The document defines and discusses various basic technical terms used in research. It provides definitions of research from different authors and discusses the basic parts of a research paper/study, including the title page, abstract, introduction, research problem, objectives, hypotheses, theoretical framework, and others. It also lists and briefly explains 20 basic research terms such as hypotheses, limitations, data, treatment, and more.

1. Distinguishing Basic
Technical Terms Used
in Research
Quarter 4 - Module 1

2. What is a research?
Sanchez (2002) defined research
as a discovery and exploration of
the unknown. It involves an
investigation of facts leading to the
discovery of new ideas and new
methods. The end result is the
discovery of truth.

3. What is a research?
Polit and Beck (2001) stated that
research is a systematic inquiry that
uses disciplined methods to answer
questions or solve problems. The
goals of research are to develop,
refined, and expand the body of
knowledge.

4. What are the basic parts of a
research?
Johnston and Christensen
(2000) enumerated seven
major parts; these includes
the following:

5. 1. Title page- this is the cover page you
see when you open the cover.
This part contains the following:
• the working title of the study, addressed to
whom it is intended
• declaration of the context of the work,
• a formal explanatory statement accompanied
by the discipline or program and the author
of the research work.

6. 2. Abstract – it refers to a
brief summary of the
research. It contains the
conclusion, the findings, and
a short discussion of the
problem, method and
design.

7. Chapter 1.
Introductory Chapter
Introduction
 this is the main focus of the research,
overview of the topic, main points of
information, and importance of the
topic. This part must provide the
purpose and structure of the research.
It should be designed to attract
readers attention.

8. 1. Research problem
– refers to statement
expressed clearly in
an interrogative or
question form.

9. What is the implication of
Distance education on the
Academic achievement of
Grade 10 students of Pulong
Buhangin National High
School in S.Y. 2020-2021?

10. 2. Research Objectives
– is a statement of purpose
for which the investigation
is to be conducted.
These are stated in
declarative form.

11. The main purpose of the study is
to determine the implication of
the distance study on the
academic achievement of Grade
10 students of Pulong Buhangin
National High School in School
Year 2020-2021.

12. 3. Hypothesis
– this is an educational,
intelligent guess. It can be a
tentative explanation based
on theory to predict a causal
relationship between
variables.

13.  The null hypothesis
which says that nothing
happened. It is a denial
of an existence, an
attribute, a relationship, a
difference of an effect.

14. There is no significant
implication of distance
education on the academic
achievement of grade 10
students of Pulong Buhangin
National High School enrolled
in S.Y. 2020-2021.

15. The alternative
hypothesis refers to
an affirmation of an
existence of an
observed phenomenon.

16. There is a significant
implication of distance study
on the academic achievement
of grade 10 students of
Pulong Pulong Buhangin
National High School in S.Y.
2020-2021.

17. Theoretical framework
– is a symbolic construction
which uses abstract concepts,
facts or laws, variables and their
relations that explains and
predicts how an observed
phenomenon exist and operates.

18. Assumptions
– is a basic principle that is
being true, on the basis of
logic or reason without
proof or verification.

19. Significance of the study
- refers to the contribution(s) to
and impact of the study on a
research field. The significance
also signals who benefits from
the research findings and how.

20. Scope and Delimitation of the study
- are the sections where you define the
broader parameters and boundaries of
your research. The scope details what
your study will explore, such as the
target population, extent, or study
duration. Delimitations are factors and
variables not included in the study.

21. Definition of Terms
- is usually an annex to a work (book,
research paper, pamphlet,etc.) either at the
beginning or more likely near the end with a
list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc. This is
an important part of Research paper or
report is that in which the key or important
terms in the study are clearly defined.

22. Chapter 2.
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This is a section in a research paper in which the
sources are taken from book, journals,
magazines, novels, poetry and many others.
According to Laurentina Paler-Calmorin and
Melchor A. Calmorin in their book,” Methods of
Research,” the word related means the readings,
literature, and studies which have direct bearing
or relation to present study.

23. 1. Related readings
-the major sources of related
readings are laws and
department directives such as
circulars, orders, memoranda,
and others which are related to
the present study.

24. 2. Related literature
–it refers to the sources
which are taken from
books, journals, magazines,
novels, poetry, and many
others.

25. 3. Related studies
– the published and
unpublished research
studies are among the
sources included in this
section.

26. Chapter 3.
Research Methodology
1. Research design
- it is a framework within
which research is
conducted.

27. 2. Population
- is the totality of all
individuals having
specific characteristics
that a researcher is
interested in.

28. Sampling techniques
– is the process of
selecting participants
needed to answer the
research questions.

29. 4. Research Instruments and
Techniques – these are measuring
instruments which are used for
gathering or collecting data.
Tests Interviews
Questionnaires Observation schedule
Rating scales

30. 5. Data Analysis and Procedure
(Statistical techniques)
- Statistical data analysis is a procedure of
performing various statistical operations. It is a
kind of quantitative research, which seeks to
quantify the data, and typically, applies some
form of statistical analysis. Quantitative data
basically involves descriptive data, such as
survey data and observational data.

31. Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This part includes the presentation and
the result of an investigation. From the
previous findings of the researches, the
analysis and interpretation must be
thoroughly discussed. Discussion must
be accompanied by graphs, tables, and
figures.

32. Chapter 4
Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
To facilitate correct interpretation of
data and discussion, research data
need to be organized properly. After
the measuring instruments have
been collected it must be organized,
analyze and interpreted using the
statistical tools.

33. Chapter 5.
Summary, Conclusions and
Recommendations
This chapter includes the following:
1. Summary
2. Summary of Findings
3. Recommendations

34. 9. Reference Materials
This is also referred to as supplementary
materials (Ary, et. al, 2002).
This section contains the following:
1. bibliographies 5. indices
2. list of works cited 6. glossary
3. references 7. end notes
4. Appendices 8. vitae of the
researcher

35. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
1. Hypotheses – this is an
educational, intelligent guess.
It can be a tentative explanation
based on theory to predict a
causal relationship between
variables.

36. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
2. Limitations – identify
potential weaknesses
of the study

37. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
3. Data – these are the
recorded observations,
usually in numeric or
textual form.

38. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
4. Treatment – is the
stimulus given to
dependent variable.

39. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
5. Median – is the
center score in the
distribution.

40. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
6. Mode – it is the
most frequent score
in the distribution.

41. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
7. Mean – is the
average score
within a distribution.

42. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
8. Assumptions – basic
principle that is being true,
on the basis of logic or
reason without proof or
Verification.

43. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
9. Research problems –
refers to statement
expressed clearly in an
interrogative or question
form.

44. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
10. Research Objectives –
is a statement of purpose
for which the investigation
is to be conducted.

45. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
11. Null hypothesis – it is a
denial of an existence, an
attribute, a relationship, a
difference of an effect.

46. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
12. Alternative
hypothesis – it refers to
an affirmation of an
existence of an observed
phenomenon.

47. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
13. Related Literature – is a
section in a research paper in
which the sources are taken
from books, Journals,
magazines, novels, poetry, and
many others.

48. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
14. Sampling – the
method of getting a
representative portion of
a population.

49. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
15. Bibliography – an
organized and
systematic listing of
sources used by an
author in a publication.

50. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
16. Plagiarism – is an offense
committed against a person’s
intellectual property which happens
when his/her written or spoken words
are used by another person without
permission and/or without identifying
him/her as the original source of
information.

51. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
18. Delimitation of the study –
refers to the boundaries of a
research or study which
determine the extent to which
its conclusions may be
generalized and applied.

52. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
19. Interview – is a method of
collecting data where the
researcher asks related
questions about a topic to a
person or people to answer
his/her research questions.

53. Following are some of the basic research terms
used in research that we need to know:
20. Participants – pertains to
the individuals who have
been chosen to provide
relevant data that will answer
the research question/s.