Basilar Impression. Bull's Angle.
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Basilar impression is evaluated using MRI to measure the Bull's angle, which is normally less than 13 degrees. MRI techniques like MPRAGE 3D T1 and SE T1 are used to visualize the skull base and measure the Bull's angle to diagnose basilar impression when it is greater than normal.
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Congenital cholesteatoma of the mastoid bone is a rare, non-epithelial cyst or tumor that exists in the mastoid bone at birth. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful in evaluating congenital cholesteatoma and can help determine the extent of involvement of the mastoid bone and surrounding structures. Surgical removal is usually required to prevent complications like bone erosion and hearing loss.
Mantle B-Cell Lymphoma: Extradural & Foraminal Relapse
A patient was experiencing a relapse of mantle B-cell lymphoma that had spread outside the spinal cord into the extradural space and spinal foramina. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) scans using fat saturated and non-fat saturated post-gadolinium T1 spin echo sequences were performed to evaluate the extent of the relapse.
Epilepsy in Preterm Neonate MRI
Epilepsy in Preterm Neonate MRI (2D TOF MIP, 3D MPRAGE, Diffusion, BLADE FLAIR; T1 TSE, TSTIR, T2 TSE & Tractography) . Temporary Cytotoxic Edema. Third Day of
Life. Total Recovery 2 weeks later.
Intracavernous Arachnoid Cyst MRI
An arachnoid cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops within the arachnoid membrane layers that surround the brain or spinal cord. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to diagnose arachnoid cysts as it can clearly visualize the size, location, and other characteristics of the cyst. MRI is a useful non-invasive tool to evaluate arachnoid cysts and help determine if any treatment may be needed.
Choroidal Angioma on Image
Color doppler Ultrasound, PET-CT and MRI (TSTIR, Diffusion, pre & postcontrast T1 SE & T2 GE) to differentiate from Melanoma.
Virchow-Robin versus Lacunar Infarct CT & MRI
This document discusses the differences between a lacunar infarct and a Virchow-Robin space as seen on CT and MRI scans. A lacunar infarct is typically larger than 5mm, asymmetric, located in the superior two-thirds of the putamen, and not isointense with CSF. In contrast, a Virchow-Robin space is usually less than 5mm, symmetric, located in the inferior third of the putamen, and isointense with CSF. While these are the general differences, the document notes there was an asymmetric case that was unusual.
Alzheimer’s Disease Image Findings
Alzheimer's disease causes brain atrophy that can be seen on imaging tests. It initially affects the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, then spreads to the posterior cingulum, medial temporal lobe, and insular cortex. Over time, atrophy progresses to the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices bilaterally in a symmetric and diffuse pattern.
Mild cognitive Impairment & Dementia MRI Protocol
I have decided to use this MRI protocol to study patients with clinical suspicion of Mild Cognitive Impairment & Dementia.
1.2 mm isotropic sagittal T1 3D MP-RAGE is centered on thalamus to be used for Voxel Based Morphometry, if necessary.
Axial T2 GE is used to discover small blood foci secondary to amyloid angiopathy.
DTI is used for VOIs on previously determined strategic areas to try to diagnose the type of dementia by image findings.
Voxel-Based Morphometry in Alzheimer's Disease 1
Example 1: Global Neuronal Volume Loss. Hipocampal, Entorhinal, Central & Postcentral Selective Neuronal Loss.
Ecchordosis Physaliphora
Ecchordosis Physaliphora. Cystic Clival Lesion. Notochord Remnant. CT & MRI.
Petrous Apex Mucocele
CT & MRI of Left Petrous Apex Mucocele. Sequences on MRI: CISS 3D, SE T1, B600 & ADC. Expansion to Carotid Canal & Posterior Fossa.
Giant Fusiform Medial Cerebral Artery Aneurysm
49 years old woman that comes to E.R. with Midriais & Comatous State. Routine Brain CT shows Subrachnoid Hemorrhage. Willis angioCT MIP & VR depicts Giant Fusiform MCA Aneurysm.
Multiple System Atrophy Cerebellar type
MRI of an 80 years old woman with piramidalism. Middle Cerebellar Peduncles & Anterior Pons Atrophy. Dp-T2 TSE, FLAIR & ADC Hyperintense Putaminal Ribbon. Decrease Naa/Cr & Cho/Cr ratios in pons & middle cerebellar peduncles on H1 MRS.
Pulmonary Embolism CT
I.V. Contrast CT. Pulmonary Embolism. 10 b Branch. Multicoloured Volume Rendering.
Surgicel MRI 2
Surgicel is a bioabsorbable topical haemostatic agent used to control bleeding in surgical procedures. How to differentiate its signal from Haemoglobin degradation products?
Note: There was an interpretative mistake first time uploaded: Blood signal was misinterpreted. I upload the correction. Sorry!.
Spinal tuberculous leptomeningitis & subdural empyema & lately intraspinal tu...
A patient presented with spinal tuberculous leptomeningitis and subdural empyema as seen on MRI, with leptomeningeal enhancement and lung cavitated nodules. The patient underwent posterior laminectomy for the spinal condition. Follow up MRIs one month and three weeks later showed progression of the leptomeningeal nodular enhancement and a new subdural empyema, indicating active intraspinal tuberculosis despite surgery.
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Congenital Cholesteatoma of the Mastoid Bone on CT& MRI
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5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
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Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
What is Obesity? How to overcome Obesity?
Obesity is a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health.
What are the different types of Dental implants.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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