Hepatitis C is a viral infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV is a spherical enveloped RNA virus that exists in 7 genotypes globally. It has structural and non-structural proteins and can cause both acute and chronic liver disease. HCV is transmitted primarily through contaminated blood and reuse of injection needles. While most infected individuals are asymptomatic, chronic infection can progress to cirrhosis or liver cancer over decades. Newer direct-acting antiviral drugs can cure over 95% of HCV infections with shorter treatment durations.
Meningococci are a type of bacteria that cause serious infections. The most common infection is meningitis, which is an inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Meningococci can also cause other problems, including a serious bloodstream infection called sepsis. In its early stages, you may have flu-like symptoms and a stiff neck. But the disease can progress quickly and can be fatal. Early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important. Lab tests on your blood and cerebrospinal fluid can tell if you have it. Treatment is with antibiotics. Since the infection spreads from person to person, family members may also need to be treated.
A vaccine can prevent meningococcal infections.
"Get effective Hepatitis C treatment at Kaizen Gastro Care in Pune. Our expert team provides comprehensive care and advanced therapies for Hepatitis C. Regain your health with personalized treatment plans. Book a consultation today.
"
Meningococci are a type of bacteria that cause serious infections. The most common infection is meningitis, which is an inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Meningococci can also cause other problems, including a serious bloodstream infection called sepsis. In its early stages, you may have flu-like symptoms and a stiff neck. But the disease can progress quickly and can be fatal. Early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important. Lab tests on your blood and cerebrospinal fluid can tell if you have it. Treatment is with antibiotics. Since the infection spreads from person to person, family members may also need to be treated.
A vaccine can prevent meningococcal infections.
"Get effective Hepatitis C treatment at Kaizen Gastro Care in Pune. Our expert team provides comprehensive care and advanced therapies for Hepatitis C. Regain your health with personalized treatment plans. Book a consultation today.
"
Explore our comprehensive Hepatitis C PowerPoint presentation (PPT) to gain in-depth knowledge of this liver-related viral infection. This expertly crafted presentation covers the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for Hepatitis C. Ideal for medical professionals and the general public, it provides a holistic understanding of the disease, its transmission, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and the latest treatment advancements. Additionally, learn about prevention measures, lifestyle recommendations, and stay up-to-date with current research in the field. Our visually engaging PPT combines informative content with images, diagrams, and charts, making it an accessible resource for medical students, healthcare practitioners, and those seeking knowledge about Hepatitis C. Get a comprehensive insight into Hepatitis C with our educational presentation.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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3. Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C is a type of viral hepatitis or
inflammation of the liver caused by the Hepatitis
C virus
4. Structure of the Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
•HCV virus is enveloped spherical shaped enveloped, liver RNA virus
•Single-stranded RNA as genetic material
•Exists in 7 genotypes(1-7) or genetic structures
•It has a with a lipid envelope (E) containing glycoproteins (E1 and
E2) and a core of capsid proteins
Single strand of
RNA
5. HCV RNA structure
•The viral RNA forms 3 structural proteins and 7 nonstructural proteins (see fig. above)
•3 structural proteins (core, E1, E2) and seven non-structural proteins (p7/NS1,
NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B)
•The non structural proteins are important for performing functions
•The structural proteins help in forming structure of the virus
6. Global HCV Disease burden
Significant global impact
3-4 million persons are newly infected each year
130-170 million people are HCV infected
HCV: Leading cause of liver transplantation
27% of cirrhosis and 25% of liver cancer is due to
hepatitis C worldwide
1. Abstract 23; Benjamin C. Cowie et al. Presented at the 64th AASLD meeting, Nov 1-5, 2013; Washington
2. J Hepatol 2006;45:529-538.
3. Hepatology 2013;57:1333-1342
4. J. Biosci. 2008;33 465–473.
5. Indian J Gastroenterol 1998;17:100 –3.
7. Global HCV Disease burden
Abstract 23; Benjamin C. Cowie et al. Presented at the 64th AASLD meeting, Nov 1-5, 2013; Washington,
8. Global distribution - HCV genotypes
HCV virus can be classified into seven recognized
genotypes or genetic structures (1–7) on the basis of
the sequence of amino acids in the HCV
HCV genotype 1 is the most prevalent worldwide,
comprising 83.4 million cases (46.2% of all HCV
cases)
Genotype 3 is the next most prevalent globally (54.3
million, 30.1%)
. Mesina J. et al Hepatology. 2014 Jul 28. doi: 10.1002/hep.27259.
9. Prevalence of HCV genotype
Hepatology. 2014 Jul 28. doi: 10.1002/hep.27259.
Majority of infected patients have HCV genotype 1 worldwide (seen in
red)
However in India, majority of HCV is due to HCV genotype 3 (seen in
green)
10. Indian Scenario- Prevalence
The prevalence of HCV infection in India is estimated at
between 0.5% and 1.5% (15-18 million)
It is higher in the north-eastern part, tribal populations
and Punjab, and is lower in the western and eastern
parts of the country
Genotype 3 is the most common HCV genotype in
India (accounting for 54–80% of cases), followed by
genotype 1
Genotype 1 has been reported more commonly from
southern India
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology 2014; 4(2):106–116.
11. Routes of transmission of HCV
The spread of hepatitis C infection is by parenteral route
(through infected blood) and sources of infection include
HCV is
believed to be
spread in India
mainly through
unsafe blood
banking and
reuse of
injection
needles
• Transfusion of blood and especially blood products
• Injection/I.V drug abuse
• Occupational exposure to blood (2-10%)
• Sharing razors, toothbrushes (infected with blood)
• Mother to baby (during pregnancy or at birth; usually
infection is mild and free of symptoms)
• Sexual transmission not as common as it is with
hepatitis B virus
14. Signs and Symptoms of HCV
Most patients are asymptomatic
or have very mild non-specific
symptoms
Fatigue or tiredness may be
prominent
Other symptoms include mild
fever, muscle and joint aches,
nausea, vomiting, loss of
appetite, abdominal pain, and
sometimes diarrhea
15. Signs and Symptoms of HCV
When patients develop
symptomatic acute HCV
infection, they most often
present with dark urine
and light colored stools,
followed by jaundice in
which the skin and whites
of the eyes appear yellow.
Itching of the skin may be
present.
On average, symptoms
appear 6 to 7 weeks after
infection
Itching of the skin
16. Who should be screened for Hepatitis C ?
High-Risk Populations
People who inject drugs
Recipients of infected blood products or invasive procedures in
health-care facilities with inadequate infection control practices
Children born to mothers infected with HCV
People with sexual partners who are HCV-infected
People with HIV infection
Prisoners/People who have had tattoos or piercings
Healthcare, emergency medical, and public safety workers
after needle sticks, sharps, or mucosal exposures to HCV-
infected blood;
Patients suffering from Thalassemia
Kidney disease patients receiving long-term hemodialysis
Unexplained long term liver disease and hepatitis including
high liver enzymes
17. What is thalessemia?
Thalassemia is an genetic blood disorder in which the body makes
an abnormal form of hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries
oxygen
The disorder results in excessive destruction of red blood cells,
which leads to anemia
Anemia is a condition in which your body doesn’t have enough
normal, healthy red blood cells
These patients may need repeated blood transfusions and hence
are prone to HCV infection
18. What is hemodialysis ?
Hemodialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that
uses a machine to filter blood outside the body
It is a process of purifying the blood of a person
whose kidneys are not working normally
The blood travels through the tube to the filter,
called a dialyzer
Inside the dialyzer, the blood flows through thin
fibers that filter out
wastes
extra salt
extra fluid
After the dialyzer filters the blood, a different tube
carries your blood back to the body
HCV infection may be common in these patients
due to lack of standard infection control practices,
physical proximity to an infected patient, and
sharing of dialysis machines
19. Disease Progression of HCV
Hepatitis C virus causes both acute and chronic infection
Acute HCV infection is defined as the presence of HCV within six
months of exposure to HCV
Of every 100 people infected with the virus, about:
15–25 clear the virus without treatment (in the first six months after
getting Hep C)
75–85 develop a long-term infection
70 develop chronic liver disease
10–20 develop cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) over a period of 20
to 30 years
1–5 will die of liver cirrhosis, or liver cancer
20. How does HCV infection
progress?
Progression to cirrhosis may
be increased by older age,
obesity, immunosuppression,
or consumption of excessive
alcohol
Hepatology. 2009;49:1335-74.
21. •Mostly normal
functioning of liver
(Minimal impairment )
•Few or no symptoms
•LFT normal
•Abnormal functioning of
liver
•Symptoms present/
complications of cirrhosis
seen
•LFT abnormal
How does liver status progress
HCV infection?
22. Diagnosis of HCV
Screening test for HCV
Doctors use a blood test, called a Hepatitis C Antibody Test or
Anti-HCV Test, to find out if a person has ever been infected with
Hepatitis C
This test looks for antibodies to the Hepatitis C virus
Antibodies are chemicals released into the bloodstream when
someone gets infected
Once people have been infected, they will always have antibodies
in their blood even if they have been cured of the Hepatitis C virus
23. Diagnosis of HCV
A non-reactive or negative
antibody test
means that a person does not
have Hepatitis C.
However, if a person has been
exposed to the Hepatitis C virus in
the last 6 months, he or she will
need to be tested again
Reactive or Positive Hepatitis C
Antibody Test
means that Hepatitis C antibodies
were found in the blood and a
person has been infected with the
Hepatitis C virus at some point in
time
24. Diagnosis of HCV
If the antibody test is reactive or positive, an additional blood test
is needed to determine if a person is currently infected with
Hepatitis C
This test is called a HCV RNA test : confirmatory test for HCV
This test cannot differentiate between acute and chronic infection
HCV RNA test is negative HCV RNA test is positive
Person does not have Hepatitis C Person currently has Hepatitis C
Consult the doctor
HCV antibody test positive
25. Other tests
Other blood tests
If an initial blood test shows that you have hepatitis
C, additional blood tests are:
Measure the quantity of the hepatitis C virus in the
blood (viral load)
Identify the genotype of the virus: indicates the
strain of the virus and is used in making decisions
about treatment
26. Other tests
Tests for liver damage
transient elastography, a special ultrasound of the
liver where a image of the liver can be seen on the
screen to assess the extent of liver damage
liver biopsy, in which a doctor uses a needle to
take a small piece of tissue from the liver which is
examined under a microscope to look for liver
damage
Transient elastography Liver biopsy
27. Treatment
The goal of treatment is to have no hepatitis C virus detected in
your body at least 12 weeks after you complete treatment also
called as cure
The cure rate depends on several factors including the genotype of
the virus and the type of treatment given
The standard of care for hepatitis C is changing rapidly
Earlier weekly injections of interferons were administered with daily
oral ribavirin (antiviral drug) for as long as 6-12 months
These medications cured only 40- 70% of patients depending on
the HCV genotype
There remains a limited role for pegylated interferon and ribavirin
with the entry of newer drugs called as directly acting antivirals
(DAAs)
28. Treatment : Directly acting
antivirals
Directly acting antivirals : Sofosbuvir, daclatasvir ,
sofosbuvir-ledipasvir and sofosbuvir-velpatasvir fixed
dose combination are part of the preferred regimens,
and can achieve cure rates above 95%
Directly acting antivirals or DAAs and are much more
effective, safer and better-tolerated than the older
therapies
Therapy with DAAs can cure most persons with HCV
infection and treatment is shorter (usually 12 weeks)
There is currently no vaccine to prevent hepatitis C
building blocks of nucleic acids, nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group.