This document provides an overview of two construction sites for a project on building construction. It details the topics that will be covered related to each site, including their location, project details, and construction methods. For site one in Bandar Sunway, the document will cover conventional superstructure, masonry walls, and staircases. For site two in Bandar Puncak Alam, the focus will be on pre-cast walls, prefabricated components, and temporary works. The document then outlines the sections that will be included such as site and safety precautions, plants and machinery, preliminary works including setting out, and foundations.
This document provides information about constructing a diaphragm wall for basement excavation using the diaphragm wall method. It discusses what a diaphragm wall is, its applications, and the steps involved in constructing one including excavating a pre-trench, installing guide walls and reinforcement cages, concreting using tremie tubes, and joining wall panels with water stops. It also addresses selecting suitable temporary excavation support systems, advantages of diaphragm walls, excavator machines used, and providing additional wall support with ground anchors.
The document provides information on the site and safety plans, as well as external work, foundation, superstructure, doors and windows, and roofing for a construction project. It lists the group members and their assigned sections. It also includes site plans, layout plans, and architectural drawings of the proposed development.
The document provides information on a development project called Golden Hills located in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. It includes a project introduction, table of contents, and sections on site and safety, external works, foundation, super structure, doors and windows, roof, and references. The development consists of residential and commercial properties including Barrington Homes, Barrington Square, and SomerSquare units.
The document discusses the preliminaries work for a construction project, including earthwork activities like topsoil excavation and earth excavation using the cut and fill method to achieve the desired site topography. It also covers the important process of setting out, which involves transferring measurements and positions from design drawings onto the construction site by marking lines and pegs to accurately locate foundations and trenches. Proper preliminaries work is crucial for smoothly executing subsequent construction stages.
The document is a site visit report for a construction site building 96 terrace houses and related infrastructure. It includes an introduction to the site visit, objectives of the visit, observations of the site and construction processes, and photos from the visit. Specifically, it describes the pad footing foundation system being used, including excavating the ground, laying a lean concrete base, forming and reinforcing the pad, and pouring the concrete. The report concludes the visit provided valuable first-hand learning about construction site safety, materials, techniques and the pad footing construction process.
The document discusses various aspects of a construction project, including:
1. An introduction to the group members assigned to different sections of the project.
2. Details about the site location, developer, architect, contractor, and timeline of the project.
3. Explanations and photos of the external works including signage, site boundary, shelters, earthworks, drainage, sloping, and landscaping.
4. Descriptions of the different foundation types used - pile foundation, raft foundation, and stepped raft foundation. The construction processes for each foundation type are explained based on site visits.
5. A brief introduction to the superstructure section.
A report on the procedures and construction process of buildings based on real life site visits at Taman Bukit Segar, Cheras and Glenmarie Cove, Klang.
By students of Bsc(Hons) Architecture of Taylor's University.
1. The document discusses various aspects of constructing substructures or foundations, including site clearance, job layout, excavation methods, timbering and strutting, and different types of foundations.
2. Shallow foundations discussed include stepped foundations, wall footings, reinforced concrete footings, isolated and combined column footings, and raft foundations.
3. Deep foundations include different types of piles as well as well foundations and cofferdams. Piles are further classified based on their function as bearing, friction, sheet, anchor, batter, and fender piles.
This document provides information about constructing a diaphragm wall for basement excavation using the diaphragm wall method. It discusses what a diaphragm wall is, its applications, and the steps involved in constructing one including excavating a pre-trench, installing guide walls and reinforcement cages, concreting using tremie tubes, and joining wall panels with water stops. It also addresses selecting suitable temporary excavation support systems, advantages of diaphragm walls, excavator machines used, and providing additional wall support with ground anchors.
The document provides information on the site and safety plans, as well as external work, foundation, superstructure, doors and windows, and roofing for a construction project. It lists the group members and their assigned sections. It also includes site plans, layout plans, and architectural drawings of the proposed development.
The document provides information on a development project called Golden Hills located in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. It includes a project introduction, table of contents, and sections on site and safety, external works, foundation, super structure, doors and windows, roof, and references. The development consists of residential and commercial properties including Barrington Homes, Barrington Square, and SomerSquare units.
The document discusses the preliminaries work for a construction project, including earthwork activities like topsoil excavation and earth excavation using the cut and fill method to achieve the desired site topography. It also covers the important process of setting out, which involves transferring measurements and positions from design drawings onto the construction site by marking lines and pegs to accurately locate foundations and trenches. Proper preliminaries work is crucial for smoothly executing subsequent construction stages.
The document is a site visit report for a construction site building 96 terrace houses and related infrastructure. It includes an introduction to the site visit, objectives of the visit, observations of the site and construction processes, and photos from the visit. Specifically, it describes the pad footing foundation system being used, including excavating the ground, laying a lean concrete base, forming and reinforcing the pad, and pouring the concrete. The report concludes the visit provided valuable first-hand learning about construction site safety, materials, techniques and the pad footing construction process.
The document discusses various aspects of a construction project, including:
1. An introduction to the group members assigned to different sections of the project.
2. Details about the site location, developer, architect, contractor, and timeline of the project.
3. Explanations and photos of the external works including signage, site boundary, shelters, earthworks, drainage, sloping, and landscaping.
4. Descriptions of the different foundation types used - pile foundation, raft foundation, and stepped raft foundation. The construction processes for each foundation type are explained based on site visits.
5. A brief introduction to the superstructure section.
A report on the procedures and construction process of buildings based on real life site visits at Taman Bukit Segar, Cheras and Glenmarie Cove, Klang.
By students of Bsc(Hons) Architecture of Taylor's University.
1. The document discusses various aspects of constructing substructures or foundations, including site clearance, job layout, excavation methods, timbering and strutting, and different types of foundations.
2. Shallow foundations discussed include stepped foundations, wall footings, reinforced concrete footings, isolated and combined column footings, and raft foundations.
3. Deep foundations include different types of piles as well as well foundations and cofferdams. Piles are further classified based on their function as bearing, friction, sheet, anchor, batter, and fender piles.
This document discusses excavation work levels and methods of measurement according to clauses in SMM2. It outlines the objectives of learning various excavation levels, relating excavation works to SMM2 clauses, and learning measurement methods per clause D.10. Platform and completed levels are shown in diagrams. The importance of a footing schedule table that provides dimensions like length, width, height and excavation depth for different footing types is explained. Steps for starting excavation work by studying drawings and determining dimensions from drawings are described. Examples of describing excavation work according to clauses D.10 and D.12 for oversite excavation to reduce level and excavation pits for footings are provided.
This document provides information on formwork used in concrete construction. It defines formwork and lists its common materials as steel and wood. It describes the major objectives in formwork as quality, safety, and economy. It discusses the various types of formwork including temporary and permanent structures. It also provides details on formwork for different structural elements like walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, and chimneys. Finally, it covers topics like requirements, loads, design, and maintenance of formwork.
The document provides a method statement for excavation work for the construction of buildings and facilities at the Cai Mep International Container Terminal project. It outlines the scope of excavation work required for 10 buildings, references relevant technical specifications and drawings, and describes procedures for excavation, dewatering, quality control, and safety measures to be implemented. Excavation will be done according to a set sequence, using equipment like backhoes, dump trucks, and water pumps, to reach the designed levels and allow for subsequent foundation and concrete works.
The document discusses foundations, which are the part of a structure below ground level that transmits the load of the superstructure to the soil. It also discusses concrete mixes like M25 grade concrete, which has a specified 28-day compressive strength of 25 N/mm2. Finally, it provides specifications for excavation of foundations, removal of water from foundations, damp proof course installation, and precautions for designing foundations.
Formwork is a temporary structure used to contain freshly poured concrete and shape it to the required dimensions. Proper formwork design and construction is critical to ensure concrete quality and structural performance. Common causes of formwork failure include improper stripping, inadequate bracing, excessive vibration, unstable supports, and poor concrete placement control. To prevent failures, formwork should be carefully inspected for defects, properly braced and supported, and able to withstand anticipated loads without excessive deformation. Worker safety must also be a top priority during all formwork operations.
The document provides information on site safety for a construction project, including:
- Introduction of first aid kits and preliminary safety measures like sanitation facilities.
- Explanations of common signboards used on construction sites to provide safety information and prohibitions.
- Descriptions of scaffolding components and safety nets used to prevent falls from heights.
- Details of personal protective equipment like hard hats, gloves, and ladders that construction workers must use.
- Plastering is the process covering rough surfaces and uneven surfaces with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean, durable surface.
Diaphragm walls are underground retaining walls constructed using trench excavation supported by bentonite slurry. The process involves constructing guide walls, excavating a trench, installing reinforcement cages, and concreting. Diaphragm walls provide lateral support during deep excavations, serve as basement walls, and provide a water cutoff. They are suitable for use in congested areas and unstable soil below the water table.
The document summarizes the construction process observed at a construction site visited by the authors. It describes the site location and type of buildings being constructed. Safety measures at the site include signage and required protective equipment. Various plants and machinery used at different stages are discussed, including excavators, backhoes, cranes and concrete mixers. Foundations works involving piling and excavations are mentioned.
This document provides details on the construction of a mat foundation. It describes the key steps including shoring, soil excavation, reinforcement placement, concrete casting, and curing. Advantages of mat foundations include reducing differential settlement and providing a stable base for poor soil conditions or where a basement is needed. Disadvantages include higher costs than other foundation types and potential issues with heat and water. The document appears to be a student presentation summarizing their site visit observations of mat foundation construction procedures.
This document provides an overview of a multi-story residential building project constructed by the Rajasthan Housing Board. It discusses the project details, company overview, construction materials used including cement, aggregates, reinforcement, foundation preparation, equipment, brick masonry bonds, plastering, and building bylaws. The presentation covers the construction process and materials in detail to familiarize the trainee with multi-story building construction.
This Presentation is done by students of Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology for CE 200 (Details of Construction) course. MAT foundation is a type of shallow foundation which is frequently constructed nowadays for specially basement pupose. Here, how mat foundation is constructed is described shortly.
This slide is copyright protected by MD. Ashif Rayhan Shuvo, Civil Department, AUST, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
If you want to present or use these slides for any purpose, please contact to MD. Ashif Rayhan Shuvo.
Thank you for watching & your precious time.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
Mat foundation is also known as the raft foundation. It is a continuous thick concrete slab on the soil that extends the entire footprint of the building and increases the soil bearing capacity power. This foundation supports the entire building loads and safely transfer it to the ground
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
This document provides an outline and content for a module on functional planning of buildings. It begins with definitions of functional planning and structures. It then covers occupancy classification of buildings according to the National Building Code of India. Design considerations like plot sizes, ground coverage, open spaces, and parking requirements are discussed for different building types. Dimensional requirements for rooms and human anthropometrics are also presented. The document aims to educate on essential principles and regulations for functional building design in India.
A reinforced concrete mat foundation is a common type of foundation system used in many buildings. They are a specific type of shallow foundation that uses bearing capacity of the soil at or near the building base to transmit the loads to the soil. Compared to an ordinary slab on grade, a reinforced concrete mat is much thicker and is subjected to more substantial loads from the building.
Plastering Process (Cement/Masonry/Finishing Layer)Zelkhan
Plastering process which involve plastering on brick walls. This paper explains the mono plastering process which involve only 1 layer of plaster, rather than the usual 3 layer of plaster.
If you find these presentation to be beneficial, I would like to welcome you to donate, and support my work in Cement & Concrete Industry. Donation can be made using the following currency/medium:
Bitcoin Address: 36rb4YnbDZsXcCu7i1aXRVvy31j3GoM9YY
EgoPay: elkhana2u@gmail.com
Perfect Money: U6071834 (USD)
Thanks.
The document outlines a 29-week construction schedule for a building project. It details the various construction activities that will take place each week, including earthworks, piling, formwork, concrete works, services installation, and brickwork. Key activities involve site clearing, excavation, piling, pile caps and foundations, ground beams and slabs on the ground floor, first floor and second floor, with columns and staircases also constructed. The schedule provides information on duration, materials, equipment, workers and technical details for each construction activity across the 29 weeks.
This document provides an overview of deep excavation techniques. It discusses earth retaining walls used to restrain soil during deep excavations. Common types of retaining walls include braced walls, sheet pile walls, pile walls, diaphragm walls, and reinforced concrete walls. Supporting elements like ground anchors and struts are also discussed. Specific techniques covered include contiguous piles, secant piles, sheet piles, and the vertical soldiers and horizontal lagging method.
The document discusses the construction of a residential development project. It includes sections on the site introduction, site and safety planning, external works including boundary surveying and earthworks, foundation design and construction, and building of the superstructure including beams, columns, slabs, and walls. Temporary site facilities and accommodation for workers are also outlined.
This document appears to be a report on a site visit to Hermosa Villa @ Eco Sanctuary located near Kota Kemuning, Shah Alam, Malaysia. It discusses several sections of the site visit including:
1. An introduction to the site location and master plan.
2. The site safety measures in place including signage, scaffolding, safety nets, helmets, work attire, gloves, and boots.
3. An overview of the site layout, site clearing process including vegetation removal and topsoil excavation, the setting out process to mark boundaries and positions, and earthwork including topsoil and trench excavations.
4. An overview of the plants and machinery used
This document discusses excavation work levels and methods of measurement according to clauses in SMM2. It outlines the objectives of learning various excavation levels, relating excavation works to SMM2 clauses, and learning measurement methods per clause D.10. Platform and completed levels are shown in diagrams. The importance of a footing schedule table that provides dimensions like length, width, height and excavation depth for different footing types is explained. Steps for starting excavation work by studying drawings and determining dimensions from drawings are described. Examples of describing excavation work according to clauses D.10 and D.12 for oversite excavation to reduce level and excavation pits for footings are provided.
This document provides information on formwork used in concrete construction. It defines formwork and lists its common materials as steel and wood. It describes the major objectives in formwork as quality, safety, and economy. It discusses the various types of formwork including temporary and permanent structures. It also provides details on formwork for different structural elements like walls, columns, slabs, beams, stairs, and chimneys. Finally, it covers topics like requirements, loads, design, and maintenance of formwork.
The document provides a method statement for excavation work for the construction of buildings and facilities at the Cai Mep International Container Terminal project. It outlines the scope of excavation work required for 10 buildings, references relevant technical specifications and drawings, and describes procedures for excavation, dewatering, quality control, and safety measures to be implemented. Excavation will be done according to a set sequence, using equipment like backhoes, dump trucks, and water pumps, to reach the designed levels and allow for subsequent foundation and concrete works.
The document discusses foundations, which are the part of a structure below ground level that transmits the load of the superstructure to the soil. It also discusses concrete mixes like M25 grade concrete, which has a specified 28-day compressive strength of 25 N/mm2. Finally, it provides specifications for excavation of foundations, removal of water from foundations, damp proof course installation, and precautions for designing foundations.
Formwork is a temporary structure used to contain freshly poured concrete and shape it to the required dimensions. Proper formwork design and construction is critical to ensure concrete quality and structural performance. Common causes of formwork failure include improper stripping, inadequate bracing, excessive vibration, unstable supports, and poor concrete placement control. To prevent failures, formwork should be carefully inspected for defects, properly braced and supported, and able to withstand anticipated loads without excessive deformation. Worker safety must also be a top priority during all formwork operations.
The document provides information on site safety for a construction project, including:
- Introduction of first aid kits and preliminary safety measures like sanitation facilities.
- Explanations of common signboards used on construction sites to provide safety information and prohibitions.
- Descriptions of scaffolding components and safety nets used to prevent falls from heights.
- Details of personal protective equipment like hard hats, gloves, and ladders that construction workers must use.
- Plastering is the process covering rough surfaces and uneven surfaces with a plastic material, called plaster or mortar to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean, durable surface.
Diaphragm walls are underground retaining walls constructed using trench excavation supported by bentonite slurry. The process involves constructing guide walls, excavating a trench, installing reinforcement cages, and concreting. Diaphragm walls provide lateral support during deep excavations, serve as basement walls, and provide a water cutoff. They are suitable for use in congested areas and unstable soil below the water table.
The document summarizes the construction process observed at a construction site visited by the authors. It describes the site location and type of buildings being constructed. Safety measures at the site include signage and required protective equipment. Various plants and machinery used at different stages are discussed, including excavators, backhoes, cranes and concrete mixers. Foundations works involving piling and excavations are mentioned.
This document provides details on the construction of a mat foundation. It describes the key steps including shoring, soil excavation, reinforcement placement, concrete casting, and curing. Advantages of mat foundations include reducing differential settlement and providing a stable base for poor soil conditions or where a basement is needed. Disadvantages include higher costs than other foundation types and potential issues with heat and water. The document appears to be a student presentation summarizing their site visit observations of mat foundation construction procedures.
This document provides an overview of a multi-story residential building project constructed by the Rajasthan Housing Board. It discusses the project details, company overview, construction materials used including cement, aggregates, reinforcement, foundation preparation, equipment, brick masonry bonds, plastering, and building bylaws. The presentation covers the construction process and materials in detail to familiarize the trainee with multi-story building construction.
This Presentation is done by students of Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology for CE 200 (Details of Construction) course. MAT foundation is a type of shallow foundation which is frequently constructed nowadays for specially basement pupose. Here, how mat foundation is constructed is described shortly.
This slide is copyright protected by MD. Ashif Rayhan Shuvo, Civil Department, AUST, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
If you want to present or use these slides for any purpose, please contact to MD. Ashif Rayhan Shuvo.
Thank you for watching & your precious time.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
Mat foundation is also known as the raft foundation. It is a continuous thick concrete slab on the soil that extends the entire footprint of the building and increases the soil bearing capacity power. This foundation supports the entire building loads and safely transfer it to the ground
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
This document provides an outline and content for a module on functional planning of buildings. It begins with definitions of functional planning and structures. It then covers occupancy classification of buildings according to the National Building Code of India. Design considerations like plot sizes, ground coverage, open spaces, and parking requirements are discussed for different building types. Dimensional requirements for rooms and human anthropometrics are also presented. The document aims to educate on essential principles and regulations for functional building design in India.
A reinforced concrete mat foundation is a common type of foundation system used in many buildings. They are a specific type of shallow foundation that uses bearing capacity of the soil at or near the building base to transmit the loads to the soil. Compared to an ordinary slab on grade, a reinforced concrete mat is much thicker and is subjected to more substantial loads from the building.
Plastering Process (Cement/Masonry/Finishing Layer)Zelkhan
Plastering process which involve plastering on brick walls. This paper explains the mono plastering process which involve only 1 layer of plaster, rather than the usual 3 layer of plaster.
If you find these presentation to be beneficial, I would like to welcome you to donate, and support my work in Cement & Concrete Industry. Donation can be made using the following currency/medium:
Bitcoin Address: 36rb4YnbDZsXcCu7i1aXRVvy31j3GoM9YY
EgoPay: elkhana2u@gmail.com
Perfect Money: U6071834 (USD)
Thanks.
The document outlines a 29-week construction schedule for a building project. It details the various construction activities that will take place each week, including earthworks, piling, formwork, concrete works, services installation, and brickwork. Key activities involve site clearing, excavation, piling, pile caps and foundations, ground beams and slabs on the ground floor, first floor and second floor, with columns and staircases also constructed. The schedule provides information on duration, materials, equipment, workers and technical details for each construction activity across the 29 weeks.
This document provides an overview of deep excavation techniques. It discusses earth retaining walls used to restrain soil during deep excavations. Common types of retaining walls include braced walls, sheet pile walls, pile walls, diaphragm walls, and reinforced concrete walls. Supporting elements like ground anchors and struts are also discussed. Specific techniques covered include contiguous piles, secant piles, sheet piles, and the vertical soldiers and horizontal lagging method.
The document discusses the construction of a residential development project. It includes sections on the site introduction, site and safety planning, external works including boundary surveying and earthworks, foundation design and construction, and building of the superstructure including beams, columns, slabs, and walls. Temporary site facilities and accommodation for workers are also outlined.
This document appears to be a report on a site visit to Hermosa Villa @ Eco Sanctuary located near Kota Kemuning, Shah Alam, Malaysia. It discusses several sections of the site visit including:
1. An introduction to the site location and master plan.
2. The site safety measures in place including signage, scaffolding, safety nets, helmets, work attire, gloves, and boots.
3. An overview of the site layout, site clearing process including vegetation removal and topsoil excavation, the setting out process to mark boundaries and positions, and earthwork including topsoil and trench excavations.
4. An overview of the plants and machinery used
The document provides an overview of two construction sites visited by students - the BSP Village Commercial Centre and Kelab Ukay Residence. It describes the location, layout, and key features of each project. It also covers safety procedures and equipment used at construction sites, including signage, personal protective gear, scaffolding, safety nets, excavators, mobile cranes, backhoe-loaders, and concrete mixer trucks.
1. Site clearing involves removing vegetation from the construction site using machinery like excavators and bulldozers. Soil filling then levels the ground by cutting and filling soil.
2. Site layout includes temporary site facilities like offices, storage, and toilets. Retaining walls are built for sloped sites to prevent erosion. Fencing secures the boundary.
3. Setting out establishes horizontal and vertical control points to lay the foundations and guide subsequent construction stages according to the building plans.
The document provides details about the construction process of two building projects. It discusses the site introduction, site and safety plans, external works including survey, site clearance and earthworks. It also describes the foundation works and various stages of the superstructure such as slabs, beams, columns, walls, stairs, doors, windows and roofing. Plants, machinery and temporary facilities used on site are outlined. The document serves to document and analyze the construction process of the two projects.
The document discusses the construction process of a building project, outlining the various stages from site preparation such as boundary surveying and earthworks, to foundation works including pile foundations, and superstructure elements like slabs, beams, walls and roofing. Safety measures on site like signage and personal protective equipment are also covered. The project involves the construction of 68 units of three-storey terrace houses in Setia Alam, Selangor and a semi-detached factory building in Johor.
The document discusses the construction process of a building project, outlining the various stages from site preparation such as boundary surveying and earthworks, to foundation works including pile foundations, and superstructure elements like slabs, beams, walls and roofing. Safety measures on site like signage and personal protective equipment are also covered. The project involves the construction of 68 units of three-storey terrace houses in Setia Alam, Selangor and a semi-detached factory building in Johor.
Building Contruction 1 Project 1: Experience ConstructionYung Kai
The document discusses the construction process of a building project, outlining the various stages from site preparation such as surveying, earthworks and drainage, to the foundation works including pile foundations, and then the superstructure works like slabs, beams, walls and roofing. Safety measures on site like signage and personal protective equipment are also covered. The project involves the construction of 68 units of three-storey terrace houses in Setia Alam, Selangor and a semi-detached factory building in Johor.
The document provides details on the construction process for a residential building project, including:
1. It describes the site introduction, location, and types of houses to be built.
2. It outlines the site safety measures and signage required, as well as plants and machinery used.
3. It explains the different phases of external work from boundary surveying to earthworks.
4. It discusses foundation types and construction, including pile foundations.
5. It provides details on constructing the superstructure, from ground beams to slabs and walls.
The document provides details about the preliminary works for a construction project at Desiran Bayu in Puchong, Malaysia. It discusses site investigation, soil investigation, temporary facilities, earthworks, setting out, and site layout. The preliminary works involve assessing the site conditions, providing temporary infrastructure for workers, clearing the site, compacting soil, and accurately marking out the building layout.
This document provides details about the construction of an eco sanctuary building project. It introduces the group members working on the project and covers various sections of the construction process. These include site and safety considerations, preliminary works, foundation, superstructure elements like beams, columns, slabs and walls, as well as doors, windows and the roof. Foundation details like pad footings and the construction process are described. Beams, columns and slabs are constructed using formwork, reinforcement bars and concrete pouring. Safety measures on the construction site such as personal protective equipment and safety tags are also outlined. The document aims to provide a full report on the various construction elements and sequence of activities for the eco sanctuary building.
1. The document provides details about the construction process and safety procedures for a building construction project. It discusses site planning, preliminary works like setting up drainage and scaffolding, and safety hazards and solutions at various stages of construction.
2. The document also outlines the functions of various construction plants and machinery used including excavators, dump trucks, cranes, concrete pumps, and their uses in earthwork, material handling, concrete works etc.
3. Key preliminary works discussed include establishing the construction entrance, access roads, signboards, storage areas and site office. The external works section explains the drainage system and techniques for horizontal and vertical control setting out the construction layout.
Here are the key steps in the construction of columns:
1. Formwork is erected around the location where the column will be cast. Formwork provides the mould for the column and is usually made of plywood or metal.
2. Reinforcing steel (rebar) is assembled and tied together inside the formwork according to the structural drawings. The rebar helps reinforce the column and improves its load bearing capacity.
3. Concrete is poured into the formwork and around the reinforcing steel using buckets, pumps or skips. Concrete vibrators are used to consolidate the concrete and remove air pockets.
4. The formwork is stripped after the concrete has gained sufficient strength, usually after 7-14 days.
Here are the key steps in the construction of columns:
1. Formwork is erected around the location where the column will be cast. Formwork provides the mould for the column and is usually made of timber or steel.
2. Reinforcing steel (rebar) is assembled and tied together inside the formwork according to design specifications. The rebar helps reinforce the column and improves its load bearing capacity.
3. Concrete is poured into the formwork and around the reinforcing steel. Concrete vibrators are used to consolidate the concrete and remove air pockets.
4. The formwork is stripped after the concrete has cured, typically after 14-21 days. This reveals the finished column.
5.
The document discusses different types of foundations used for terrace or link houses in Malaysia. Pad footing is used when the ground has good bearing capacity. Raft footing is implemented when the ground is hard and soft intermittently or for buildings over two storeys to prevent uneven settlement. Pile foundation is utilized when the ground is soft or filled, as piling transfers load from the surface deep into firmer ground.
Here are the key steps in the construction of columns:
1. Formwork is erected around the location where the column will be cast. Formwork provides the mould for the column and is usually made of timber or steel.
2. Reinforcing steel (rebar) is assembled and tied together within the formwork according to the structural drawings. The rebar helps reinforce the column and improves its load bearing capacity.
3. Concrete is poured into the formwork and around the reinforcing steel. Concrete vibrators are used to consolidate the concrete and remove air pockets.
4. The formwork is stripped after the concrete has cured, revealing the finished column.
5. Columns may be pre-cast off
The document discusses the preliminary works of a construction site including site layout, safety features, machinery and equipment, site clearance, setting out, and earthworks and excavation that must be completed before main construction can begin in order to properly prepare the site. Safety is a top priority and features such as signage, barriers, and personal protective equipment help ensure safety of all personnel. The preliminary works lay the foundation for the subsequent construction phases including building foundations, structures, walls and more.
The document provides details on the construction process of a residential development project in Antara Gapi, Selangor, Malaysia. It describes the site introduction, various plants and machinery used, external works like site clearance and setting out, foundation works including shallow foundations and different construction procedures. Foundation works include excavation, formwork, placing reinforcement bars and pouring of concrete. Shallow foundations like spread footings are commonly used for walls and columns of small to medium structures.
The document provides details on the site analysis conducted by a group of eight members on two construction sites - a storey terrace house in Kesuma Lakes, Beranang and a lorry factory site in Semenyih. It includes sections on site details, safety issues observed at the sites, external works like fencing and drainage, and foundation construction. Photos were collected on various construction stages like foundation, columns and beams, walls, roofing, and window and door installations. Safety hazards in terms of falling objects, fire prevention, hygiene, electricity and improper protective equipment for workers were also highlighted.
Human: Thank you for the summary. Summarize the following document in 3 sentences or less:
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#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptxGauravCar
What is artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence is the ability of a computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks that are commonly associated with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason.
› ...
Artificial intelligence (AI) | Definitio
artificial intelligence and data science contents.pptx
Building Construction P1: Experiencing Construction full
1. EXPERIENCING
CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION I (BLD60303)
PROJECT 1:
MAZEN MAHMOUD RADI | 0326610
MOHAMMAD HARRIS AZIZ | 0323219
CHALAKA WIJENAYAKE | 0332067
LAISA MASOOD | 0326705
KESHAV SEERAZ | 0326598
IRFAN IBRAHIM | 0326496
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Site
2.0 Site & Safety
2.1 Construction Site Precautions
2.2 Work Attire
3.0 Plants & Machinery
4.0 Preliminary Works
4.1 Site Clearance
4.2 Eathwork
4.3 Site Layout
4.4 Temporary Works
4.5 Setting out
5.0 Foundation
5.1 Types of Foundation
5.2 Strip + Pile foundation
6.0 Superstructure
6.1 Slabs
6.2 Columns
6.3 Beams
7.0 Walls
7.1 Masonry
7.2 Pre-Cast Walls
8.0 Staircase
List of References
MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN IBRAHIM | 0326496
LAISA MASOOD | 0326705
CHALAKA WIJENAYAKE | 0332067
HARRIS AZIZ | 0323219
KESHAV SAI SEERAZ | 0326598
(precast) HARRIS AZIZ | 0323219
MAZEN MAHMOUD RADI | 0326610
5-6
7
8
11
12-13
15-17
14
18-19
26-33
34
35-37
39-44
45-48
49-51
52-53
21
22-24
1-4
3. 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SITE
SITE OVERVIEW
Located at jalan PJS 7/13 Bandar Sunway Opposite to
Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus.
We chose this project for their use of conventional (in-
situ) construction method and for the ease of access to
the site being next to our campus which grants us the
freedom of obtaining further advice or datum when
needed.
1. SUPERSTRUCTURE (CONVENTIONAL)
2. WALLS (MASONRY)
3. STAIRCASE
4. TEMPORARY WORKS
INTRODUCTION | 01
TOPICS COVERED:
SITE 1: PJS 7, BANDAR SUNWAY
4. 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SITE
SITE DETAILS
Location: Jalan PJS 7/13, Pjs 7 Bandar Sunway, 47100
Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Project Type: Apartment Units for sunway medical staff
No. of Units: 70
Height: 5 Storeys
Project Outline: 2 levels of parking in basement 1 & 2
- Block A: 30 units Block B: 30 units Block C - 10 units
Unit Size: 875 sq. ft
Land Owner: Sunway Medical Centre SDN BHD
Architect: CL+O Architects SDN BHD
INTRODUCTION | 02
LOCATION PLAN
SITE 1: PJS 7, BANDAR SUNWAY
SITE LAYOUT
PROPOSED DESIGN
5. 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SITE
SITE OVERVIEW
Located at hillpark city puncak alam, daerah kuala
selangor, this Project is a 2 storey terrace modern
housing compound.
We chose this site for their “Pre-Cast” Construction
Method which we needed to compare with Site 1
conventional method so as to have more types and
elements recorded to provide an Informative report that
covers a wide range of construction aspects.
PRELIMINARIES
FOUNDATION
SUPERSTRUCTURE (SLABS)
PRE-CAST WALLS
INTRODUCTION | 03
TOPICS COVERED:
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
6. 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SITE
SITE DETAILS
Location: hillpark city puncak alam, daerah kuala
selangor, selangor, Malaysia
Land Size: 78 Acres
Project Type: Housing Compound
Type of Property: 2 storey terrace houses
No. of Units: 257
Dwelling Size: (25'x75 ') Terrace House
Developer: Puncak Alam Resources SDN BHD
Architect: Arkitek Daya Seni SDN BHD
INTRODUCTION | 04
SAMPLE HOUSE
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
SITE LAYOUT
LOCATION
PLAN
-Modern Concept House
-Cantilevered 1st floor Slab
-Perimeter Fencing w/
CCTV
7. 2.1 SITE PRECAUTIONS
sign boards are usually placed at the front or at the entrance of a
construction site to inform the “public” with all the information of the
parties involved in the construction. Contains Architecture firm,
client, C&S engineers, M&E engineers, QS and Contractor
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 SITE AND SAFETY | 05
SIGNAGE
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
SIGN BOARD
Project Details
Developer
Architect
Structural Engineers
M&E Engineers
Contractor
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Safety precautions board is also placed at the entrances of the
construction site to inform the public to always abide by
construction precaution when visiting construction sites and also
remind the working crew with safety and working attire rules.
PRECAUTIONS NOTICE BOARD
8. 2.1 SITE PRECAUTIONS
Temporary Structure used to support work crew & material. It is designed to
be easily transported, dismantled & Stored. All scaffold require bracing to
help prevent them from collapsing. Also known as staging, is a temporary
structure used to support worker in construction.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 SITE AND SAFETY | 06
Scaffolding
SITE 1 AND SITE 2
SCAFFOLD SKELETON
SAFETY NET
A Safety skeleton used on site for the function of withholding and catch
working crew in case of unbalance or falling.
SAFETY NET CANVASSAFETY NET SECTIONSAFETY NET ASSEMBLY COMPOSITION
9. 2.2 WORK ATTIRE
Used on construction site to prevent major head damage in case of falling
and to protect head from objects droping. Also provide a 30mm suspension
between head and helmet to prevent object from hitting directly the head.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 SITE AND SAFETY | 07
1. HELMETS
SITE 1 AND SITE 2
SAFETY HELMETS
Wearing Boots is mandatory for every worker to prevent from injuries or
serious fracture within the foot. The boots should be heat and puncture
resistant to protect the feet from heat work surface and sharp objects.
BOOTS
USED
ON
SITE
2. GLOVES
In any construction work a good glove is needed to protect the hands from
harm way in the process of construction.
3. BOOTS
SAFETY GLOVES
USED IN MALAYSIA
10. 3.0 PLANTS & MACHINERY
Piling drivers are
machines used to
penetrate piles into
the ground to transfer
vertical and lateral
superstructure loads
through the soil.
-The ram is lifted to a
pre-set height and
allowed to free-fall
onto the piles.
They are used primarily to excavate below and above
ground level. They are suitable for trench and
foundation excavations and pits for basements and
also used for: General grading work, .Lifting and
Loading onto dump trucks
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PLANTS & MACHINERY | 08
EXCAVATORPILE DRIVER
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
Lead
Ram
Crane
Bucket
Boom
Cab
11. 3.0 PLANTS & MACHINERY
Is a four-wheel drive machine initially used for small
excavation works. They are fitted with a
loading/excavating front bucket and a rear backacter
bucket. Used for Minimal demolition, Light transportation,
Excavation, Landscaping, Breaking Asphalt
Dumpers are used for transportation of
materials on the construction site and can
also be used to carry earthwork
components such as excavated soil.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PLANTS & MACHINERY | 09
DUMP TRUCK
BACKHOE LOADER
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
Bucket
Bucket
arm
CabSteering
Cylinder
Support leg
Diesel
Engine
CabHopper
12. 3.0 PLANTS & MACHINERY
Steer loaders are four-wheel vehicles with the wheels
mechanically locked in simultaneously on each side. The
machine turns by dragging its fixed-orientation wheels
across the ground.
Truck used to mix the concrete components during
transport whilst the truck drum will keep spinning to
remain the cement it in its liquid state until delivery.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PLANTS & MACHINERY | 10
CONCRETE MIXER TRUCKSTEER LOADER
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
Hinged Chute
Fixed discharge
chute
Storage Tank
Diesel Powered
truck
Mixing Drum
Bucket Linkage and Frame
13. 4.1 SITE CLEARANCE
Site clearance is the removal of any obstruction on site to prepare the site for excavation and foundation establishment. It
involves the demolition and removal any existing structures, digging out vegetation and removing the topsoil.
Removal of Structures
A bulldozer is used for removal and
digging out of any vegetation or
structures from the site.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PRELIMINARY WORKS | 11
PROCESS OF SITE CLEARANCE
1ST STAGE 2ND STAGE 3RD STAGE
Removal of Cleared Substances
Removal of cleared vegetation and any
unusual substance are removed all
together.
Topsoil Removal
Removal of topsoil below ground Level
because it may contain organic matter
that may weaken or affect foundation and
substructure.
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
14. 4.2 EARTHWORK
Excess soil removed is loaded onto a
dump truck till a nearly platform level
is reached also known as cutting.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PRELIMINARY WORKS | 12
1.0 EXCAVATION
The dump truck transfers the
excess soil into a vacant spot
within the site.
Excess soil is then Stored in a
designated area then later used for
filling process.
Excavation of desired depth of soil, process also known as Levelling
which is to level the site ground to maintain platform level for
foundation to be inserted.
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
Excavated soil
15. 4.2 EARTHWORK
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PRELIMINARY WORKS | 13
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
2. CUT & FILL PROCESS
Bandar Puncak Alam site is located on a hill therefore, the ground is
predominantly sloped, and in order to maintain a platform level the soil
existing on a higher ground is cut (excavated) and filled into the plots on the
lower ground to maintain a standardised level.
The soil is compacted to reduce air spaces in the
soil, maintain ground level and increase strength of
the soil to be strong to support and settle
foundation laid out later.
3. COMPACTION
Soil to be Cut
Plot to be filled
16. 4.3 SITE LAYOUT
1. Site Office, Temporary
Toilets & Storage
Used predominantly for site
meetings and storing important
site documents.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PRELIMINARY WORKS | 14
KEY
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
2. Temporary Storage
used to store excess materials,
and unused machinery and
workers vehicles.
3. Hoarding/Fencing
Built around the construction
site to prevent unauthorized
access into the site
Access Road
Circulation to allow vehicles and
machineries to access the
construction site from the main
road
Bandar Puncak Alam Project Site Plan
1 2
Fencing
Housing Units
17. 4.4 TEMPORARY WORKS
A temporary fencing used to secure a construction site, defines the site boundary and prevents unauthorized personnel from
entering the site. The main purpose of construction hoarding is for general safety as it discourages the public from entering
the site.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PRELIMINARY WORKS | 15
METAL HOARDING
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
Metal hoarding
Materials:
Posts: Square Hollow
Section (SHS)
Frame: Square Hollow
Section (SHS)
Infill: Circular Hollow
Section (CHS)
2.4m
2.8m
18. 4.4 TEMPORARY WORKS
The site office and workers rooms are a temporary structure that on this site a
portable cabin. It is durable and functional to accommodate the demands of daily
work on the construction site.
The storage cabins used to store materials on the construction site depends on
vulnerability of the stored material, it's damage from weather and also its financial
value. More expensive materials are locked in these storage containers for
protection from weather.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PRELIMINARY WORKS | 16
SITE OFFICE
STORAGE CONTAINERS
SITE 1: PJS 7, BANDAR SUNWAY
19. 4.4 TEMPORARY WORKS
Concrete Drainage Channels intercepts water along the entire run of the
channel. Channel drainage is typically manufactured from concrete, steel,
polymer or composites. The interception rate of channel drainage is high and
the excavation required is usually less deep.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PRELIMINARY WORKS | 17
CONCRETE DRAINAGE CHANNELS
SITE 1: PJS 7, BANDAR SUNWAY
CONCRETE DRAINAGE CHANNELS
6500mm
1400mm
700mm
TYPICAL DIMENSIONS OF
ONE CHANNEL UNIT
20. 4.5 SETTING OUT
Setting out is done after site clearing is finished. Boundaries are marked and line on site to differentiate land between
different occupants to ensure the correct positioning of various elements of the building.
A base line to mark where the whole
building building will be established.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PRELIMINARY WORKS | 18
PROCESS OF SETTING OUT
1ST STAGE 2ND STAGE 3RD STAGE
Each corner of the baseline is marked
with a corner peg. The lines are checked
to make sure it is right-angled, and is in
correct lengths
Profile boards are set up to determine
the corners of the buildings. These are
to clearly locate the trench,
foundations and walls
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
Site Boundary
Setting out line
Baseline
Profile Boards
21. 4.5 METHOD OF SETTING OUT
OffSet pegs are normally used in the form
of grid ends or as horizontal control points
used to establish the proposed structure.
In this site they just use piles marked in
blue to function as offset pegs.
MAZEN MAHMOUD MOUSTAFA RADI | 0326610 PRELIMINARY WORKS | 19
Baselines are reference lines in
were the building’s corners are
located on the ground.
The TBM is a fixed point on a site to
which all levels are related and should
be established at an early stage. On the
site, it relates to any permanent fixture.
1. BASELINE 2. OFFSET PEGS 3. Temporary Bench Mark
(TBM)
SITE 2: BANDAR PUNCAK ALAM
22. 5.1 TYPES OF FOUNDATION
used where the loads imposed by a structure are low
relative to the bearing capacity of the surface soils.
types:
- strip footing,
- spread footing,
- combined footing,
- strap footing, and
- raft foundation.
used where the bearing capacity of surface soils is not
strong enough to support the loads imposed by a
structure and so they need to be transferred to deeper
layers:
- basements
- buoyancy rafts
- caissons
- cylinders
- shaft foundations
- pile foundations
LAISA MASOOD | 0326705 FOUNDATION | 20
DEEP FOUNDATIONSHALLOW FOUNDATION
SITE 2: STRIP + PILE FOUNDATION
https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/t
ypes-of-shallow-foundations/5308/
http://osp.mans.edu.eg/deepfoundation/ch1.htm
23. 5.2 FOUNDATION ON SITE
The puncak alam site uses a combination
of deep foundation (piling) and shallow
foundation (strip footing) where pile
foundation is placed under strip footing that
is a continuous strip of concrete under load
bearing walls placed centrally under walls.
Regardless of the site using strip
foundation, they also use piles driven
into the ground - a method used in
deep foundations
LAISA MASOOD | 0326705 FOUNDATION | 21
strip foundations are most suitable for
soil which is of relatively good bearing
capacity even though they can be
used for most subsoils
Piles are posts extending into the ground
used in areas with weak and unstable soil
conditions. The piles are used here as a
way to ensure the stability of the foundation
Characteristics of strip
footing:
- Suited to light structural
loadings like low-rise
buildings
- Used to provide
continuous level strip of
support to a linear
structure
Characteristics of
piling:
- Can be easily combined
with concrete
superstructure
- Corrosion resistant
SITE 2: STRIP FOUNDATIONSITE 2: STRIP + PILE FOUNDATION
24. 5.3 MATERIAL + TYPE OF PILE
Reinforced concrete
Concrete is weak in tensile strength, so
reinforced concrete is used for the
foundation. The reinforcement is steel
reinforcing bars (rebar) and is
embedded in the concrete before the
concrete sets.
Friction piles
piles that would
transfer the load of
the building to the soil
across the height of
the pile, by friction
LAISA MASOOD | 0326705 FOUNDATION | 22
The strip footings and piles
are precast. This means the concrete
is cast in a mold which is then cured
in the precasting yard and assembled
into the construction site.
The amount of load a
pile can support is
directly proportionate
to its length
Displacement piles
The piles are preformed
before being driven into the
ground. This category
consists of piles of steel or
precast concrete and piles
formed by driving tubes.
strip footing
wall
rebars
rebars
pile
Pre-Cast Reinforced Strip
Footing
Pre-Cast Reinforced Piles
Weak
Soil
Strong
Soil
Dimensions of piles used:
150mm x 150mm
Height of piles used: 6m
SITE 2: STRIP + PILE FOUNDATION
https://imagemag.ru/img-ba_piling-foundation.html
https://imagemag.ru/img-
ba_piling-foundation.html
25. 5.4 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1.Determining whether to use piles
or not
2. Determining positions of piles
The engineer examines the floor plans
and decides where the piles are going
to be driven
LAISA MASOOD | 0326705 FOUNDATION | 23
The engineer determines to use piling
or not, based on the soil and its
fluidity. 3. Piles are marked with red paint
where they are supposed to reach
the ground
4. Positioning piles at points
The pile driver lifts it up the pile in a
vertical position and places it on the
marked points before starting to
drive
Use of piles:
- To carry vertical loads
- Resist uplift loads
- Resist horizontal/reclined loads
Red mark indicaor
SITE 2: STRIP + PILE FOUNDATION
26. 5.4 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
5. Start to drive piles into the
ground
6. Piles are driven until stable
The pile machine hits the piles an
average of 400 times, settles in the
ground. Piles should be hammered
into the ground till refusal, at which
point they cannot be driven any further
into the soil. After the piles are
securely driven in and stable
LAISA MASOOD | 0326705 FOUNDATION | 24
The blow is struck by lifting a heavy
weight and dropping it on top of the
pile
7. Piles are cut
After the piles are stable enough to
lay the strip footing, they are cut so
that they are all standerdised.
The piles would be
temporarily covered
with a steel cap to
prevent from
disintegrating
8. Strip footing is placed
SITE 2: STRIP + PILE FOUNDATION
27. 6.0 SUPERSTRUCTURE
Floor Slab
- Consist of Columns, beams and slabs
- Does not involve the structure to be transported.
- Can be used to construct any type and shape of
structure.
- Relatively easy to make last minute changes to the
structure.
- Additional time is required for setting and requires
more temporary work.
- Process is more complex with many variables.
CHALAKA VIKUM WIJENAYAKE | 0332067 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 25
SITE 1: CONVENTINAL (IN-SITU) SITE 2: PRE-CAST
- Involves the prefabrication structures such as slabs,
walls and even staircases.
- This method is to speed up the production of structures
so that they can be mass produced.
- This construction site mainly uses the Industrialized
Building System (IBS), in the production of their
structures such as floor slabs, walls and .
- This process take place within an area called the pre-
casting yard.
CONVENTIONAL SUPERSTRUCTURE COMPONENTS
Beam
Column
Ground Floor Slab
28. 6.1 Slabs
1
CHALAKA VIKUM WIJENAYAKE | 0332067 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 26
First layer of concrete is poured
onto it
The Damp proof membrane is laid
on the earth surface.
First the formwork is set out, in this
case out of wood.
SITE 1: CONVENTINAL (IN-SITU)
Ground FLoor Concrete Slab Construction Process
2 3
4 5
Rebar is installed and connected with
minimal wires.
Second layer of Concrete mixture is poured over the rebar. It is
then left for 7 days to dry then the framework is removed.
Damp Proof
Membrane
First Layer of
Concrete
30. 6.1 SLABS
1
CHALAKA VIKUM WIJENAYAKE | 0332067 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 28
The rest of the Formwork is set up
and concrete is poured in
The rebar is laid out and connected
to Rebars stemming from the
columns of the floor below.
A support formwork is laid below.
SITE 1: CONVENTINAL (IN-SITU)
Suspended Slab Construction Process
2 3
4 5
A poker vibrator is used to ensure no air
bubbles are trapped in the concrete The framework is left for 2 weeks and then removed once the concrete sets
31. 6.1 Slabs
STEP 1
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SITE 2: PRE-CAST CONCRETE
Pre Cast Slab Construction Process
STEP 2 STEP 3
Site Contractor orders a set of 12 mm
rebars that had already been welded
together by a different manufacturer.
The skeletal forms are then sent to the
on-site precasting yard.
The forms are then cut into shapes to
fit the moulds, and placed into the
moulds.
32. 6.1 Slabs
STEP 4
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SITE 2: PRE-CAST CONCRETE
Pre Cast Slab Construction Process
After placement, metal spacers are installed to keep rebars in their
correct place within the mould, in turn contribute to the structural
integrity of the structure. Metal spacers are used because they are
cheaper than the common concrete cover.
Lifting hooks are also installed before concrete pouring.
The location of lifting hooks vary depending on the kind of structure is being made .i.e. Floor
Slabs or Walls
Metal Spacers
Lifting Hooks
33. 6.1 Slabs
STEP 5
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SITE 2: PRE-CAST CONCRETE
Pre Cast Slab Construction Process
Steel Platform
Concrete is poured into the mould. The concrete design mix used is
graded M35, designed for flexural strength. The value ‘35’
represents the compressive strength measured in mpa or
megapascal.
Then left cured for 12 hours before taken out
of its mould. About 80 per cent of its total
compressive strength is achieved after 28
days.
34. 6.1 Slabs
STEP 6
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SITE 2: PRE-CAST CONCRETE
Pre Cast Slab Construction Process
After 12 hours of curing completed, the steel
casting moulds are disassembled
Then the concrete slab is lifted by a crawler crane to storage then to
the site for assembly
STEP 7
35. 6.1 Slabs
STEP 8
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SITE 2: PRE-CAST CONCRETE
Pre Cast Slab Final Outcome
Here the image shows a cured concrete slab being lifted
and about to be placed on a stack of similar concrete
slabs for storage
Here are the stored concrete slabs ready to be transfered for
assembly.
36. 6.2 COLUMNS
1
CHALAKA VIKUM WIJENAYAKE | 0332067 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 34
Concrete is casted to the formwork and poker
vibrator is used to ensure that no air bubbles
are left in the concrete (consolidation).
Rebar is first set up before the slab is
completed so that the rebar of the column
can be connected to the rebar of the slab.
SITE 1: CONVENTINAL (IN-SITU)
Concrete Ground Column Construction Process
2 3
4
The concrete is then left to dry for 2 weeks before the framework is removed
Framework is then set up.
Main Rebar
Lapping
Column Stump
Formwork
Concrete
37. 6.3 BEAMS
1
CHALAKA VIKUM WIJENAYAKE | 0332067 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 35
Rebars of the beam are laid out and connected to the
rebar stemming from the top of the column, formwork
is then set and concrete mixture is poured in.
The wooden framework is set up
SITE 1: CONVENTINAL (IN-SITU)
Concrete Beam Construction Process
2
3
The framework is left for 2 weeks till the concrete sets and then removed
38. 6.3 BEAMS
CHALAKA VIKUM WIJENAYAKE | 0332067 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 36
Key
Beam main rebars
Extra horizontal rebars
SITE 1: CONVENTINAL (IN-SITU)
Bar Section
200 max
200 max
R10 links at twice
stirrup spacing
Main stirrup
Beam Width
BEAM WIDTH (mm)
200 - 300
250 - 300
350 - 400
400 - 500
550 - 600
600 - 750
Y10 - 200
Y10 - 150
Y12 - 200
Y12 - 150
Y16 - 200
Y16 - 150
REBARS
39. 6.3 BEAMS
CHALAKA VIKUM WIJENAYAKE | 0332067 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 37
SITE 1: CONVENTINAL (IN-SITU)
Beam Detail
Slab rebar
Main Beam
Slab
Cover to secondary beam top rebars is
governed by placing of rebars at crossing
with main beam but not less than 30mm
to outer face of stirrups.
25 mm cover to outer face of stirrups
(for soffit and two vertical faces
50mm cover to outer face of column
vertical bars
Column vertical
bars
Secondary beam
Bottom rebars
Secondary beam
Secondary
beam top rebars
Column
40. FIRST FLOOR SUPERSTRUCTURES
CHALAKA VIKUM WIJENAYAKE | 0332067 SUPERSTRUCTURE | 38
First floor slabs
will have less
layers
compared to
ground floor
SITE 1: CONVENTINAL (IN-SITU)
FIRST FLOOR SLAB
the slabs used in
our site is a one
way slab
supported by
beams on the
two ends
Legend
Location of Columns
BRC Mesh
Concrete
One Way Slab
FIRST FLOORS COLUMNS
Concrete
41. 7.0 WALLS
A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load, or provides shelter or security.
Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded together with
mortar.
- Durable, Fire resistant
- Structurally efficient in compression
- Bricks are the most common types of masonry units
- May be constructed as solid walls, cavity walls, or veneered walls
KESHAV SAI SEERAZ | 0326598 WALLS | 39
SITE 1 WALL TYPE: MASONRY
MASONRY RUNNING BOND
Most common type of bond
Used for cavity and veneer walls
Composed of overlapping stretchers
Mortar is a plastic mixture of cement or lime or
a combination of both with sand and water used
as a bonding agent in masonry construction.
Masonry Bricks
are applied to all
wall parts of the
building
Mortar
42. 7.1 MASONRY WALLS
For SITE 1: Sand-Lime Bricks
KESHAV SAI SEERAZ | 0326598 WALLS | 40
TYPE OF BRICK USED
TYPICAL BRICK DIMENSION
Properties:
- Pearl Grey in color.
- Lime/ Cement, Silica and Water is mixed and pressed
then put into Autoclave for 6 hours.
- Mortar required for providing plaster on sand
lime bricks is very minimal.
- Compressive strength of sand lime bricks is about
10N/mm2. So, they are well suitable for more than 2-
storey buildings.
Are applied
for interior
walls
And applied
for Exterior
walls
215mm
65mm
112.5mm
Bed
(Bottom)
Stretcher
(longer face of the brick)Header
(Shorter face
of a brick)
43. 7.1 MASONRY WALLS
KESHAV SAI SEERAZ | 0326598 WALLS | 41
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
STEP 1
Reference strings are tied
to nails and placed to act
as a guideline for the
construction of the brick
STEP 2
Bricks are laid accordingly
following the reference
strings and bonding is
used.
STEP 3
Mortar is prepared by
mixing cement, lime, sand,
water and bonding agent.
STEP 4
Cement mortar is applied on
the surfaces of header and
stretcher by using a towel.
STEP 5
Bricks are placed
firmly on another
row
44. 7.1 MASONRY WALLS
KESHAV SAI SEERAZ | 0326598 WALLS | 42
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
STEP 6
Laying process is
continued and excess of
mortar is removed with a
trowel
STEP 7
Bricks are hit by a bossing
mallet or by the handle
end of a trowel to improve
bonding
STEP 8
The first row of bricks are
laid from a corner on the
mortar bed and balance is
checked using a spirit level
STEP 9
The height of each new course
is checked and ensured to be
an additional of 10mm high.
STEP 10
Normal - sized bricks are
hammered and cut into queen-
sized bricks using a chisel.
45. 7.1 MASONRY WALLS
KESHAV SAI SEERAZ | 0326598 WALLS | 43
MASONRY WALLS FINAL PRODUCT
INSIDE THE BUILDING ON THE BUILDING'S EXTERIOR
46. 7.1 MASONRY WALLS
Plasterwork refers to construction done with plaster, which is applied in a pasty form to the surfaces of walls or ceilings in a
plastic state and allowed to harden and dry.
KESHAV SAI SEERAZ | 0326598 WALLS | 44
PLASTERWORK
Rough Surface Plastering is used on site as it is
the type used for outdoor walls as it prevents the
penetration of rainwater.
Properties of Plasterwork
- Plaster coating creates a stronger and more durable wall finish
than drywall.
- Decorative Appeal - wide range of design choices.
- Plastering walls does not produce dust as the drywall.
Brick Wall
Plastering
Skim Coating
Painting
1. after Brickwall is
set-up.
2. Brickwall is plastered
and Skim coat is applied
for a smoother surface
3. Paint is applied to make
wall aesthetically pleasant.
Process of Plasterwork
47. 7.2 PRE-CAST WALLS
MOHAMMAD HARRIS BIN HAJI ABDUL AZIZ | 0323219 PRE-CAST WALLS | 45
SITE 2 WALL TYPE: PRE-CAST CONCRETE
From storage, a precast structure is then transported to the
assembly yard, where the precast structures are put together to
form a building. The steps of assembling the structures are as
follows:
Pre Cast Wall Construction Process
STEP 1
SLAB AND STRIP FOOTING SECTION
Before placing the slab within the strip footing boundary, a layer of
Polythene sheet is placed over the ground and mortar is spread along the
inner side of the strip footing. Then left for 2 days for the mortar to cure.
Floor Slab
Mortar
Polythene Sheet
Strip Footing
48. 7.2 PRE-CAST WALLS
MOHAMMAD HARRIS BIN HAJI ABDUL AZIZ | 0323219 PRE-CAST WALLS | 46
SITE 2 WALL TYPE: PRE-CAST CONCRETE
Mortar are spread along on top of the strip footing where a wall
will be placed on.
Pre Cast Wall Construction Process
STEP 2
WALL AND STRIP FOOTING SECTION
Wall
Mortar
49. 7.2 PRE-CAST WALLS
MOHAMMAD HARRIS BIN HAJI ABDUL AZIZ | 0323219 PRE-CAST WALLS | 47
SITE 2 WALL TYPE: PRE-CAST CONCRETE
OS Clip Joint is a type of wall joint
where rebars protruding out of a
wall are used as anchors.
The rebars slides into each end of
an oval steel sleeve and a wedge
pin is inserted into a wedge hole
located on the surface of the
sleeve.
Pre Cast Wall Construction Process
STEP 3
OS Clip Joint
Whilst waiting for the mortar from
the previous wall installation to
cure, a support is placed to keep
the wall vertical.
Temporary Support
3
50. 7.2 PRE-CAST WALLS
MOHAMMAD HARRIS BIN HAJI ABDUL AZIZ | 0323219 PRE-CAST WALLS | 48
SITE 2 WALL TYPE: PRE-CAST CONCRETE
Pre Cast Walls Final Product
Stored Precast Walls Precast Wall being installed
51. 8.0 STAIRCASE
Concrete staircases are often chosen for their strength, durability, fire protection, flood resistance and sound attenuation
properties. They are inclined one way reinforced slabs, designed with steps on the upper surface. Staircases require careful
analyses on the load, span, and support conditions.
MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN IBRAHIM | 0326496 STAIRCASE | 49
SITE 1 STAIRCASE TYPE: IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete
- Durable and Low maintenance Required
- Economical due to availability of Concrete components
- Resistant to weathering
Handrail
For user’s
support.
Landing
A flat surface in-
between two stairs.
Stringer
Acts as a support on both
ends of the Threads and
Risers.
Riser
The vertical surface
between two threads.
Thread
The surface where
user’s step on.
Baluster
posts that support
the handrails.
Staircase Components
52. 8.0 STAIRCASE
IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN IBRAHIM | 0326496 STAIRCASE | 50
SITE 1: PJS 7, BANDAR SUNWAY
STEP 1
Formwork is set according
to the designed staircase
dimensions
STEP 2
The reinforcement bars
are placed within both
ends of the formwork.
STEP 3
The stringer and riser
softboard are set in
position to shape the riser
and thread.
STEP 4
The Concrete mix is then
poured and vibrator
standardise it, then is left
to dry for 3 days.
Timber Formwork Reinforcement Bar
Decking
Riser board
Riser cleat
Concrete Mix
53. 8.0 STAIRCASE
IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE DETAILS
MUHAMMAD IRFAN BIN IBRAHIM | 0326496 STAIRCASE | 51
SITE 1: PJS 7, BANDAR SUNWAY
STEP 1
LOCATION OF STAIRCASE
KEY
SITE FLOOR PLAN
54. LIST OF REFERENCES
52
Ching, Francis D.K. 1991. Building Construction Illustrated. New York. • Chudly, R. 2006, Construction Technology. 4th Edition.
Pearson and Prentice Hall. Lyons, Arthur, 2004
Concrete and masonry. Detail (English Edition) [serial online]. November 2, 2014;:72-73. Available from: Art & Architecture
Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 2, 2017.
Concrete. Architectural Record [serial online]. December 1995;183(12):90. Available from: Art & Architecture Complete, Ipswich,
MA. Accessed November 2, 2017.
Einav, I., & Cassidy, M. J. (2005). A framework for modelling rigid footing behaviour based on energy principles. Computers &
Geotechnics, 32(7), 491-504. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2005.10.003
Wu, P., & Feng, Y. (2014). Identification of non-value adding activities in precast concrete production to achieve low-carbon
production. Architectural Science Review, 57(2), 105-113. doi:10.1080/00038628.2013.829023
Davies, C. (2005). PRECAST CONCRETE CLADDING PANELS. Architects' Journal, 22(7), 50-51.
Pile Foundation: Suitability, Classification and Construction Features. (2015, January 05). Retrieved May 21, 2017, from
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/soil/pile-foundation-suitability-classification-and-construction-features/45695/
Pile Foundations | Types of Piles | Cassions. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-
foundations.html
Step by step guide for how to build a slab-on-grade. (n.d.). Retrieved May 22, 2017, from http://www.ecohome.net/guide/slab-
grade-construction-step-step- guide
STAIR CASE: BUILDING MATERIAL AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Abhisek Panda
http://www.academia.edu/15517167/STAIR_CASE_BUILDING_MATERIAL_AND_BUILDING_CONSTRUCTION
55. LIST OF REFERENCES
53
Machiney Safeties. Dosh.gov.my. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from http://www.dosh.gov.my/index.php/en/legislation/regulations-
1/regulations-under-factories- and-machinery-act-1967-act-139/534-15-factories-and-machinery-safety-health-and-welfare-
regulations-1970/file
Reichel, Alexander; Hochberg, Annette; Köpke, Christine (28 June 2005). Plaster, Render, Paint and Coatings: Details, Products,
Case Studies (Detail Practice).
Safe use of safety nets – Worksafe - Construction. Construction.worksafe.govt.nz. Retrieved 19 May 2017, from
http://construction.worksafe.govt.nz/guides/safe-use-of-safety-nets/
Slaughter, E. S., Sause, R. S., & Pessiki, S. (1997). Precast Concrete Floor Framing Systems to Accommodate Nonstructural
Requirements. Journal Of Architectural Engineering, 3(3), 109.
How to Build Concrete Stairs http://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-to-build-concrete-stairs • It All Starts with the Roof Deck. (n.d.).
Retrieved May 20, 2017, from http://www.buildings.com/article-details/articleid/10871/title/it-all-starts-with-the-roof- deck
Hu, J., Hong, W., & Park, S. (2017). Experimental investigation of precast concrete based dry mechanical column-column joints for
precast concrete frames. Structural Design Of Tall & Special Buildings, 26(5), n/a. doi:10.1002/tal.1337
Chhay Teng, Lecturer at NPIC Follow. (2012, February 20). Rebar arrangement and construction carryout. Retrieved May 22,
2017, from https://www.slideshare.net/tengchhay/rebar-arrangement-and-construction-carryout-11674056