Downloaded 65 times
Uploaded bySunil Vodela
Battery
The document provides information on batteries, including: 1) Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy through reversible chemical reactions and can be recharged by passing current in the opposite direction of discharge. 2) Batteries contain hazardous materials like sulfuric acid and lead that can cause burns, nerve damage, and other health issues if exposed. 3) Primary batteries convert chemical energy directly while secondary batteries must be charged first before use and can be recharged multiple times.
More Related Content
Battery
- 1.
- 2. The Battery • Main Entry: storage battery • Function: noun • Date: 1881 • : a cell or connected group of cells that converts chemical energy into electrical energy by reversible chemical reactions and that may be recharged by passing a current through it in the direction opposite to that of its discharge -- called also storage cell.
- 3. Battery HAZARDOUS POSSIBLE CONSTITUENT EFFECTS Corrosive, causes severe skin burns, SULFURIC ACID and can cause blindness. Causes nerve and kidney damage, LEAD suspected carcinogen
- 4. Types of Batteries The primary battery converts chemical energy to electrical energy directly, using the chemical materials within the cell to start the action. The secondary battery must first be charged with electrical energy before it can convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The secondary battery is frequently called a storage battery, since it stores the energy that is supplied to it.
- 5. DRY CELL • Uses An electrolytic paste. • The electrolytic paste reacts with the electrodes to produce a negative charge on one electrode and a positive charge on the other. • The difference of potential between the two electrodes is the output voltage.
- 6. Lead Acid Battery •Electrolyte for the most part distilled (pure) water, with some sulfuric acid mixed with the water. • Electrodes must be of dissimilar metals. • An active electrolyte.
- 7. Cells • Positive electrode • Negative electrode • Electrolyte • Separator
- 8. The basic primarywet cell • The metals in a cell are called the electrodes, and the chemical solution is called the electrolyte. • The electrolyte reacts oppositely with the two different electrodes • It causes one electrode to lose electrons and develop a positive charge; and it causes one other electrode to build a surplus of electrons and develop a negative charge. • The difference in potential between the two electrode charges is the cell voltage.
- 9. The Electrolyte • When charging first started, electrolysis broke down each water molecule (H2O) into two hydrogen ions (H+) and one oxygen ion (O-2). • The positive hydrogen ions attracted negative sulfate ions (SO4-2) from each electrode. • These combinations produce H2SO4, which is sulfuric acid.
- 10. Electrolysis • The producing of chemical changes by passage of an electric current through an electrolyte.
- 11. Specific Gravity • Ratioof the weight of • Example: It is the a given volume of a weight of the sulfuric substance to the acid - water mixture weight of an equal compared to an equal volume of some volume of water. Pure reference substance, water has a specific or, equivalently, the gravity of 1,000. ratio of the masses of equal volumes of the two substances.
- 12. Hydrometer • Device usedto determine directly the specific gravity of a liquid.
- 13. Hydrometer The chart below gives state of charge vs. specific gravity of the electrolyte. State of Charge Specific Gravity • 100% Charged 1.265 • 75% Charged 1.239 • 50% Charged 1.200 • 25% Charged 1.170 • Fully Discharged 1.110 • These readings are correct at 75°F
- 14. Voltmeter = Hydrometer •Ifyou are simply using an accurate voltmeter, along with occasional checks with your hydrometer, this chart should be helpful in determining your batteries state of charge. Charge Level Specific Gravity Voltage 2V n Voltage 6V n Voltage 12V n Voltage 24V n 100.00% 1.270 2.13 6.38 12.75 25.50 75.00% 1.224 2.08 6.24 12.48 24.96 50.00% 1.170 2.02 6.06 12.12 24.24 20.00% 1.097 1.94 5.82 11.64 23.28 0.00% 1.045 1.89 5.67 11.34 22.68 n stands for nominal voltage
- 15. Ohm’s Law • Ohm’sLaw can be expressed by the equation: – E = IR – I = E/R – R = E/I
- 16. Ohm’s Law • Seriescircuits, the total voltage is equal to the sum of the individual voltages. The current is constant. • Parallel circuits, the voltage is constant. The current is equal to the sum of the individual currents.
- 17. Currents • If onevolt of potential difference across a device causes on ampere of current to flow, then the device has a resistance of 1 ohm = 1Ω = 1V/A • Most of your electrical resistance is in your skin and varies from 500 ohms (clean) to several million ohms (dirty).
- 18. Currents Current Physiological Effect on Man Amperes Phenomena < 0.001 None Imperceptible 0.001 Perception Threshold Mild Sensation 0.003 Pain Threshold Painful Sensation 0.010 Paralysis Threshold of Person cannot release grip; Arms and Hands if no grip, victim may be thrown clear. Tighter grip because of paralysis may allow more current to flow; may be fatal. 0.030 Respiratory Paralysis Stoppage of breathing, frequently fatal. 0.075 Fibrillation Threshold Heart action uncoordinated, probably fatal. 4.000 Heart Paralysis Threshold Heart stops on current passage, normally restarts when current interrupted. 5.000 Tissue Burning Not fatal unless vital organs are burned
- 19. Series Connected Batteries • Positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the next, is called a series connected battery. • The voltage of this type of battery is the sum of a individual cell voltages.
- 20. Parallel Connected Batteries • Connect the negative terminal from one cell to the negative of the next cell • Connect the positive terminal to the positive terminal, is parallel connected. • Voltage remains constant and the current is cumulative.
- 21. Series-Parallel Connections SERIES SERIES PARALLEL SERIES SERIES- PARALLEL
- 22. Capacity Rating System •The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has established two ratings for domestic made batteries: – Reserve Capacity (RC) – Cold Cranking Amps (CCA)
- 23. Reserve Capacity • Reservecapacity is the time required (in minutes) for a fully charged battery at 80°F under a constant 25 amp draw to reach a voltage of 10.5 volts.
- 24. Cold Cranking Amps(CCA) • CCA is an important measurement of battery capacity. • This rating measures the discharge lead (in amps) that a battery can supply for 30 seconds at 0°F (-17°C), while maintaining a voltage of 1.2 volts per cell (7.2 volts per battery or higher).
- 25. Preventive Maintenance • Whenthe top of a battery is “dirty or looks damp. • Give a battery a general cleaning, use hot water (130° F to 170° F) with a neutralizer / detergent solution.
- 26. Charging • Chemical reactionoccur during charging. • Lead sulfate on both plates is separated into Lead (Pb). • Sulfate (SO4) leaves both plates. • It combines with hydrogen (H) in the electrolyte to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4). • Oxygen (O) combines with the lead (Pb) at the positive plate to form lead oxide (PbO2). • The negative returns to original form of lead (Pb.
- 27. Charging • Clean Battery Terminals. • Attach clamps to the battery in proper polarity. • Keep open flames and sparks away from battery. • Ventilate the battery well while charging.
- 28. Charging • The chargea battery receives is equal to the charge rate in amperes multiplied by the time in hours. • Measure the specific gravity of a cell once per hour during charging to determine full charge.
- 29. Overcharging • Results inwarped or broken plates, damaged separators, severe shedding of the active materials pasted to the plates, and excessive loss of water, which cause plates to dry out.
- 30. Ventilation Requirements • Theoxygen and hydrogen gases released during the gassing phase of a typical flooded lead-acid battery recharge can be dangerous if allowed to exceed 0.8 % (by volume) or 20 percent of the lower explosive range. Concentrations of hydrogen between 4 % and 74% are considered explosive (40,000 ppm and 740,000 ppm).
- 31. HYDROGEN • Chemical Formula: H2 • Specific Gravity: 0.0695 • Color: None Odor: None • Taste: None • Origin: Applying water to super hot mine fires, explosions electrolysis of battery acid. • Explosive Range: 4.1% - 74% • Ignition Temp: 1030o - 1130o F • % Oxygen Needed To Burn or Explode: 5% • TLV: None • STEL: None • Effect on Body:Asphxysiant Due to Displacement of Oxygen. • How Detected: Electronic Detectors, Squeeze Tube Detectors, Chemical Analysis. •
- 32. Ventilation • All leadacid power batteries give off gases when recharging and also for a period after the charge is completed. – A Concentration of hydrogen in excess of 4% (by volume). It is suggested that the concentration be controlled to a maximum of 2% (by volume).
- 33. Ventilation (cont.) • Atypical lead acid motive power cell will, evolve approximately .016 cubic feet of hydrogen gas over A.H. overcharge. • Since this gas is given off at the maximum rate at the end of the charging period, the following calculation assumes a charging current of 5% of the 6 hour A.H. capacity (C6) during this over charge period. (This charging current is excessive but has been used to take account of the worst case.) • Gas given off per hour per cell = 0.16 x .05 = .0008 C6 cu / ft. / cell / hr.
- 34. Example: • Consider abattery of 24 cells, type 75CB-13 (C6 = 450 A.H.). • From the above formula, the rate of gas evolution during overcharge is 24 x .0008 x 450 A.H. = 8.64 cu. Ft./hr. • Assume that there are 10 such batteries on charge simultaneously in a room whose dimensions are 25 ft. x 20ft. x 12 ft. high. • Volume of charging room = 6,000 cu. Ft. • Volume of Hydrogen gas given off = 8.64 x 10 = 86.4 cu. Ft./hr. • In order that the concentration of hydrogen is kept at 2% maximum, the air must be changer every 6,000 x 60/83 = 86.4 cu. X 60 = 83 minutes. • Consequently, fans capable of extracting 6,000 x 60/83 = 4337 cu.ft. per hour should be installed as near the roof as possible.
- 35. Jump Starting • Be sure to turn off accessories. • Connect the red cable to the positive terminal on the good battery while the engine is running. • Connect the other end of the red cable to the positive terminal on the dead battery. • Then connect one end of the black cable to the negative terminal on the good battery. • Connect the other end of the negative cable to a known good ground in the vehicle with the dead battery. • After starting the vehicle with the discharged battery, allow the engine to return to idle speed. • Remove the negative jumper cable starting with the end that is connected to the vehicle ground • Remove the positive cable.
- 36. Contacts • Crown BatteryCompany – Jack Enos 724-444-6444 – Ron Bauer 724-925-7266
Editor's Notes
- #3 -:A CELL OR CONNECTED GROUP OF CELLS THAT CONVERT CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY -BY REVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS -AND THAT MAY BE RECHARGED BY PASSING A CURRENT THROUGH IN A OPPOSITE DIRECTION TO ITS DISCHARGE -ALSO CALLED STORAGE CELL.
- #4 -REFER TO MSDS SHEETS FOR SULFURIC ACID / LEAD SULFURIC ACID -- CORROSIVE, CAUSES SEVERE SKIN BURNS, AND CAN CAUSE BLINDNESS. LEAD -- CAUSES NERVE AND KIDNEY DAMAGE, SUSPECTED CARCINOGEN
- #5 -PRIMARY BATTERY CONVERTS CHEMICAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY DIRECTLY -USING THE CHEMICAL MATERIALS WITHIN THE CELL TO START THE ACTION. -SECONDARY BATTERY MUST FIRST BE CHARGED WITH ELECTRICAL ENERGY BEFORE IT CAN CONVERT CHEMICAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY -SECONDARY BATTERY CALLED A STORAGE BATTERY, SINCE IT STORES THE ENERGY THAT IS SUPPLIED TO IT.
- #6 -USES AN ELECTROLYTIC PASTE -THE ELECTROLYTIC PASTE REACTS WITH THE ELECTRODES -TO PRODUCE A NEGATIVE CHARGE ON ONE ELECTRODE -AND A POSITIVE CHARGE ON THE OTHER. -THE DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL BETWEEN THE TWO ELECTRODES IS THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE..
- #7 -ELECTROLYTE -- 64% WATER(H20) (SP.GR.=1.000) + 36% SULFURIC ACID(H2SO4) (SP.GR.=1.83) = ELECTROLYTE (SP.GR.=1.270) -THE ELECTROLYTE IS MEASURED BY ITS SPECIFIC GRAVITY. -ELECTRODES MUST BE OF DISSIMILAR METALS. -POSITIVE IS A COMPOUND OF LEAD (Pb) AND OXYGEN (O2) FORMING LEAD OXIDE (PbO2) -NEGATIVE IS SPONGE LEAD (Pb) -OXYGEN IN THE POSITIVE PLATE COMBINES WITH HYDROGEN IN THE EXLECTROLYTE TO FORM WATER (H2O). -AT THE SAME TIME, LEAD IN THE POSITIVE PLATE COMBINES WITH THE SULFATE RADICAL (SO4) TO FORM LEAD SULFATE (PbSO4) -AT THE NEGATIVE PLATE WHERE LEAD (Pb) COMBINES WITH THE SULFATE RADICAL (SO4) TO FORM LEAD SULFATE (PbSO4)
- #8 -ELECTROLYTE -- 64% WATER(H20) (SP.GR.=1.000) + 36% SULFURIC ACID(H2SO4) (SP.GR.=1.83) = ELECTROLYTE (SP.GR.=1.270) -THE ELECTROLYTE IS MEASURED BY ITS SPECIFIC GRAVITY. -ELECTRODES MUST BE OF DISSIMILAR METALS. -POSITIVE IS A COMPOUND OF LEAD (Pb) AND OXYGEN (O2) FORMING LEAD OXIDE (PbO2) -NEGATIVE IS SPONGE LEAD (Pb) -OXYGEN IN THE POSITIVE PLATE COMBINES WITH HYDROGEN IN THE EXLECTROLYTE TO FORM WATER (H2O). -AT THE SAME TIME, LEAD IN THE POSITIVE PLATE COMBINES WITH THE SULFATE RADICAL (SO4) TO FORM LEAD SULFATE (PbSO4) -AT THE NEGATIVE PLATE WHERE LEAD (Pb) COMBINES WITH THE SULFATE RADICAL (SO4) TO FORM LEAD SULFATE (PbSO4)
- #9 -THE METALS IN A CELL ARE CALLED ELECTODES, -THE CHEMICAL SOLUTION IS CALLED THE ELECTOLYTE. -THE ELECTROLYTE REACTS OPPOSITELY WITH THE TWO DIFFERENT ELECTRODES. -IT CAUSES ONE ELECTRODE TO LOSE ELECTRONS AND DEVELOP A POSITIVE CHARGE. -THE OTHER ELECTRODE BUILDS A SURPLUS OF ELECTRONS AND DEVELOPS A NEGATIVE CHARGE. -THE DIFFERENCE IN POTENTIAL BETWEEN THE TWO ELECTRODES CHARGES IS THE CELL VOLTAGE
- #10 Remember that when charging first started, electrolysis broke down each water molecule (H 2 O) into two hydrogen ions (H + ) and one oxygen ion (O -2 ). The positive hydrogen ions attracted negative sulfate ions (SO 4 -2 ) from each electrode. These combinations produce H 2 SO 4 , which is sulfuric acid .
- #11 Electrolysis When charging fist starts, the current flowing through the battery causes electrolysis of the water. The water molecules (H 2 O) begin to break down into their constituent ions. For each negative oxygen ion (O -2 ) that is produced, there are two positive hydrogen ions (H + ), so that the electrolyte is neutral.
- #12 THE MOST WIDELY USED REFERENCE SUBSTANCE FOR DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY’S OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS IS WATER. BECAUSE THE DENSITY OF WATER IS VERY NEARLY 1g/cm 3 , THE DENSITY OF ANY SUBSTANCE IN g/cm 3 IS NEARLY THE SAME NUMERICALLY AS ITS SPECIFIC GRAVITY RELATIVE TO WATER. IN THE ENGLISH SYSTEM OF UNITS THE DENSITY OF WATER IS ABOUT 62.4 lb/ft 3 , SO THE NEAR EQUALITY BETWEEN SPECIFIC GRAVITYAND DENSITY IS NOT PRESERVED IN THIS SYSTEM. SPECIFIC GRAVITY’S OF GASES ARE OFTEN GIVEN WITH DRY AIR AS THE THE REFERENCE SUBSTANCE. BECAUSE OF THE DENSITIES OF ALL SUBSTANCES VARY WITH TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE, THE TEMPERATURE AND (PARTICULARLY FOR GASSES) THE PRESSURE FOR BOTH THE REFERENCE SUBSTANCE AND THE SUBSTANCE OF INTEREST ARE OFTEN INCLUDED WHEN PRECISE VALUES OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY’S ARE GIVEN.
- #13 GIVES THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY READING DIRECTLY. IT USUALLY CONSISTS OF A THIN GLASS TUBE CLOSED AT BOTH ENDS, WITH ONE END ENLARGED INTO A BULB THAT CONTAINS FINE LEAD SHOT OR MERCURY TO CAUSE THE INSTRUMENT TO FLOAT UPRIGHT IN A LIQUID.
- #14 THE QUICKEST WAY TO RUIN LEAD ACID BATTERIES IS TO DISCHARGE THEM DEEPLY AND LEAVE THEM STAND DEAD FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME. WHEN THEY DISCHARGE A CHEMICAL CHANGE IN THE POSITIVE PLATES OF THE BATTERY. THEY CHANGE FROM LEAD OXIDE WHEN CHARGED TO LEAD SULFATE WHEN DISCHARGED. IF THEY REMAIN IN THE LEAD SULFATE STATE FOR A FEW DAYS, SOME PART OF THE PLATE DOES NOT RETURN TO LEAD OXIDE WHEN THE BATTERY IS RECHARGED. IF THE BATTERY REMAINS DISCHARGED LONGER, A GREATER AMOUNT OF THE POSITIVE PLATE WILL REMAIN LEAD SULFATE. THE PLATE BECOMES “SULFATED” AND NO LONGER STORES ENERGY USE ONLY DISTILLED WATER. TAP WATER MAY CONTAIN CHEMICALS OR OTHER IMPURITIES HARMFUL TO BATTERIES. BATTERIES SHOULD BE FILLED ONLY AT THE END OF THE CHARGING CYCLE.
- #15 THEY ARE ALSO ONLY ACCURATE FOR BATTERIES AT REST. MEANING THAT THE VOLTAGE IS NOT LOWERED BY A LOAD, OR ELEVATED BY A CHARGING SOURCE. YOU HAVE THE MOST ACCURACY AFTER A HALF HOUR OF REST TIME.
- #17 E = VOLTAGE I = CURRENT R = RESISTANCE SERIES CIRCUITS, THE TOTAL VOLTAGE IS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL VOLTAGES. THE CURRENT IS CONSTANT. PARALLEL CIRCUITS, THE VOLTAGE IS CONSTANT. THE CURRENT IS EQUAL TO THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL CURRENTS.
- #18 IF ONE VOLT OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ACROSS A DEVICE CAUSES ONE AMPERE OF CURRENT TO FLOW, THEN THE DEVICE HAS A RESISTANCE OF 1OHM = 1 OHM = 1 = 1V/A MOST OF YOUR ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE IS IN YOUR SKIN AND VARIES FROM 500 OHMS (CLEAN TO SEVERAL MILLION OHMS (DIRTY).
- #19 LARGE CURRENTS MOVE IONS TO WHERE THEY SHOULD NOT BE, DISRUPTING BODILY PROCESSES.
- #20 THE WAY BATTERIES ARE CONNECTED DETERMINES THE VOLTAGE AND CAPACITY OF THE BATTERY.
- #23 BOTH METHODS INVOLVE MEASURING THE BATTERY DISCHARGE CURRENTS OVER A SPECIFIED PERIOD OF TIME. EACH TEST PROVIDES A STANDARD WAY TO COMPARE BATTERIES IN SPECIFIC GROUP SIZES WITH REGARD TO VEHICLE LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY AND COLD CRANKING CAPACITY. THE BATTERY COUNCIL INTERNATIONAL (BCI) HAS ALSO ACCEPTED THESE RATINGS AS SATISFATORY BATTERY MEASUREMENT STANDARDS. CONSEQUENTLY, RC AND CCA ARE OFTEN REFERRED TO AS BCI RATINGS.
- #24 THIS RATING HELPS DETERMINE THE BATTERY’S ABILITY TO SUSTANIN IN A MINIMUM VEHICLE ELECTRICAL LOAD IN THE EVENT OF A CHARGING SYSTEM FAILURE. THE MINIMUM ELECTRICAL LOAD UNDER THE WORST POSSIBLE CONDITIONS (WINTER DRIVING AT NIGHT) WOULD LIKELY REQUIRE CURRENT FOR THE IGNITION, LOW BEAM HEADLIGHTS, WINDSHIELD WIPERS AND THE DEFROSTER AT LOW SPEED. RC IS ALSO USEFUL TO MEASURE THE BATTERY’S ABILITY TO POWER A VEHICLE THAT HAS SMALL BUT LONG-TERM PARASITIC LOADS, AND STILL HAVING ENOUGH RESERVE TO CRANK THE ENGINE.
- #25 THE PRIMARY DUTY OF THE BATTERY IS TO START THE ENGINE TO CRANK OR ROTATE THE CRANKSHAFT WHILE ALSO MAINTAINING SUFFICIENT VOLTAGE TO ACTIVATE THE IGNITION SYSTEM UNTIL THE ENGINE STARTS. THIS REQUIREMENT INVOLVES A HIGH DISCHARGE OVER A VERY SHORT TIME SPAN. IT IS DIFFICULT FOR A BATTERY TO DELIVER POWER WHEN IT IS COLD FURTHERMORE, COLD ENGINES REQUIRE MORE POWER TO TURN OVER.
- #26 THE NEUTRALIZER/DETERGENT SOLUTION IS MADE BY MIXING 1/2 POUND OF BAKING SODA, OR 1/2 PINT OF HOUSEHOLD CLEANING AMMONIA, WITH THE RECOMMENDED AMOUNT OF DETERGENT FOR GENERAL CLEANING WITH 1/2 GALLON OF CLEAR WATER. APPLY THE SOLUTION WITH A CLEAN PAINT BRUSH TO THE TOP OF THE BATTERY, WORKING IT UNDER THE INTER-CELL CONNECTORS AND THE TERMINALS TO LOOSEN THE GRIME AND NEUTRALIZE THE ACID. IF BAKING SODA IS IN THE SOLUTION, APPLY THE MIXTURE UNTIL THE “FIZZING” ACTION STOPS. RINSE THE BATTERY WITH CLEAN, HOT WATER FROM A LOW PRESSURE HOSE TO REMOVE ALL TRACES OF THE SOLUTION AND LOOSE DIRT. DURING ANY CLEANING MAKE CERTAIN THAT ALL VEN CAPS ARE TIGHTLY IN PLACE.
- #29 Thus a 5-A rate applied to a battery for 10 h would be a 50 - a-h charge to the battery. To fully recharge a battery, you must replace the ampere hours or ampere minutes removed from it plus an extra 20 % charge. This is due to the fact the batteries are not 100 % efficient on recharging.
- #40 It is a common misconception that since the positive jumper cable is attached to the positive end of each battery, the negative cable should be attached to both negative terminals. Doing so can be dangerous. Batteries contain gas that can ignite or explode. This gas forms in each cell of the battery as it is charged either by a battery charger or by the vehicle’s generator. Part of this gas escapes through the vent holes at the top of the battery. Connecting the negative battery cable and completing the circuit will create an arc that could cause and explosion. NOTICE: It is always best to follow the manufacturer’s recommended procedure. CAUTION: Use extreme caution when attaching booster cables for jump starting . Keep sparks, flames and cigarettes away from the battery at all times. Protect your eyes with safety glasses or a face shield, and do not lean over the battery.