavonoids and phenolic acids plus many other unidentified properties. Also the chemical composition of honey
is said to comprise of seven tetracycline, fatty acids, lipids, amylase, ascorbic acid, peroxidase and fructose all
of which are attributed to its antimicrobial activity together with high osmolarity, low pH (3.6-3.7), content of
phenol (inhibine), peroxidase, glucose and fructose in honey and the presence of tetracycline derivatives of fatty
acids [6]. The antibacterial activity of honey is highly complex due to the involvement of multiple compounds
and due to the large variation in the concentrations of these compounds among honeys [7]. Acidity is also said
to be one of the factors that contributes to the antibacterial property of honey [8].
In some bee products, the antibacterial activity of honey is attributed to the presence of “inhibin”,
which acts as an antibacterial factor other than hydrogen peroxide [9], more recently, methylglyoxal and the
antimicrobial peptide bee defensin-1 were identified as important antibacterial compounds in honey [7].
Honey has been used as a medicine throughout the human history [10]. Also antibacterial properties of
honey were recognized more than a century ago and have subsequently been extensively studied [11]. In modern
medicine, particularly in the last three decades, interest in the application of honey for the treatment of
infections has increased. Recently, the use of honey as a therapeutic agent has been re-discovered especially in
the field of medicine thus gaining acceptance as an antibacterial agent. Many studies demonstrated the use of
honey when antibiotic treatments had failed to clear the infection [10]. The control of infection by honey is said
to be attributed to the high osmolarity while its hydrogen peroxide contents, lysozyme and other unidentified
substances from certain flora sources are responsible for its antibacterial properties [12].
2. Antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on some clinical bacterial isolates
51
Recent advancement in industrial production and processing of honey especially in food and drug
industries introduced fortification of honey with different fortifying agents known to possess certain individual
medicinal value. These fortified honeys usually are enriched with fortifying ingredients such as ginger and
lemon thus serves its purpose and may have an additive antimicrobial effects. The fortifying agents in honey
(ginger and lemon) may act in synergy with honey and thus enhance the property of honey’s antibacterial effect.
The need to identify a common and cheap herbal remedy for the prevention and treatment of sore-
throat, mouth sore and dental caries, especially in a developing nation, prompted the investigation of the
therapeutic potentials of ginger and honey [13].
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberacae) is a medicinal plant that has been widely used in herbal
medicines all over the world, the plant is reported to have antibacterial, anti-oxidant, antiprotozoa, anti-fungal,
anti-emetic, anti-rhinoviral, antiinflammatory, anti-insecticidal activity [14]. The antimicrobial activity of ginger
has been described and studied [15]. Lemon (Citrus fruit), an acidic fruits is another important fortifying
ingredient which contain fabulous source of vitamin and a wide range of essential nutrients required by the
body.
Honey can be fortified to add to the flavor of the honey (as a flavoring agent) and to add to the
antibacterial activity of the honey. Herbal preparation of honey and ginger are used as an essential ingredient in
the preparation of most herbal concoctions [13].
The antibacterial effect of honey varies due to their composition, thus varieties of honey may have
different degrees of antibacterial potency. The antibacterial/antimicrobial effects of honey are clearly obvious as
proved by several scientific works. However there exist limited literatures demonstrating the antibacterial
effects of fortified honey regardless of the fortifying agents.
The aims of this study were to investigate the antibacterial activity of fortified honey on clinical
bacterial isolates hence compare its potency with unfortified and natural honey samples.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Source of Honey
Varieties of honey used for this study include: fortified (honey fortified with lemon and honey fortified
with ginger), unfortified and natural honey samples. Both fortified and unfortified honey were EL-LYON’s
honey, produced and packaged by EL-LYON Honey Granulation Technology, Technology Incubation Centre
(TIC) 49, Barde way, Jalingo, Taraba State, Nigeria. The EL-LYON honey samples were purchased from a
retail outlet in Gombe metropolis while natural honey was obtained from a local honey store in Gombe
Metropolis. Various honey samples collected in their container were preserved at 4 0
C in the refrigerator to
protect the honey from oxidation and temperature degradation.
2.2 Clinical bacterial isolates
The clinical bacterial isolates used (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) in this work were obtained
from the Medical Microbiology Laboratory of Specialist Hospital, Gombe State. These clinical bacteria isolates
were subjected to the following:
2.2.1 Sub-culturing and purification of test organisms
Stock cultures of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi used for this study were sub-cultured on
nutrient agar by picking a single colony and streaking on nutrient agar plate hence incubated at 37 0
C for 24
hours. Colonies of fresh cultures of the different test organisms (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi) from the
overnight sub-cultured plates were picked with sterile inoculating loop and pure cultures of the test organisms
were obtained by streak plating method. Distinct colony were picked from the pure culture plates and sub-
cultured on agar slants to obtain stock of the pure culture for each of these test organisms.
2.2.2 Identification and Confirmation of clinical bacteria isolates
The tests organisms including Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi were identified and confirmed
using standard microbiological procedures such as gram staining and microscopy, and confirmatory biochemical
test. The biochemical tests carried out to identify and confirm these clinical bacterial isolates include catalase
test, coagulase test, urease test, indole test, oxidase, methyl red, H2S test, Simmon citrate, motility test and
Kligler iron agar test as described by Cheesebrough, (2006).
2.2.3 Standardization of Inocula
Fresh cultures for this study were prepared by transferring a loop full of colony from the pure culture
plates of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi into different test tubes containing nutrient broth then incubated
for 24 hours (overnight) at 37 0
C.
3. Antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on some clinical bacterial isolates
52
9 mL of distilled water was dispensed in empty test tubes and 1 mL from the overnight cultures was
dispensed into test tube containing 9 mL distilled water, further direct dilution was done for the three bacterial
isolates until the turbidity matches 0.5 McFarland’s standards.
2.3 Preparation of Stock and Standard Solutions of Honey
For all the four (4) honey samples, the undiluted form of the honey was used as stock concentration
(assumed 100 % (v/v)). Various standard solution concentrations such as 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % (v/v) were
prepared from the stock by diluting with required quantities of distilled water. The negative controls [0 % (v/v)]
were set up with equivalent quantities of distilled water.
2.4 Antibacterial Susceptibility/Sensitivity Test
Antibacterial susceptibility test was carried out using the agar ditch method as described by [16] to
investigate the antibacterial activity of the various honey samples (honey fortified with ginger, honey fortified
with lemon, unfortified honey, and natural honey) on the two clinical bacterial isolates Escherichia coli and
Salmonella typhi.
Different honey concentrations used for antibacterial susceptibility test were 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 %
(v/v). 1 mL of each standard inocula was pour plated into sterile, empty petri plates together with 15-20 mL of
molten nutrient agar media. The plates were allowed to set after which six equidistant wells of 5 mm in diameter
were drilled using a sterile cork borer at different sites on the plates. 20 µL of different concentrations (20, 40,
60, 80, 100 % (v/v)) of the honey samples were separately and carefully placed in the different wells using
sterile syringe. The plates were allowed to stay for 15 minutes for proper diffusion of honey then incubated for
18 to 24 hours at 37 0
C.Various zones of inhibitions were observed, measured (in diameter) and recorded.
2.5 Data analysis
The experiment was carried out in duplicates, the diameter zones of inhibition were measure in millimeter (mm)
and data generated were used to calculate average diameter zones of inhibitions hence results presented in tables and suitable
line graph designated as figures.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Various honey samples (honey fortified with ginger, honey fortified with lemon, unfortified honey and natural
honey) collected were tested for their antibacterial activity using the two clinical bacterial isolates (Escherichia coli and
Salmonella typhi).
TABLE I Antibacterial susceptibility of the two clinical bacterial isolates on various honey samples
Table I represents the results of the antibacterial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi
on various honey samples tested using agar ditch method. From table I, the highest and the lowest zones of
inhibition produced by the different honey samples tested on Salmonella typhi were 31 mm at 100 % (v/v)
concentration for honey fortified with lemon and 13 mm at 20 % (v/v) concentration for natural honey. Also the
highest and lowest zones of inhibition produced by various honey samples tested against Escherichia coli were
32.5 mm for 100 % (v/v) concentration for natural honey and 10 mm at 20 % (v/v) concentration of honey
fortified with ginger.
4. Antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on some clinical bacterial isolates
53
The figures below describe the antibacterial activities of the different honey samples tested separately on
Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi.
Antibacterial Susceptibility Curve
From this study (table I), all the honey samples (honey fortified with ginger, honey fortified with
lemon, unfortified honey and natural honey) showed reasonable antibacterial activities on Escherichia coli and
salmonella typhi. According to [17] and [18], there are three explanations for the antibacterial property of
honey, which includes osmotic effect, acidity and hydrogen peroxide. The control of infection by honey is said
to be attributed to the high osmolarity while its hydrogen peroxide contents, lysozyme and other unidentified
substances from certain flora sources are responsible for its antibacterial properties [12]. Also [19] related that
antibacterial activities of honey can be due to the presence of inhibines including flavonoids, phenolic acids and
some unidentified components in honey.
5. Antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on some clinical bacterial isolates
54
Research conducted by [20], indicated that diluted honey can activate glucose oxidase and then produce hydrogen
peroxide which contributes to the antibacterial property of honey. In addition, honey is an excellent source of flavonoids, a
natural antioxidant which have the ability to protect against allergens, viruses and carcinogens [4]. These studies (12, 17, 18,
and 19) indicated that the antibacterial activity of honey can be attributed to its antibacterial properties or components. It is
therefore worthy to state that these active components of honey are importantly responsible for the antimicrobial effects
observed in all the honey samples used in this work.
In fig. 1-2, the highest zones of inhibition were observed at 100 % (v/v) concentrations of the various honey
samples whereas the lowest were observed at 20 % (v/v) concentrations of the different honey samples tested on Escherichia
coli and salmonella typhi. Also, it is evident that the zones of inhibition produced by the various honey samples is
proportional to the concentration of honey sample used, this implies the inhibitions produced increases as the concentration
of these honey samples increases. This phenomenon is expected as this is same with the study carried out by [21].
In comparing the antibacterial activities of fortified and unfortified honey tested on the two clinical bacterial
isolates; fig. 1 described the antibacterial susceptibility of Salmonella typhi to different honey sample, honey fortified with
lemon shows higher antibacterial activity with the zones of inhibition of 25, 28, 29.5, 30 and 31 mm at the concentrations of
20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % (v/v) respectively, than unfortified honey with 18, 20.5, 22.5, 24.5, and 25.5 mm as zones of
inhibition at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 % (v/v) concentration, this correlates with the findings of [22], also higher than honey
fortified with ginger and natural honey.
Also fig. 2 shows the antibacterial activities of the various honey samples tested on Escherichia coli, here, the
antibacterial activity of honey fortified with lemon was still higher than unfortified honey with the zones of inhibition of
22.5, 24.5, 26, 27 mm at 20, 40, 60, 80 % (v/v) concentrations respectively except for 100 % (v/v) but same with the natural
honey. Reference [23] recently reported the presence of limonoids in lemon, which can be considered responsible for activity
against many clinically, isolated bacterial strains. As clearly shown in figure 1, the higher antibacterial activity of honey
fortified with lemon may be attributed to the antibacterial components of lemon combined with that of honey. The work of
[22] studied the susceptibility of bacteria to honey and lemon and concluded that the combine effect of honey and lemon is
higher than the individual effect. Lemon possesses significant antibacterial properties and investigations showed that lemon
was active against bacteria [23]. Lemon has been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity against Vibrio cholera [25].
There was inconsistency in the antibacterial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi on various
honey samples as seen in figures 1 and 2; As Reference [9] stated that the inhibitory activity caused by the osmotic effect of
honey dilutions obviously depends on the species of bacteria. Although, [26] reported that the antibacterial activity of honey
does not depend completely on its high osmolarity but on the release of the hydrogen peroxide.
Based on the findings of this study, it can be noted that honey fortified with lemon shows higher antibacterial
activity on Salmonella typhi and E. coli than unfortified honey, but honey fortified with ginger showed indifference.
Unfortunately, the concentration of the fortifying agents used in enriching these honey samples was not indicated on the
containers by the manufacturer. The natural honey also shows higher antibacterial activity, this may be due to the higher
antibacterial components of the natural honey sample [27].
It is imperative to note that fortified honey samples (honey fortified with lemon and honey fortified with ginger)
showed relatively dissimilar antibacterial activity on the two clinical bacterial isolates when compared; this implies that the
concentration of various fortifying agent in the honey differs, hence not stated or unknown. Therefore, these fortifying agents
might have been used in the honey as flavoring agents.
3.1 CONCLUSION
Several studies have demonstrated the antibacterial potency of honey samples. In this study, the antibacterial
activity of fortified honey was tested on clinical bacterial isolates then compared with unfortified and natural honey.
From this study, it can be inferred that fortified honey has increased antibacterial activity than the unfortified
honey due to the presence of fortifying ingredients especially in the case of honey fortified with lemon. It is of the essence to
further state that the antibacterial property of fortified honey may be dependent on the quantity of the fortifying agents
present in the honey, as honey fortified with ginger produced indifference result.
Also the concentration of fortifying or enriching agents present in the fortified honey sample is unstated; this is
because that the fortifying agents may not necessarily be applied to add to the antibacterial potency of honey rather used as a
flavoring agent.
3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
In fortifying honey, the concentration/quantity of the fortifying agents should be increased to add to its
antibacterial potency, not only serve as flavoring agents.
Also the quantity of the fortifying agents should be clearly indicated to enable evaluation of the extent
of increase in the antibacterial potency of the honey.
Other fortifying agents such as garlic, Moringa oleifera should also be introduced to increase the
antibacterial potency of honey samples.
Research should be conducted to compare the antibacterial activities of fortified honey with
commercial antibiotics sensitivity disc; its findings might be important to the field of medicine.
Research should be extended to other microorganisms of medical importance other than bacteria to
ascertain the extent of antimicrobial intensity of the honey samples.
6. Antibacterial potency of fortified and unfortified honey on some clinical bacterial isolates
55
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We must acknowledge the current Vice-Chancellor Prof. Ibrahim Musa Umar, and Prof. Abdullahi
Mahdi who diligently served as the past Vice-Chancellor for ensuring conducive research environment and
equipped Microbiology laboratory in Gombe State University. Our appreciation goes to all laboratory staff of
the Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry for their unrelenting support, and lastly, commends Hafsat
Lawal for providing useful research journals.
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