2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Published articles (books, manuals, journals, among
others)
Encourage to use the online ones (excluding gray
references such as newspapers, blogs, opinionated
materials – must be scientific)
Content – related to the problem/title
Written like a paragraph
Cite and use citation matrix.
Reflect references cited using APA.
Does not discloses results or findings of the study (for
RRS), just purely reviews of published articles.
3. EXAMPLE:
OUTCOMES-BASED EDUCATION PRACTICES IN TEACHING-
LEARNING ENGLISH AND TRAINING NEEDS OF HIGHER
EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Nature, Concept and Definition of OBE
Who is Dr. William Spady?
Essentials of OBE
Criticism of OBE
Problems and Challenges of OBE
Training Needs and Importance of Trainings in OBE
Factors that Affect Implementation and Continuation of OBE (in
the Philippines and globally)
Review and Effects of OBE
4. EXAMPLE:
Nature, Concept and Meaning of Outcomes-Based
Education. According to the definition provided by the
Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Outcomes-
Based Education (OBE) means ..... However, in the
context of Dr. William Spady, OBE is a paradigm
where ....
Who is Dr. William Spady?. Dr. Spady is known
to be the “Father of OBE”. He believes that
education...
5. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Is composed of discussions of facts
and principles to which the present study
is related. For instance, if the present
study deals with drug addiction, literature
to be reviewed or surveyed should be
composed of materials that deal with
drug addiction.
6. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
These materials are usually printed and
found in books, encyclopedias, professional
journals, magazines, newspapers and other
publications.
These materials are classified as:
1. LOCAL-if printed in the Philippines;
2. FOREIGN- if printed in other lands.
7. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
Studies, Inquiries or Investigations already
conducted to which the present proposed study is
related or has bearing similarity. They are usually
unpublished materials such as manuscript, theses
and dissertations.
They may be classified as:
1. LOCAL- if the inquiry was conducted in the
Philippines
2. FOREIGN- if conducted in foreign lands
8. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
Researches, abstracts, theses (undergrad,
master’s degree) and dissertations (doctorate)
(thesis about..., look for the abstract or
conclusion for the findings/results of the study)
May provide contradicting research findings
Cite and use citation matrix.
Reflect references cited using APA.
9. HOW TO WRITE RELATED STUDIES
Provide short introduction
Author, year, title of research,
findings/results/conclusions (may also
include recommendations, can be
found in abstracts)
10. EXAMPLE:
In the study conducted by Guigue (2013) relative to
the English proficiency of maritime education students at
PMI Colleges Bohol, it was found out that the respondents
were all Poor (P) in the four key areas measured to
determine the proficiency level, which means that these
student-respondents failed to attain the minimum passing
percentage of 75%. They obtained Poor (P) ratings in
grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension and oral
communication. The researcher then recommended to
revisit and enriched the English curricula of the school.
11. Aspect Review of Related Literature Review of Related Studies
Scope of Sources
Primarily academic literature:
scholarly publications, books,
journals, etc.
Broader range of sources:
academic literature, reports,
case studies, surveys, etc.
Purpose
Provide a comprehensive
understanding of existing
theoretical and empirical work
relevant to the research topic.
Offer a comprehensive
overview of all relevant
studies, regardless of source
or format.
Emphasis
Academic rigor and credibility,
focused on peer-reviewed
sources and scholarly
discourse.
Relevance and applicability,
acknowledging insights from
diverse sources beyond
academia.
Typical Content
Key concepts, theories,
findings, methodologies,
debates within academic
literature.
Summaries of academic
research, non-academic
studies, reports, findings
relevant to the topic.
Analysis and Evaluation
Critical analysis of strengths
and limitations of previous
Evaluation of relevance,
applicability, and reliability of
various studies, academic or
12. In Summary, the main difference lies in the
scope of sources considered. A review of related
literature tends to focus primarily on scholarly
publications, whereas a review of related studies
may include a wider range of sources beyond
academic literature. However, in practice, these
terms are often used interchangeably and the
specific approach may vary depending on the
requirements of the research project.
14. A survey or review of related literature
and studies is very important because
such reviewed literature and studies
serve as a foundation of the proposed
study. This is because related literature
and studies guide the researcher in
pursuing his research venture.
15. Reviewed literature and studies help or guide
researcher in the following ways:
1.They help or guide the researcher in searching for or
selecting a better research problem or topic. By
reviewing related materials, a replication of a similar
problem may be found better than the problem already
conducted but in another place.
2.They help the investigator understand his topic for
research better. Reviewing related literature and
studies may clarify vague points about his problem.
16. 3.They ensure that there will be no duplication of an
investigation already made is conducted again in the
same locale using practically the same respondents.
This is avoided if a survey of related literature and
studies be made first.
4.They help and guide the researcher in locating more
sources of related information. This is because the
bibliography of a study already conducted indicate
references about similar studies.
17. 5.They help and guide the researcher in making his
research design especially in:
a. The formulation of specific questions to be researched
on;
b. The formulations of assumptions and hypotheses if
there should be any;
c. The formulation of conceptual framework;
d. The selection and application of the methods of
research;
e. The selection and application of sampling techniques;
18. f. The selection and/or preparation and validation of research
instruments for gathering data;
g,. The selection and application of statistical procedures;
h. The analysis, organization, presentation and interpretation of
data;
i. The making of the summary of implications for the whole study;
j. The formulation of the summary of findings, conclusions, and
recommendation; and
6.They help and guide the researcher in making comparison
between his findings of other researchers on similar studies with the
end in view of formulating generalization or principles which are the
contributions of the study to fund of knowledge.
20. There are certain characteristics of related materials that
make them of true value. Among these characteristics are:
1.The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible. This is
important because of the rapid social, economic, scientific, and
technological change . Findings several years ago may be a little
value today because of the fast changing lifestyle of the people.
2.Materials reviewed must be objective an unbiased. Some
materials are extremely or subtly one sided, either political, or
religious, etc. Comparison with these materials cannot be made
logically and validity. Distorted generalizations may result.
21. 3.Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study. Only materials that
have some bearing or similarity to the research problem at hand should
be reviewed.
4.Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original
and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable. There are cases
where fictitious data are supplied just to complete a research report this
kind of deception is hard to detect and to prove . Thus, this is a real
problem to honest researcher.
5.Review materials must not be few or too many. They must only be
sufficient enough to give insight into the research problem or to indicate
the nature of the present investigation. May also depend upon the
availability of related materials.
