Bauhaus Case Study

Bauhaus Case Study
The Bauhaus School of Design and Architecture
The year was 1919. World War I had just ended, and new beginnings were arising. Day –to–day life
no longer revolved around the fear of the outcome of World War I. The German youth began to see
potential in this at the same time that architect Walter Gropius decided to make a huge decision.
After some struggle to break stereotypes, he opened a school, called Bauhaus. With its three
locations in Germany, the Bauhaus School of Design was able to produce modern art, train diverse
artists, and push the limits. Just as Viennese artists did in the late 1800s, Walter Gropius and several
other Germans pulled away from the national art guilds and began to compete with each other to see
who could form the best group with the least bourgeoisie views and works. This type of group was
called a compound, and more specifically, the Bauhaus. In the beginning, there was no plan to
become a school. It was simply a group of architects including Bruno Taut, Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe, and J.J.P. Oud who were together aiding in Gropius' attempt to create art that in no way,
shape, or form met the standards of the middle to upper class (Wolfe 13–17). In the same year,
Gropius was asked to combine the fine arts schools of Weimar with his own talents to form a school.
In one of his manifestos, Gropius wrote, "The art of schools of old were incapable of producing this
unity –and how could they, for art may not be taught." Under the same name of
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Pop Culture In The 1950's
Pop culture in the 1950s can be summed as culture in the 1950s. Cold war baby boomers Korea red
scare. The 1950s america can be summed up as music the best fashion and the best music. People
moving to suburbs and babies were being born because soldiers were returning home.After World
War 2 ended, many Americans were eager to have children because they were confident that the
future held nothing but peace and success. Much of this increase came from government spending:
The construction of interstate highways and schools, the distribution of veterans' benefits and most
of all the increase in military spending–on goods like airplanes and new technologies like
computers–all contributed to the decade's economic growth. Rates of unemployment and inflation
were ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Althea Gibson was the first African–American to play in the U. S. Lawn Tennis Nationals at Forest
Hills, NY. Major names in basketball were Wilt Chamberlain, Elgin Baylor, Bob Cousy, Oscar
Robertson and Dolph Schayes. Another favorite, boxing, gave opportunities to great athletes, Sugar
Ray Robinson and Rocky Marciano. The 1950's opened up great opportunities for people
everywhere. People found more influence in TV and radio than their teachers or parents. Blacks
were finally given more respect and rights. A new way of technology was born, and a new life
began. In the 1950s, cars became very important. People living in the suburbs needed a car to drive
everywhere. They drove to work, to shop, and to have fun. People drove to national parks. They
drove to drive–in theaters to watch movies. They ate at drive–in burger restaurants and ice cream
shops. Shopping centers outside of cities became very popular. Cars made it easy for people to go to
new places. Now television made it easy for people to see places without leaving their homes. On
television, people could see faraway events as they happened. They watched soap operas and
comedy

Personal Statement: Why I Want To Study Architecture
n the course of my bachelor degree, I've always wanted to continue studying architecture and never
change the direction of my studies. Once finished with university I would like to practice as an
architect.
I decided to study architecture because of various different reasons. One of the things I enjoy very
much of architecture is the relationship between scientific and humanistic themes. I very much wish
that in the future I will be able to design buildings that will be harmonious between scientific and
humanistic characteristics and at the same time relate respectfully to the context. I've heard from
various friendships that have studied in TU Delft that the university is well balanced in this sense
and that the needs of the built environment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I've always admired him for the amount of things he needs to do and the knowledge this requires.
Not only does he often needs to go to construction sites to see the progress of buildings but he also
leads an office and deal with engineers, clients, building regulations, etc. From having been able to
understand how my father works, I concluded that I enjoy very much the way an architect needs to
work. It's not only the purely architectural design part which fascinates me but also all the other
knowledge that an architect needs to acquire in order to perform as one.
Why I wish to pursue this program abroad
The time I've spent in Switzerland has been very beneficial as I've learned countless interesting
things about architecture, art, and science but I feel that confronting a new university and people
will help me develop the knowledge I have of architecture even more.
Before studying in Switzerland I've lived all my life in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Despite the fact of
having grown up in Bolivia, I always felt quite attached to Europe as my mother is from Slovenia.
Each time we went to Slovenia for vacations I was amazed by all the huge airports we passed by and
the way life itself was completely different from South

The Avant-Garde Discourse
'The avant–garde understands itself as invading unknown territory, exposing itself to the dangers of
sudden, shocking encounters, conquering an as yet unoccupied future ... The avant–garde must find
a direction in a landscape into which no one seems to have yet ventured.' JURGEN HABERMAS,
"Modernity versus Postmodernity," Modernity: Critical Concepts Using the quote by Habermas as a
starting point, select up to two buildings designed in the twentieth century and examine what
'sudden, shocking encounters' they have encountered, or created. Analyse the building's meanings as
a demonstration of an avant–garde, or potentially arriere–garde, position. It is the new decade after
the end of world war two and modernism is a well–established ... Show more content on
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The second is the Yale's Art and Architecture Building, designed in 1958 by architect Paul Rudolph.
This building was an exploration of scale and space, bringing the urban and site context to the
forefront of the architect. Using light and dynamic texturing of the facades to deliver a building that
may have been before its time. Mies van der Rohe is one of the most prominent figures in modernist
architectural history, the man who popularised some of the most influential phrases of the era, e.g.
"less is more", and strove to push his ideas and philosophies, not just on what he thought a building
should be, but of what he thought architecture itself was. He changed the cityscape of America,
showing the world a style that was simple and elegant, with such a controlled palette of expressions
that shone through in its geometric beauty. Before him American cities were solid, clad in heavy
masonry, thick set with shoulders as broad as American footballers. After Mies they rose up
elegantly, their still gleaming glass transparent. They looked like bits of the ideal future, flawless in
their geometry. (Hughes 2008) His goal was to create a building that was timeless, that could last
without any imposing function. Stripping back the building to its essentials of structure,
craftsmanship and style, he created not just objects, but symbols of everything Meis stood for in
design "If buildings may be judged as embodiments of a viable system of ideas, the buildings of

Charles-Edouard Jeanneret: Le Corbusier
His career spanned over five decades, beginning in 1907 working for Auguste Perret, the French
architect who pioneered the use of reinforced concrete. He then studied architecture for a year in
Vienna before working for Peter Behrnes between 1910–1911, the renowned German advocate for
'industrial design'. It is believed it was here he met Ludwig Miles van der Rohe and Walter Gropius,
the founder and developers of the Bauhaus School of Design. Behrens admired Corbusier's ethic of
mass production and function over style.
During World War I, (1914 – 1918) Le Corbusier returned home to teach in his old school. He used
this time to work on new theoretical architectural studies. Bringing both of his early influences from
his travels together, Le Corbusier designed the 'Dom–ino House' 1914–1915 (a combination of the
words domicile and innovation). His model proposed an open floor plan detailing concrete slabs
supported by a minimal number of thin, reinforced concrete pillars around the edges with a stairway
providing ¬access to each level. This house was intended for mass production, but was also flexible:
none of the walls were load–bearing and so the interior could be re–arranged to the occupant's
specifications. This became the foundation for most of Le Corbusier's work; instead of building
horizontally, he built vertically. It could house more residents, and lower the impact on natural areas.
It is easy to believe that this idea of 'open plan living' has been revolutionary.

The International Style : Architecture
The international style is a major architectural style that came out in 1920s and 1930s in the form of
a modern architecture, with an emphasis more on architectural style, form and aesthetic than the
social aspects of the modern movement. The international style is a modern form of architecture
because it reduces the cultural traditional decoration, introduces the use of glass and steel and
creates an open interior. It relied on pure geometric forms, with ornamentation stripped from facades
to reveal the essential line and curve that defines space. The term international style was first used in
1932 by the historian Henry–Russell Hitchcock and architect Philip Johnson for exhibition at the
Museum of Modern Art and mentioned it in their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the third factor was using steel, reinforcing concrete and using glass and it was a
successful development of the new construction techniques. The fourth factor was the strong desire
for a neutral, functional style without the decorative features of architecture like Romanesque,
Gothic or Renaissance and that led to create a modern style of architecture for modern man.
However, the reason for this new shift was that the culture of 1920s and early 1930s was huge and
increasingly machine driven culture and period as well. The machines challenged design and it was
valued for its service, its aesthetic was encouraged by the people who saw beauty in machines and
its appearance and function. The machines helped producing mirrored glasses and shiny steel and
molded plastic that became important as decorative materials in modern style. "Modern
Architecture: International Exhibition" is the title of an exhibition that took place in 1932 at the
Museum of Modern Art in New York City. Organized by Philip Johnson and Henry–Russell
Hitchcock, the exhibition introduced an emerging architectural style characterized by simplified
geometry and a lack of ornamentation; known as the "International style," it was described by
Johnson as "Probably the first fundamentally original and widely distributed style since the Gothic."
The exhibition, became like a catalogue,that laid the principles

What Is Mies Van Der Rohe
Modernists longed to recreate the world through new ideas and contemporary techniques to design
structurally and provide unprecedented buildings. Architecture took a turn and progressed from total
works of art to industrialization during the 20th century. Advancement with technology due to the
machine age brought new materials and new tools. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was one of the many
architects of this time to not only envision new structural systems, but was able to apply modern
style concepts to numerous designs throughout his career. Through the design of the New National
Gallery, Mies van der Rohe achieved an unprecedented modern language of architecture with the
focus on light, transparency and organization of space to utilize all structural qualities, as well as the
relationship to nature through designing from the inside out.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, later addressed as Mies, was born in the German town of Aix La
Chapelle. At a young age he gained fundamental experience in the craftsman's tradition and skills,
later after commissioning his first project as an independent architect, Mies "executed in the then
popular traditional style of steep roofs, gables and dormer windows with precision and ... Show
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"The pavilion above is made of prefabricated steel components joined together on site, while the
podium deck and everything beneath is constructed entirely of reinforced concrete cast in–situ."
Prior to his Chicago career, Mies focused on concrete construction, after the 1930's steel and glass
became his ideal materials and American technology would enable him to exploit their qualities. He
evolved habits using these materials that American architects such as Louis Sullivan had never
thought of, being more precise, more refined, using slender sections and long spans to achieve
unprecedented effects of lightness and

The Rosenbaum House Is A Single Family House Built For...
The Rosenbaum house is a single–family house built for Stanley and Mildred Rosenbaum designed
by Frank Lloyd Wright. This house was a part of his Usonian collection, which was built at a low
cost for middle income families. The term Usonian refers to his vision for the United States;
including plans for cities and homes. Wright envisioned a type of architecture for the working class;
something instinctive yet simple. He is perhaps one of the most influential U.S architects of the
twentieth century. Having designed at least 700 completed works, one could say Wright was an
exceptionally intelligent or creative man ahead of his time. His designs have been both incredibly
functional and impactful to twentieth century architecture. Wight's response to modern architecture
and modern engineering is through an embrace of nature within his architecture thus rejecting the
cultural norms of the day.
When asked in an interview if he attended church, Frank Lloyd Wright responded, "...my church, I
put a capital N on nature and go there." It explains why he often incorporated the landscape and
surrounding environment into his architecture. This can be seen especially in the Rosenbaum's home
because of how it opens up into the landscape; the architecture echoes it's surroundings. The
simplicity of the structure and Wright's buildings can viewed as transcendentalist architecture
against modernity in a sense. He described his work as "organic architecture, that which proceeds,
persists,

Classical Architecture In The Bauhaus
"Bauhaus" is a German expression, which is meaning house for building, or we can say
Construction House. The economy in Germany was declining after a crushing war in 1919. This
school includes design, architecture, and applied arts that existed in Germany. Walter Gropius was
the founder of the Bauhaus school. Architects in this school wanted to use basics of classical
architecture in their most pure form functional, without decoration of any kind. The Bauhaus school
originated in Weimar, Germany (1919), moved to Dessau, Germany (1925), and disbanded when the
Nazis rose to power. Bauhaus leaders like Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer and Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe migrated to the United States. The term International Style was applied to the American ...
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These windows actually have unsymmetrically arranged. However in the side facade that away from
street have generous terraces and balconies also they putting vertical rows of windows to provide
lighting for the

Essay On Bauhaus
The Bauhaus was an art school formed in 1919 by architect Walter Gropius in Germany. Bauhaus art
movement took place between the two world wars. Bauhaus literal meaning is 'house of
construction'. Before Bauhaus craft and design were taught separately in the European art schools
but in Bauhaus combined craft, design and technology to build products. It was a revolutionary
movement because before Bauhaus products were made in a small scale and by the used of hands,
but Bauhaus was all about mass production, catering to a large number of people and making
furniture which are highly functional.
Bauhaus followed a simple philosophy of 'form follows function'. The products made used less
material than before and were very light and easily portable. ... Show more content on
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They all had the same vision and similar design thinking.
Why I chose this topic ?
Me being a product designer was always fascinated with Bauhaus and their design theory. I like
simple yet functional products as simplicity is very hard to achieve. The honest use of materials is
very important for me and Bauhaus is all about that. Mass production caters to a variety of people
and through better and manufacturing techniques we can improve the standard of living of every
individual and move the human race forward. Designing for a mass is a very difficult task as we
need to think about all likes and dislikes of the consumer and then design accordingly.
Methodology of research:
I read many articles about Bauhaus on the internet and read a few books from the college library. I
saw many products and textile work, but what caught my attention were the simplicity of the
products and the honest use of materials. So, I decided to go ahead with the whole range of products
produced in the Bauhaus movement during 1919–1933 and document the variety of materials and
colours used in that

Taking a Look a the Schminke Haus
Fritz Schminke was the owner of a noodle factory in a small town of Lobau in Saxony, in South–
East Germany. He commissioned architect Hans Scharoun to design a house for him, his wife and
four children as well as the occasional guest or two. The site was quite generous and lay on a
downhill slope within walking distance of Schminkes factory. Scharoun designed the house to meet
the need of Schminke in addition to complementing the natural surrounding environment. The house
is placed on the north–west corner of the site, with the main body angled south so it lies diagonally
facing the garden and noodle factory. This leaves a lot of open space in the back providing the
residents a pleasant view with the house remaining private. The house occupies approximately two
thirds of the site, and with the back façade towards the street it is not inviting towards pedestrians.
The main entrance is on the first floor and is not welcoming as the view is blocked by the exterior
stairs. Cars are able to drive under the building, drop off their passengers and circle around the
garden space before returning to the road. Once you arrive at the entrance you have the option of
taking exterior stairs to the second floor and access to the first floor terrace or the houses public
areas. The house is made of reinforced concrete with a iron frame for structural support; the facades
are lined with glass windows and iron handrails for the staircases, both interior and exterior.
Looking at Schminke

How Did Tom Wolfe Criticize The Bauhaus
The aftermath of the First World War brought forth an era of new technology, a movement that
focused on serving the masses and produce art that focused on functionality rather than aesthetics.
The Bauhaus was a school in Germany founded by Walter Gropius, who had ideals to bring a
unification between arts and design. Students were taught to embrace new technology and create
architecture that highlights its functionality. This minimalism approach became an integral part of
what has become of "modernism" today. Although, this is not without its critics, American journalist
Tom Wolfe, criticises Bauhaus architects as creating unattractive architecture and that it is no longer
art. Although the original institution does not operate anymore, its ... Show more content on
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The style was born of inspiration toward Bauhaus and adopts the principle of purism and
minimalism. Architects were becoming dissatisfied with the ongoing use of mixed decorative
elements from different architectural periods that showed limited or no relation to the buildings
function. Therefore architect Le Corbusier's presentation of using steel and glass in the Modern
Architecture Exhibition of 1932 piqued interest in the architecture community. Using the teachings
and principles he enforced using his Bauhaus years, Le Corbusier was able to expand his Bauhaus
teaching to the American market in the form the International Style. A famous modernist work by Le
Corbusier, the Villa Savoye, became the epitome of the international style. It emphasised that
architects should be responsible for researching and solving the problem of between cost and
function of a building. Due to the influence of Bauhaus, modern architecture became more
beneficial and became an architecture design style that recorded the lowest prices at that time due to
its simplicity, costing only twenty cents per square foot. The building not only maximises the money
spent but also breaks traditional cliche design concepts at the time more specifically heavy
foundations and narrow windows. The influence of Bauhaus spreads worldwide defining the
international style and

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe Essay
Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe is a man of precision and determination. His work is finished at the
highest of standards, allowing for no flaws. Mies Van Der Rohe knows that " God is in the detail "
when it comes to construction. His buildings are key initiators for modern architecture, especially
the Farnsworth house, Illinois. The structures and materials of his buildings are manifested from
19th and 20th century architecture. He has used these structures and materials in such a way which
allows his buildings to stand the test of time. The influence of these 19th and 20th century buildings
have on his work, has in return influenced the work of other architects long after him. During the
19th and 20th centuries, the buildings of these times had a lot of influence from earlier architectural
movements from the past. During the 19th century, architects believed they had to follow in the
footsteps of their previous architect's style. Key structures from the 18th century, such as house of
parliament, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These materials were restricted to travertine floors, wood on the walls of the core of the building, as
well as the teak wardrobe, and plaster for the ceiling. Like the exterior, the interior colour is limited,
not to take away from the external environment. Each piece of furniture inside the home was
carefully picked to complement the simplicity of the place. The close attention to detail, allowed the
finish to the interior to be done at a very high quality by Mies Van Der Rohe. The American Journal
of Architectural Forum acknowledges how the travertine slabs on the house floor and terrace were
fitted to the steel frames " with a precision equal to that of the finest incastro stonework " and how
the plaster on the ceiling achieved " the smoothness of a high–grade factory finish " . The light airy
feel of this building's interior is echoed in another past residential house by Mies Van der

Criticism Of Villa Tugendhat
Villa Tugendhat, was designed by the modernist architect Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, bornin 1886
march 27, he worked under the art nouveau architect Bruno Paul. only at 20 years of age he got his
first job of philosopher to create a plan. he later worked under the architect peter berhens then
opened his own practice in 1912. Mies was well known for his modern architecture from moving
away from the movement art nouveau of his first boss, Mies is famous for the saying "less is more".
Villa Tugendhat, was a big part of the modern movement and still is a huge monument to the world
today, It was home to Grete Weiss and Fritz Tugendhat, they both come from a wealthy jewish
family from the industry of textiles in the city Brno that is 2 hours from ... Show more content on
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after they fled Gestapo took the house over an confiscated it, the a young German architect student
came to live in the house because of milatary duty. From 1943 mr walter founder of the company
Messerschmitt aircraft claimed the house as his residence. They took out parts of the house and
installed it in a different building, the interior was changed and things had vanished, When it
became headquarters of the Soviet army during the World War II, the bombs and fighting had caused
damages to parts of the house destroying everything in some rooms, the glass walls had been blown
out. When the war was over the house became the center studio of a ballet school in the year of
1946, 4 years on in the mid 1950's the dance school was abandoned. The house later on that year
became open as a physiotherapy gym and then 5 years later it was a faculty of a children's hospital, a
physiotherapy center was opened for the children with spine defects. The Tugendhat house was the
first time ever that a private residence house was to be used with a steel framed sturcture, with its
columns going along the

Design And Creation Of Buildings
Architecture is considered to be the design and creation of buildings that reflects their culture,
religion, environment and technology used in its time period. The mastermind behind any type of
architecture is the architect itself. Two well–known and respected architects in modern history are
Frank Lloyd Wright and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Both known for their amazing architectural
thoughts, and the inspirations that affected many other architects. Both, Wright and Rohe, created
new schools of design for their abilities which brought about techniques that are still used today.
These architects were both involved in exploring the relationships of spatial distribution, form and
function, materials used, reflecting their current time through their design, and creating buildings
and houses that were both artistically beautiful as well as beneficial. Both of these architects have
many common attributes to each other's designs as well as ideas, but also the many differences that
set apart these architects as few of the many renowned architects in modern history.
Frank Lloyd Wright is an American architect who designed many houses and inspired the work of
hundreds of scholars.4 Wright believed in designing structures that were in synchronization with
humanity and its environment; a philosophy he called 'organic architecture'.1 He read a broad array
of architecture books and thought that architecture had been pushed too much into modernization.4
He believed in the true design of

Phenomenology And The Post Modern Movement
The word phenomenon is loosely defined as: something that happens. The study of phenomenon in
psychology terms is the study of how people experience and interpret these things that happen. Also
as architects, we create the things that happen in a building for people to experience. Post–modern
architects embraced this idea of creation and took it to places never imagined before. In this essay, I
will explain why phenomenology and the post–modern movement went hand in hand and how they
were crucial together in the context of the times in which they came into fruition. The philosophical
study of phenomenology defines two types of attitudes. The natural attitude and the
phenomenological attitude. The natural attitude is the general belief that the rest of the world exists
separate from yourself, that there is no correlation between your particular experience and what goes
on "out there". Phenomenological attitude says the world exists as you experience it. A basic
example of this is in how the two attitudes perceive one minute of time differently. A Natural
attitude measures one minute as the same 60 seconds every time no matter what because that is the
actual measurement of time passed. Phenomenological attitude feels that the length depends on how
you experience that minute. The phenomenological attitude pierces right through imaginary systems
that are created by humans, that of social class, economics, politics, etc. To this attitude, these are all
illusions. The idea is

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe: Definition Of Modern Architecture
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969), a German–born architect, is world wide acknowledged as
one of the 20th century's pioneer architects. He refined the definition of modern architecture to
emphasize open space, and uncover the industrial materials utilized in construction. Mies was born
in Aachen, Germany, where he spent the first half of his career. His first projects were mostly
residential. When he was 20 years old, he built his first design, the Riehl House. Mies became
quickly a prominent figure in the avant–garde life of Berlin and was respected in all Europe for his
remarkable structures, including the Barcelona Pavilion. Through 1930 till 1933, he was the director
of the Bauhaus, the well–known German school of applied art and design. Armour Institute, one of
ITs predecessor institutions, was established in 1890 as Chicago was emanating as a center for
advanced architectural thought. Architects such as Sullivan and Burnham, Root and Adler, and
William Lebaron were trying to develop a new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He believed that there was a demand for a new meaningful architecture that in harmony with his era,
exactly like Gothic architecture was for an epoch of spiritualism. He practiced a disciplined design
process employing the rational thought to reach his aims. Mies thought that the configuration and
arrangement of each architectural parts, especially including the character of enclosed space, must
contribute to a united declaration. One distinct method that Rohe linked his buildings with
surrounding environment was by spreading the outdoor plaza tiles into the storey of a lobby,
synthesizing the inner and outer spaces of the place. The device, emerged the smooth flow between
natural situations and artificial structures. This distinguishing feature is often found in his large
designs like the Seagram

Mies Van Der Rohe Concept Of Architecture
What is life? Exploring Mies van der Rohe's concept of architecture as a life process From his
popular motto 'less is more' to his concept of architecture as 'the spatially apprehended will of the
epoch', the aphorisms of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886–1969) remain one of his most
memorable legacies. Despite being less well known, other such statements promoted by Mies are
also important to clarify the philosophy that sustained his works. This paper investigates one of
these less known yet highly revealing statements: 'Building–art is only understandable as a life
process'. Considering the broader context of Mies's discourse, philosophical readings, and
architectural projects, this paper argues that Mies used the term 'life process' to refer to a larger
changing reality that united the material and the spiritual realms of life. According to Mies, the
recognition of this material–spiritual unity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mies continued to promote both this project and this concept of architecture later on, such as in the
seminal monograph that accompanied his solo exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New
York in 1947. He also reaffirmed this concept during a talk at the Architectural League of New York
around 1960. Towards the end of this talk, Mies received the following comment: 'I'm not sure what
we've been talking about all evening ... I'd like to know what your definition of architecture might
be ... I'm sure your definition would be better than almost anyone's here'. Mies replied, 'I'll tell it in
German. It is too difficult for me ... Baukunst ist raumgefaßter Zeitwille ... Why don't you write it
down and then try to translate

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
ARCHITECTURAL BOUNDARIES: LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE AND PHILIP JOHNSON
Architecture has undergone a rapid and revolutionary transformation in the modern era. Through the
work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, this essay attempts to chart the transition in architecture from
nineteenth century Romanticism and Neoclassicism to High Modernism. Mies van der Rohe
redefined architectural boundaries and emphasised the beauty of simple forms, the importance of
functionality and the versatility of new materials such as glass, steel and marble. An analysis of the
work of Philip Johnson reveals the development from High Modernism to Postmodernism, where
playful and ironic decoration and humanist theories were reintroduced into what had ... Show more
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By contrasting steel columns and wooden cabinets in the Farnsworth House (1945‐50, Plano,
Illinois), Mies van der Rohe freed architects from the constraints of conventional nineteenth century
design paradigms.15 The combination of charcoal black steel girders and walls of glass in the ITT
Crown Hall (1950‐6, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago) is another example of how he
revolutionised architecture from the highly decorative and fussy buildings of the nineteenth century,
to the stylish cubic shapes we recognise today.16 Windows were replaced with exterior glass
surfaces and steel girders were used to remove internal supporting columns, thus opening interior
space within the building.17 Low partitioned walls separated teaching classes in the ITT Crown Hall
but facilitated communication between students and teachers.18 The building was extremely
functional as it could be adapted to serve unanticipated purposes.19 New materials allowed Mies
van der Rohe to dramatically alter the conventional boundaries of architecture. One of Mies van der
Rohe's greatest contributions to the architectural profession has been the innovative steel frame
vernacular, which to this day

Modernism And Its Impact On Art And Architecture
Modernism in oxford dictionary is defined as "A style or movement in the arts that aims to depart
significantly from classical and traditional forms." While this explanation defines modernism in
design and architecture very clearly, roots of modernism are deeper. The movement of modernism
has affected arts and design forever. Modernism was a start for designers to move forward and start
making necessary changes to their pieces. As discussed before during the module a design needs to
be functional and futuristic this only started to become the center of the attention of artist as the
modernism took place. Unnecessary details were removed and everything became more simplified
and artists had a whole new aspect of design to work with and ... Show more content on
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In 1911 he joined the German labor league. The German labor league was founded to ally designers
with machine production. Gropius believed that it was the designer 's job to ''breathe a soul into the
dead product of the machine''.
During his lifetime, he designed many famous buildings such as the Bauhaus school building and
faculty housing which was aimed at the design master teachers and himself to live in. The school
was moved from Weimar to Dessau 1925 because of Nazis. Following the movement of the school
Walter Gropius Designed a series of semi–detached houses which is known to be Bauhaus facility
housing. Lyonel Feininger, Oskar Schlemmer, and Gropius himself lived in these houses which were
built in a pine forest near the Bauhaus school. He also was the designer of Harvard University
Graduate Center and the United States Embassy in Athens.
He was against emulation. Therefore, he was able to break the boundaries and make the purpose of
his designs to not be masked behind unnecessary details. He invented a purposeful futuristic way of
design. Which has to this day been inspired by.
Walter Gropius could not draw Therefore he hired someone to assist him for getting in his
homework done, yet he became one of the founders of a revolutionary design school alongside
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier. This was all achieved because of his unique
perspective towards arts and

Design Aspects Of The Bauhaus Movement
The Bauhaus Movement And Its Design Aspects:
The Design aspects of Bauhaus includes:
– Architecture
–Furniture and Interior Design
– Graphic Design
–Ceramics
–Painting/ glass Paintings
–Carpentry
– Weaving
–Photography & Theater Bauhaus:
"Bauhaus" is an inversion of the German term "hausbau," which means "building house" or house
construction.
The Bauhaus was founded at a time when the Germans had turned from emotional Expressionism to
the matter–of–fact New Objectivity. An entire group of working architects, turned away from
fanciful experimentation, and turned toward rational, functional, & standardized building.
Bauhaus movement and its Objectives & Influences:
The Bauhaus movement began in 1919 by Walter Gropius; he founded a school ... Show more
Here, ceramic vessels, some of them experimental, were made in collaboration with the sculptor and
master of form, Gerhard Marcks. In 1923, the pottery workshop made a technological leap by
moving from the potter's wheel to ceramic casting. The ceramics workshop was not continued in
Dessau. From 1923, the former goldsmith, silversmith and coppersmith workshops of the Weimar
phase became a laboratory for design where metal vessels and lamps were made. This is also where
the designs for industry, as well as metal furniture, were ultimately created. The metal workshop
was integrated into the interior design department from 1929. In 1924, the workshops for glass
painting became part of the newly established "experimental laboratory of the Bauhaus". The most
successful product of the wall painting workshop was the Bauhaus wallpaper, which was produced
from

Falling Water And Farnsworth House
Behind every building, there is an idea. No architect can deny that both Frank Lloyd Wright and
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe developed and introduced a style of architecture that has left a lasting
influence on design and concept. Their philosophy of modernism has similarities that can be seen
throughout the design of their structures, however, their, contrasting views of modernism is
distinguishable in Wright's Falling Water and Mies' Farnsworth house. Their choices of the building
site, material, and idea behind the structures separate the two architects and their philosophies. In the
creation of Falling Water, Wright became an innovator of organic architecture. Falling Water is a
vacation home designed for a specific purpose in 1935 and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Both homes are commissioned to be temporary housing during vacation periods thus, both Wright
and Mies chose to forego some comforts of permanent residency for the sake of design. Owners
question practically over art casting doubt in both architect's vision of the homes. Wright installed a
glass foldable door to cover the walkway to the water at the request of the homeowner and Mies
built a closet at the request of Farnsworth compromising their designs. In the design of both homes
the idea, to reject traditional design is apparent by the use of materials that were not typical of that
time. Both architects build the houses into and part of nature. Falling Water is one with nature and
Farnsworth House is almost nothing seeming to be an ethereal spectator booth placed on the bank of
the river. Both Wright and Mies attempt for their homes to seem not there but still exist. The
Farnsworth House and Falling Water have become famous landmarks and are important parts of
architectural design. Both architects have left a lasting impact on modernism and technique that is
reproduced and prevalent in structures that have been erected since they introduced their concepts.
They have successfully brought innovation to the artistic world and architecture world as well. The
two houses will continue to influence design. Both have contributed a bold, dramatic, and daring
philosophy that has become powerful

The Modernist Movement In Architecture
Modernism is a concept in architecture adopted by many architects as a code of practice. The utmost
important philosophy in architecture and design spanning the 20th century. It corresponds to a
systematic approach to the fundamentals of architectural design. The theory that the design should
primarily focus upon its intended function or purpose. Thus rejecting ornamentation or decorative
detailing whilst embracing minimalism.These elements defined this ideology of 'form follows
function' or 'less is more', resulting in a minimalistic design view defining the classification of
modernism. The dominant movement in architecture and design of 20th century continuing as a
style for institutional and corporate buildings into the 21st. Modernism also encompasses numerous
movements, schools of design, and architectural styles, such as Futurism, Constructivism, De Stijl
and Bauhaus.
"Form (ever) follows function" – A term coined by Louis Sullivan a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright.
Technological advancements in society, regarding construction materials and methods particularly,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1919, Gropius took over direction of both 'Weimar School of Arts and Crafts' and the 'Academy
of Fine Arts' in the same city. His vision was expressed when he unified both into a single institute,
founding 'Bauhaus of Weimar' commonly known as Bauhaus, a design school of art & architecture
in Weimar. Encouraging the production of functional yet artistic objects for the masses, rather than
one–off pieces for the wealthy. Gropius provided not only a school of excellence with the best
possible tutors, the faculty included Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Theo van Doesburg, Lyonel
Feininger, László Moholy–Nagy, Johannes Itten but also a centre for the avant–garde, a catalyst for
experimentation of new design ideas, styles and

Bauhaus Impact On Modern Design
Q: What are the impacts of the Bauhaus on modern design?
The Bauhaus school was founded in 1919 in Weimar by German architect Walter Gropius (1883 –
1969). In 1923, Walter Gropius introduced the agreement between "creative artists and the industrial
world". The Bauhaus is most famous for the idea of combining forms and functions. They combined
both fine arts and design elements to create a curriculum that trained artists and designers to be
capable of producing both functional and aesthetic work. One of the main goals was to bring design
and technology together. During the Bauhaus period, Fine art and craft were combined together and
aimed toward problem solving for an innovative, modern and industrial society. Nowadays, the
Bauhaus legacy continues in modern designs, such as minimalism, or design brands like IKEA. In
this essay, I will analyze Bauhaus's influence on modern design, including architecture and furniture
design by exploring different examples from different periods of time.
1. About the Bauhaus
I'd like to begin the essay by talking about the Bauhaus. In the book "50 Bauhaus icons", "The State
Bauhaus in Weimar was not only one of the earliest, but at the same time one of the most important
and successful schools of art and design." ( Strasser, 2009, 1)
Figure 1.
The Bauhaus School. Image downloaded from http://www.architectweekly.com/2012/12/why–was–
bauhaus–style–so–important.html
The school focused on using primary forms and colours, which include

An Essay on Modernism
Modernism describes the ideology of the art and design that were produced during the modernist
period. There has been a lot of controversy about when modernism started, yet many believe it
initiated sometime in the late 19th century and continued to the early 20th century. The modernist
movement was meant to be a break from traditions and it was set up to separate the value of certain
works from the conservative realism. For instance, Unlike the traditional art that was aesthetic, this
movement was more about space and form. In modernist design, shape and organization of products
and buildings were based on their functional requirements. As a result, designs became simpler
without the traditional decorative concepts. The idea behind the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The chair utilizes the space and structure well and also is developed from a traditional idea into an
innovative modern design for a chair. This chair was famous for its new use of materials, in the
original design, the frame was made out of chrome steel and the upholstery was covered with white
kidskin and filled with cotton burlap and horsehair (Meadmore, 1997). This chair is still in
production for over eight decades.
____________________________________________________
Moreover, I explained how each image is an example for the core principles of modernism as
mentioned in the overview. In brief, modernist design is innovative. Space, form and structure is
based on the functional requirements. Designs became simple and without overwhelming traditional
aesthetic concepts. Therefore, technology together with simpler design made the product easy to be
mass produced. After the first World War, designers in central Europe intended to change the world
for better through art by rejecting ornamentation as it resembled of the past generations whom
withstood the unpleasant effects of war and poverty (Smith, 2005). Dormer (1993) writes that:
'When intelligent designers of the late 19th or early 20th century looked at the anonymous artifacts
of 18th– and 19th–century industrialization, they saw great beauty in the simple, engineered
structures, and set

Themes Of The Modernist Theme Of Modernism By Wilk...
In this essay I am going to talk about one theme of Modernist, looking at the different views of
designers in two different books which are 'Form Follows Function' by Susan Lambert from 1993
and the second book is Modernism by Wilk Christopher.
The Modernist theme I had choose is 'Form Follows Function'. Form follows purpose, use is a sense
of right connected with modernist buildings and structure design and to do with industry design in
the 20th hundred. The general rule is that the form of a building or purpose should be primarily
based upon its person one is going to be married to group event or purpose.
Louis Sullivan is American architect that have interesting theory about form follows function. Louis'
theory on the idea of relationship ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example the form of the chair is also a decoration and is adding interesting look. The way the
sitting angle is made is good like the length of the seat, the arms of the chair are also a perfect shape
and height for the structure of our bodies. The back of the chair is solid and long as it is important
for human body. Human body is divides its weight over a seat and the back seat. The structure of the
chair was designed to have the function and cinfitavke of the chair using only simple geometric
shapes. The method of Louis and Gerrit are quite similar as they both were the structure of their
design as a decorations too. They both not just wanted to have good functional designs but also
make the design interesting in some way. Gerrit Rietveld's chair, also have the organic shape as
Louis Sullivan was talking about in his essay about form follows function. Louis Sullivan, "shape
ever takes after capacity" this fundamentally implies the capacity ought to dependably move toward
becoming before the outline (frame). For example on the off chance that I would outline a seat I
would first ensure it fits its capacity (ease of use) and after that begin including style without
intruding on its fundamental capacity. This conflicted with planning something that is stylishly
satisfying and not serving its essential

Differences Between Modernism And Postmodernism
What are the key differences between Modernism and Postmodernism as architectural movements?
I was looking at differences and similarity between the Modern and Post–modern Architectures
movement in the 20th century's, and found inspiration in the movements and the way the two
movements has made a massive impact in the world of Architecture world
Modernism Looking into the modern Architecture movement I found out that, Modernism is the
single most important new style or philosophy of architecture and design of the 20th century,
associated with an inquisitive approach to the function of buildings, a strictly balanced use of
materials, a move open approach to the structural innovation and the dismissal of ornament.
Modernism is also described to be rational movement that, along with cultural trends and changes,
upcoming from large–scale and across–the–board expanding into the Western society in the late
19th and early 20th centuries. The term is frequently used to modernist movements at the turn of the
20th century, with efforts to restore the main values to emphasize on the architectural design with
quick high–tech development and the reconstruction of the new society. It has also been called
International Modern or International Style, after an exhibition of modernist architecture in America
in 1932 by Philip Johnson. Modernism also encompasses Futurism,

The Bauhaus : Art Education By Influencing Graphic,...
The Bauhaus affected art education by influencing graphic, interior, and typography design. It is
said that it inspired the rise of many other art schools. In this paper there will be specific information
discussed to help each reader in understanding the history of the Bauhaus. Let's start with a little bit
of the back–story of the Bauhaus and its founder Walter Gropius. In 1919 the Bauhaus, a German
word meaning "house of building", was a school founded in Weimar, Germany by architect Walter
Gropius. Born Walter Adolph Gropius, May 18, 1883, in Berlin, Germany. Walter grew up to
become a renowned architect. Mr. Gropius was following in the footsteps of his Father, whom
happen to also be an architect, which studied architecture at the technical institute in Munich from
(1903–04) and in Berlin–Charlottenburg from (1905–07).
During 1919–1928, German American architect and educator Walter Gropius, as director of the
Bauhaus had a major influence on the development of modern architecture. Much of his work, was
in collaboration with other architects. Which included the school building, and faculty housing at the
Bauhaus from 1925 at the Harvard University Graduate Center, and the United States Embassy in
Athens.
In the late 19th–century, the Bauhaus emerged to satisfy, Gropius's desire to reunite the applied arts
and manufacturing, and to reform education. All of these gave birth to several new schools of art
and applied art throughout Germany, and it was out of two such

The Architecture And Architecture Of Tadao Ando's...
Tadao Ando Tadao Ando is a Japanese architect that has made many beautiful modern buildings.
Ando was born a few minutes before his twin brother in 1941 in Osaka, Japan. At the age of two, his
family chose to separate them, and have Tadao live with his grandmother. Ando grew up in a time
when Japan was recovering from World War 2 and his family was poor at the time. At ages from age
10 to 17 he was a carpenter that helped him pave his way to his architectural success. Ando worked
as a truck driver and boxer as well before becoming an architect. Ando eventually decided to end his
boxing career two years after graduating from high school to pursue as an architect. He attended
night classes to learn drawing and took classes on interior design. He visited buildings designed by
architects like Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Louis ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ando's architectural style makes a "Haiku" effect, emphasizing nothingness and empty space to
represent the beauty of simplicity. He likes making complex spatial circulation while maintaining
the appearance of simplicity. He keeps his Japanese culture in mind while he travels around Europe
for research. As an architect he believes that architecture can change society, that "to change the
dwelling is to change the city and to reform society".
Ando's work is known for the creative use of natural light and for structures that follow natural
forms of the landscape, rather than disturbing the landscape. Ando's buildings are often
characterized by complex three–dimensional circulation paths. These paths are between interior and
exterior spaces formed both inside large–scale geometric shapes and in spaces between them.
Tadao Ando is one of the most renowned contemporary Japanese architects. and influences many
people that would like to become architects in future years and his artwork to stay in the minds of

Influence Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye On Modern Architecture
Introduction
In this essay I will discuss the influence Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye had on Modern Architecture. I
will briefly outline the following:
An introduction about Le Corbusier and his early years;
A brief outline on his architectural career;
His 5 points of architecture;
Le Corbusier and the Villa Savoye;
How does Villa Savoye demonstrate his 5 points of architecture;
The influence of Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye on Modern Architecture;
Conclusion
Charles– Edouard Jeanneret – Gris, known under the pseudonym Le Corbusier, a name chosen by
him, was an architect, designer, urbanist, writer and painter, considered one of the fathers of modern
architecture.
Born in the canton of Neuchatel , Switzerland , in the town of La Chaux–de–Fonds ... Show more
The first project entitled "Contemporary City" is for a city of 3 million inhabitants.
The city comprised a group of skyscrapers cross–shaped steel frames and glass walls giants, housing
offices and homes for the rich, each placed in rectangular green areas. In their midst is a large
transport hub with highways on several levels, and an airport on the top floor. Le Corbusier
separates the pedestrian access routes for cars, the unconditional supporter of cars as a means of
transport.
The workers lived in the suburbs in zigzag blocks.
The next project, "Radiant City" is built along the same principles, only blocks are no longer built
on social criteria, but on the number of family members.
Le Corbusier's early work was related to nature, but as his ideas progressed, he developed the
Maison–Domino, a basic building concept for mass production with free–standing pillars and rigid
floors. He settled in Paris in 1917 where he published his book called "Vers une architecture"
(Towards a New Architecture), based on his earlier articles in L'Esprit

Rhetorical Analysis Of The Devil In The White City
DWC Rhetorical Analysis Essay Tucker Max's famous words state that "the devil doesn't come
dressed in a red cape and pointy horns. He comes as everything you've ever wished for." H. H.
Holmes, a main character in Erik Larson's 2003 novel titled "The Devil in the White City,"
exemplifies Max's statement. This novel recreates the lives of Daniel Burnham, the architect of the
1893 Chicago World's Fair, and H. H. Holmes, the mastermind serial killer who takes advantage of
the fair to find his victims. Larson demonstrates the contesting forces of good and evil within the
World's Fair among his use of figurative language, allusion, and imagery to emphasize that evil can
lurk in the shadows as well as in plain sight. When acknowledging the turnout of Chicago's fair,
Larson uses figurative language to demonstrate the contesting forces of good and evil and to
examine the extent to which Chicago stretched the fair's potential. Larson writes, "Chicago has
disappointed her enemies and astonished the world" (30). Larson uses personification when he says
that "Chicago has disappointed her enemies..." and is giving Chicago a human behavior. This
strategy emits a positive connotation to the reader . The use of figurative language makes the reader
look at Chicago as having achieved a great honor by hosting the fair. It also shows that Chicago can
create something so miraculous in a time of such hardship and need for ingenuity and amidst the
evil waiting within the shadows of the White City. When describing the tension in the top floor of
the Rookery while the architects were revealing their drawings for the fair, Larson writes "As the
light began to fade, the architects lit the library's gas jets, which hissed like mildly perturbed cats"
(115) and he uses figurative language to help the reader grasp the importance and anticipation of this
moment. By comparing the library's gas jets to "mildly perturbed cats," the reader gains a sense of
agitation, anticipation, and the anxiety that the architects were feeling in that moment. Larson
creates a negative and rather comforting connotation by using this simile to describe the room's
tension. The way that Larson describes this moment leads the reader to imagine it to be

Reflection Paper
Dwelling, Heidegger also insists, has a certain emotional state of being attached to it. People tend to
interpret the experience of dwelling with the sense of home. Dwelling imbues the experiencer with a
sense of peace and satisfaction. It is a safe space where they are free to be themselves and a place
that need not be either specific nor stationary. In fact, the famous saying "home is where the heart
is" perfectly illustrates that home is a feeling without the need for a dwelling to contain it. For
example, a truck driver may feel at home on the road, but his home is not a formal dwelling. Thus,
the feeling of home can be present without the existence of a dwelling. However, according to
Heidegger, building and dwelling go hand in hand. Heidegger also considers "thinking" an
important part of the process such as thinking about the relationships between building and
dwelling, or the nature of the connections that humans should have with the buildings they dwell
within. On this note, it would be wise to consider another meaning of the term bauen when relating
building to dwelling: dwelling is the manner in which mortals are on the Earth p 2. This definition is
important to the relationship between building and thinking because it spurs one to contemplate this
particular meaning. If building is dwelling then the building could be the orifice for mortality and
divinity alike. As we moved births and deaths from the home to the hospital we lost touch with these

How Architecture Has Changed The Creation Of The Country...
Architecture has been around since the earliest of times, although it wasn 't until the time of the
Roman Empire when architecture was truly evolved. Since then architecture had then been
remarkably evolved worldwide as each different countries' architecture acts like a mirror for a
perception of the way of they 're living and also the developments of the place that have led to the
creation of the country as it looks in modern day. For this essay I will be analysing two type of
houses that is in a two different time period which are a vernacular and a contemporary house and
also both is in a different type of geographical region. The first house is the Farnsworth House
which was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in 1945 and was constructed in 1951 for Dr
Edith Farnsworth, who wanted it to be a weekend retreat where she could engage in her hobbies
such as playing the violin and to simply relax and enjoy the nature. It is located in Illinois, USA,
facing the Fox River and is set within ten acre of land outside Plano. Farnsworth House is widely
recognised as an iconic modern masterpiece of International style of architecture in its time,
regardless with its complication between Dr Edith Farnsworth and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
relationship. For the second house, I have chosen a vernacular architecture which is called Toraja
Tongkonan, located in the northern part of the South Sulawesi Province, in one of the island of
Indonesia. This megalithic Tongkonan architecture is the

Philip Johnson Research Paper
Philip Johnson was an American architect and theorist, he designed his own home, known as the
Glass House. On the ideas of space unification borrowed from his co–worker Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe, the man he designed the Seagram Skyscraper Bulding with in 1945. Johnson's other notable
works include the Amon Carter Museum of Western Art in Texas which he designed in 1961 and
also the New York State Theatre in 1964. He is also the winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in
1979.
Known as the leader of the International Style Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a German born
architect. Mies' first notable work was designed in 1929, the German Pavilion for the International
Exposition in Barcelona. Mies later moved to the United States in 1937 and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
During Picasso's 'Blue Period' and 'Rose Period' he began to draw more realistically. Later in his life
Picasso began experimenting with both analytical and synthetic Cubism. In Picasso's Cubist
paintings he painted objects and people as abstract shapes, such as circles, squares and triangles. Not
only painting, Picasso also experimented with Sculptures inn his life.
Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) was an artist, a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage
designer, poet and playwright. Between 1901–1904 Picasso went through a period where he
essentially only painted using the colour blue and blue–green and occasionally he added warmer
colours(3), his blue paintings portray destitute human beings. At the time, in Paris where Picasso
was during his blue period, he was far from friends and family, an unrecognised artist who lived in
extreme poverty. "It was thinking about Casagemas that got me started painting in

Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
The famous German architect, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, constructed the Barcelona Pavilion in
1929. The pavilion was developed because of the World's Fair held in Barcelona in 1929 to 1930.
The building is recognized for it simple form yet extravagant use of materials. The pavilions elegant
and sleek designs would lead to a beginning of a modern movement in architectural designs. Ludwig
was born in Germany in 1886. His father was a stonemason and Ludwig began working with him at
a young age. He then moved to Berlin and worked for notable architects and furniture designers. He
was given a lot of praise for his skyscraper designs. Most of the early work he did was residential
and he received his first independent commission, the Riehl House, at the age of just 20 ("Legacy",
2012). Ludwig was highly respected for the many innovative structures. Due to his many well–
known designs, he was asked to construct a pavilion for the World Fair in Barcelona. The Barcelona
Pavilion soon became his most famous structure. This design became his inspiration for his future
projects. Since many people admired Ludwig and his work, in 1930, he was named director of the
Bauhaus. This was the renowned German school of experimental art and design, which he led until
1933 when he closed the school under pressure from the Nazi Regime ("Legacy", 2012). He also
continued to be partners with Lilly Reich, the furniture designer of the pavilion. The World's Fair
was held from May 1929 to late January

The First World War And The Reconstruction Of Britain
This essay will explain why Brutalism became one of the 20th Century's most controversial
architectural movements and help explain what influenced the development of the style. Firstly by
explaining and describing the characteristics of brutalist structures and discussing the most
monumental brutalist buildings during the 1950s and 1960s. By exploring historical and contextual
factors, this essay will discuss what technological advancements occurred and contributed towards
the birth of Brutalism. Within this essay there will be discussion about the way the Second World
War and the reconstruction of Britain changed the direction of British architecture and which
architects were most influential in this redevelopment process. Furthermore, it will explore the
Modernist movement by evaluating key historical information which contributed to the progression
of a new, mid–century style. Brutalism, a disputed architectural movement which developed during
the 1950s and 1960s when there was a significant change in direction for British architecture.
Brutalism descended from the Modernist architectural movement of the early 20th Century and was
a mid–century reaction by the younger generation to the 'lightness' of 1940's architecture. Brutalism
represents an aesthetic that is rational, stripped of ornamentation and predominantly utalised
unfinished concrete or rough stone. Initiated originally by Le Corbusier whose architecture was the
"brutal reaction to the machine mass–produced

Modernism In Modern Architecture
breeding from the unruly mood at the beginning of the 20th century, modernism was a profound
approach that craved to stimulate and renovate the way modern civilization pictured life, art,
politics, literature and science. It is a classical trend of thoughts that ratifies the power of human
beings to create, improve and reshape their environment with the aid of scientific knowledge,
technological advancements and practical experimentation. As a trend, it is less lucid, its perimeter
looser, than, say, classicism. a number of analysts would contend that modernism isn't a single trend
, that it embodies a great array of aesthetics and sensibilities. It encouraged the re–analysis of every
aspect of survival from commerce to philosophy, with the objective of finding the progress holding
obstacle and restoring ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wright introduced the linearity and simplicity of external form. Modern architecture is imputed to
the era from 1920 to 1950. Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier are names
often associated with modernism. designers began incorporating industrialism and urbanismin their
designs. Their buildings used geometric forms, glass panels and other designs. The ornamental
elements receded with modernism.. Because modernism developed hand–in–hand with
industrialization, modern structures were designed and constructed in light of the machine with bold
use of steel. Modern architects created details and building systems that aimed at machine
manufacturing and making. With modernism, symmetry gave path to regularity. "Form follows
function", an adage meaning that the result of design must evolve directly from its purpose. Also
modern architecture was simple and clear in forms. the natural appearance of a material should be
visible rather than hidden or modified to highlight some other feature. Major influences of modern
architecture in the mid–20th century include aviation and space

Reflection Of The Bauhaus
Introduction
The Bauhaus was established by Walter Gropius (1883–1969)in Germany , Weimar, according to the
Bauhaus interiors , the Bauhaus is actually a word which has been inverted( suahuab) from a
German term which means "building house or house construction " ( The Bauhaus Movement,
2012) .
Johannes Itten (1888–1967) was the one who initially established "the heart of Bauhaus education"
(Meggs 1998:279) which was the preliminary course. In the year 1923, Johannes Itten left the
Bauhaus due to the fact of "disagreement about the conduct of this course" (Meggs 1998:279),
which was his "methodology of direct experience sought to develop perceptual awareness,
intellectual abilities, and emotional experience" (B. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to that is because some parts such as the lid was designed in a machine like
geometrically shaped along with the semicircular handle.
Conclusion
The Bauhaus was viewed as the most influential modernist art school in the late twentieth century.
Its aim was to "bring the special aim of which was to instruct in the use of tools."(The Bauhaus
(Walter Groupious) and its influence on modern architecture, 2016).
In the twentieth century, the Bauhaus was regarded as the "most influential modernist art school"
(The Arts story, 2016), Even though the Bauhaus was closed by the Nazi party , it had a major
influence in the United States and also Europe because the approach was of teaching and being able
to understand art's relationship in the society and technology (The Arts story,

Original Definition of Art Essay
My definition of art is imagination and passion expressed by creating a visual feature. I consider art
to be a figurative of the imagination because everything starts with thought. People create life by
thinking of ways to develop; this then creates art. It is as simple as watching a child draw a picture. I
can recall imagining a picture in my head and expressing my thoughts on paper. The drawing did not
come out as I imagined but it took me to a place and every time I saw the picture I thought about the
vision I had created in my head. Although art involves imagination, not everyone has passion to
create art. Art can be created through anger and frustration. I think that is the best way to create art.
It can show passion to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Architecture expresses art threw blueprints, construction, and innovation. It can be said that the
artwork was first brought to Chicago by Daniel H. Burnham, William Le Baron Jenney, Louis H
Sullivan, Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe, and Frank Lloyd Wright. These artist are known as America's
most important architects, and for helping to rebuild Chicago after the Chicago Fire of 1871
(http://www.novelguide.com). This started the development of Chicago as an industrialized city.
Visual Examples In class: (Right)
The picture shows the work of William Le Baron Jenney. This building is known as the Home
Insurance Building in Chicago and is famous for its curtain walls. The term curtain walls refers to
the horizontal lines that separate the buildings windows into sections.
(www.britannica.com).
Outside of class: (Left)
This picture shows Louis H Sullivan's design (exterior view) in 1904 for the Carson Pirie Scott
building. (www.cityofchicago.org). This building represented architecture art because of the
symmetrical balance and the cresting on the top of the building that allows a person standing in front
of it to have idea of how high the building is.
 Paleolithic Era
Definition
Paleolithic Era is the time in which humans used stones as tools and hunting and gathering was
taking place and the art was expressed on cave walls

Bauhaus Case Study

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Bauhaus Case Study