RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY

1. Conceptual and
Theoretical
Framework

2. Frameworks are perspectives
points of views, models, or frames
of references usually made up of
assumptions, theories, and
concepts that are used by the
researcher in the organization of
observation, reasoning, analysis
and interpretation of research
data.

3. Theoretical Framework
It is the application of theory
or theories in explaining the
existence of the phenomenon
and the interrelationship of
various factors which led to
the existence of the
phenomenon.

4. Using a theoretical
framework the researcher
borrows the concepts,
theories, and ideas
proposed by different
social scientists, theorist
and philosophers.

5. HERE ARE EXAMPLES OF THEORIES THAT CAN BE
USED
Macrotheory
Microtheory
Conflict theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Structural Functionalism
Feminists Paradigm
Marxist theory

6. Conceptual Framework
Is a graphical presentation of
your concepts and ideas on
the basic structure or
components of your research
as well on the relationships of
these elements with one
another.

7. Examples of Conceptual Framework
Most of the time,
frameworks are
explained using a
schematic diagram to
show how the concepts
applied in the study
Ideational
Function
Textual
function
Interpersonal
function
Systematic
Functional
Grammar
Critical
Thinking
Hazard
Typhoon
Earthquake
Vulnerability
Children
Homeless
People
Poor
Disaster

8. The C.F is an important part of
study. Miles and Huberman
(1994) defines it as a part of
study that “explains, either
graphically or narrative form, the
main things to be studied – the
key factors, concepts, or
variables - and presumed
relationship between them”.

9. Here are Regonel’s (2001) step by step guide on
how to make a conceptual framework:
1. Choose your topic
2. Do a literature review
3. Isolate the important
variables
4. Generate the conceptual
framework

10. Pointers in writing a Conceptual Framework
1. Familiarize
yourself with the
objective of the
conceptual
framework.

11. 2. Base the contents of
the conceptual framework
on your own
understanding of the
elements and of the
relationships of the
research features.

12. 3. See to it that all
aspects of the
conceptual framework
are related to the
objective of the research.

13. 4. Let others read your
conceptual framework
for comments or
feedback for
improvement purposes.

14. HYPOTHESIS

15. A Hypothesis is a tentative
explanation or an answer to
a question about variables,
their relationship, and other
facts involved in the
research. Research always
ends up with a result.

16. A hypothesis has to
be tested through
analytical
investigation to prove
how true or false it is.

17. According to Daniel
Palazzolo and Dave
Roberts, a good
hypothesis has the
following three
characteristics:

18. 1. It is
theoretically
grounded.

19. 2. It specifies
the relationship
between the
values of two or
more variables.

20. 3. It makes
testable
comparison
using empirical
data.

21. Here are sample of hypothesis
A. Couples who go to church often
have a lower chances of separating
compared to couples who seldom
attend masses.
B. Double standards still exist in
popular mass media in the Philippines.
C. Religion influences the voting
patterns of Filipinos in the provinces.

22. Alternative hypothesis
(Hi) – states the
relationship between
dependent and
independent variables.

23. Categories of hypothesis
Null hypothesis (Ho) –
which states the absence
of relationship between
the independent and
dependent variables.

24. DEFINITION OF TERMS
These are listing
of principal terms
used in the study.

25. This section defines the
major terms in the
statement of the problem
and conceptual framework,
particularly those that vary
in meaning to different
people.

27. LEARNING FROM OTHERS
AND REVIEWING THE
LITERATURE
By: Ronel Evan P. Peralta

28. Review of Related Literature
RRL is an important
component regardless of the
type of research. Be it
qualitative or quantitative
research, you spend time and
effort in reviewing related
literature.

29. Reviewing related literature is
one major activity in research
that makes you examine or
study again concepts or ideas
related to your research that
people managed to publish in
books, journals, or other
reading materials in the past.

30. Purpose of RRL
1. To find out the
connection of your
research to the
current conditions or
situations of the world.

31. 2. To know more about
theories or concepts
underlying your research
and to learn from them
with respect to your own
research study.

32. 3. To discover the
relation of your
research with
previous research
studies.

33. 4. To obtain
information on the
accuracy or
relevance of your
research questions.

34. 5. To familiarize
yourself with
technical terms
related to your
research.

35. The Criteria in
Selecting, Citing, and
Synthesizing Related
Literature.

36. Questions to validate if one has a well
composed literature review
1. What specific
thesis, problem, or
research question that
my literature helps to
define?

37. 2. What type of literature
review am I conducting?
Am I looking at issues of
theory? Methodology?
Policy? Quantitative
Research? Qualitative
Research?

38. 3. What is the scope of
my literature review?
What types of publication
am I using? What
discipline am I working
in?
3. What is the scope of
my literature review?
What types of publication
am I using? What
discipline am I working
in?

39. 4. How good was my
information seeking? Has
my search been wide
enough to ensure I’ve
found all the relevant
material?

40. Has been narrow
enough to exclude
irrelevant material? Is
the number of sources
I’ve used appropriate for
the length of my paper?

41. 5. Have I critically
analyzed the literature I
use? Do I follow through a
set of concepts and
questions, comparing items
to each other in the ways
they deal with them?

42. 6. Will the reader
find my literature
review relevant,
appropriate, and
useful.

43. Guidelines to write a review of literature
Identify the broad
problems area, but
avoid global
statements.

44. Early in the
review, indicate
why the topic
being reviewed is
important.

45. Distinguish
between research
findings and other
sources of
findings.

46. Indicate why
certain studies are
important.

47. If commending on
the timeliness of the
topic, be specific in
describing the time
frame.

48. In citing classic
or landmark study
or one that was
replicated, identify
it as such.

49. Justify comments
such as, “no
studies were
found”.

50. Avoid long list of
non-specific
references.

51. If the results of
previous studies are
inconsistent or
widely varying, cite
them separately.

52. Cite all relevant
references in text
and in the
reference page.

53. Organization of the review of literature
Provide an overview near
the beginning of the review.
Near the beginning of a
review, state explicitly
what will and will not be
covered.

54. Specify your research question
and purpose/significance in the
introduction.
Aim for clear and cohesive
essay that integrates the key
details of literature and
communicates your point of
view.

55. Use subheadings and
transitions to improve
the flow of your paper.
Consider reviewing
studies from different

56. Write a conclusion for
the end of review.
Check the flow of your
review.

57. Steps in Conducting a Literature
Review
Step 1: Define and delimit the
topic - The topic must not be too
specific or too broad, and the
question should be researchable
so that it will not be difficult for
you to find relevant literature.

58. Step 2: Design your literature
search – You have to consider the
type of resources that you will be
reviewing.
Extent of review
Time to be devoted for the review
Number of works to be reviewed
Libraries where to find those books

59. Step 3: Locate
research reports.
Periodical, book,
journal and other
article

60. Step 4: Take down
notes – it is important
that you take down
notes and record all
important information
from a source.

61. You must record the
following:
1. Complete details about
works
2. Abstract of the study
3. Hypothesis of the study.

62. 4. Methodology used
5. Major findings, results,
and conclusions.
6. Research design of the
study
7. Recommendations given
by the author of the study.

63. 8. Errors observed in the
study.
9. S and W of the literature
in relation to your research
topic.

64. Step 5: Organize your
notes – After gathering
all the sources needed
for the literature review
you have to organize the
note cards.

65. Step 6: Write the literature
review – Writing the review
needs organizing and good
writing skills, like an essay,
it has three vital parts,
namely, the introduction, the
body, and the conclusion.