This document discusses the standard service volumes for VOR, DME, TACAN, and NDB navigational aids. It defines the standard service volume classes of Terminal (T), Low Altitude (L), and High Altitude (H) for VOR/DME facilities based on altitude and radial distance boundaries. It also provides the standard distance classes for NDB facilities.

1. Basic Knowledge of DVOR
Developing of 30 Hz AM Refference Signal
Rf
carier/fstation
30hz envelope
signal

2. Velocity = 2πfr atau ωr
Where :
V : velocity of the rotation
f : frequency of the rotation (30Hz)
r : radial of circle
Surabaya 113,4 Mhz VOR is
V = 2.3,14.30.6,75
= 1271,7 m/s
λ = C/fstation
Δf = ( V/ λ ) sin ø
Deviation ratio = Δf/fcircle
λ = 3.102/113,4 = 300/113,4 = 2,6455 m
Δf = ( 1271,7/ 2,6455 ) sin 90 0 = + 480,70 Hz (toward position)
Δf = ( 1271,7/ 2,6455 ) sin 270 0 = - 480,70 Hz (backward position)
Deviation ratio = 480,70 / 30 = 16,023 or approx 16
Dev ratio 16 is ICAO Annex 10 regulation with tolerance ± 1
Basic Knowledge of DVOR
Developing of 30 Hz FM Variable Signal

3. Developing of 30 Hz FM Variable Signal
Aircraft Position at East
g
a
b
c
d
e
f
h
Observe direction of the vector
Δf = ( V/ λ ) sin ø
Δf at position a is 480 . sin 270 0 = 480 . -1 = - 480 Hz (backward position)
Δf at position b is 480 . sin 315 0 = 480 . -0,707 = - 340 Hz
Δf at position c is 480 . sin 0 0 = 480 . 0 = 0 Hz
Δf at position d is 480 . sin 45 0 = 480 . 0,707 = + 340 Hz
Δf at position e is 480 . sin 90 0 = 480 . 1 = + 480 Hz (toward position)
Δf at position f is 480 . sin 135 0 = 480 . 0,707 = + 340 Hz
Δf at position g is 480 . sin 180 0 = 480 . 0 = 0 Hz
Δf at position h is 480 . sin 225 0 = 480 . -0,707 = - 340 Hz

4. Developing of 30 Hz FM Variable Signal
Deviation Frequency at Four Different Positions
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Position of
Aircraft
Deviation Frequency at point
a b c d e f g h a
East -480 -339 0 339 480 339 0 -339 -480
South 0 339 480 339 0 -339 -480 -339 0
West 480 339 0 -339 -480 -339 0 339 480
North 0 -339 -480 -339 0 339 480 339 0
DEVIATION FREQUENCY OF 9960HZ SUBCARIER FM
-480
-339
0
339
480
339
0
-339
-480
0
339
480
339
0
-339
-480
-339
0
0
-339
-480
-339
0
339
480
339
0
-500
-300
-100
100
300
500
Degrees
Frequency
(Hz)
East South West North
a b c d f
e a
h
g
DEVIATION FREQUENCY OF 9960 HZ SUBCARIER FM

5. CHANGING FREQUENCY OF 9960 HZ SUBCARIER FM
9480
9621
9960
10299
10440
10299
9960
9621
9480
9960
10299
10440
10299
9960
9621
9480
9621
9960
9400
9600
9800
10000
10200
10400
10600
Degrees
Frequency
(Hz)
East South West North
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Developing of 30 Hz FM Variable Signal
Changing Frequency 9960 Hz at Four Different Positions
Position of
Aircraft
Doppler Effect Result Frequency at point
a b c d e f g h a
East 9480 9621 9960 10299 10440 10299 9960 9621 9480
South 9960 10299 10440 10299 9960 9621 9480 9621 9960
West 10440 10299 9960 9621 9480 9621 9960 10299 10440
North 9960 9621 9480 9621 9960 10299 10440 10299 9960
CHANGING FREQUENCY OF 9960 HZ SUBCARIER FM

6. DOPPLER EFFECT ON THE USB FREQUENCY CARIER FM
113409480
113409621
113409960
113410299
113410440
113410299
113409960
113409621
113409480
113409960
113410299
113410440
113410299
113409960
113409621
113409480
113409621
113409960
113409480
113409960
113410440
Positions
Frequency
(Hz)
East South West North
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
DOPPLER EFFECT ON THE USB FREQUENCY CARIER FM
USB FREQUENCY 113,4 Mhz + 9960 Hz = 113,409960 Mhz
Position of
Aircraft
Doppler Effect Result Frequency at point
a b c d e f g h a
East 113409480 113409621 113409960 113410299 113410440 113410299 113409960 113409621 113409480
South 113409960 113410299 113410440 113410299 113409960 113409621 113409480 113409621 113409960
West 113410440 113410299 113409960 113409621 113409480 113409621 113409960 113410299 113410440
North 113409960 113409621 113409480 113409621 113409960 113410299 113410440 113410299 113409960
FM FROM
DOPPLER
EFFECT
RF USB FREQUENCY
113,409960 MHZ
30 HZ
ROTATIONS
Developing of 30 Hz FM Variable Signal
Changing USB Frequency at Four Different Positions

7. a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Developing of 30 Hz FM Variable Signal
Changing LSB Frequency at Four Different Positions
DOPPLER EFFECT ON THE LSB FREQUENCY CARIER FM
LSB FREQUENCY 113,4 Mhz - 9960 Hz = 113,390040 Mhz
Position of
Aircraft
Doppler Effect Result Frequency at point
a b c d e f g h a
East 113389560 113389701 113390040 113390379 113390520 113390379 113390040 113389701 113389560
South 113390040 113390379 113390520 113390379 113390040 113389701 113389560 113389701 113390040
West 113390520 113390379 113390040 113389701 113389560 113389701 113390040 113390379 113390520
North 113390040 113389701 113389560 113389701 113390040 113390379 113390520 113390379 113390040
DOPPLER EFFECT ON THE LSB FREQUENCY CARIER FM
113389560
113389701
113390040
113390379
113390520
113390379
113390040
113389701
113389560
113390040
113390379
113390520
113390379
113390040
113389701
113389560
113389701
113390040
113389560
113390040
113390520
Positions
Frequency
(Hz)
East South West North
FM FROM
DOPPLER
EFFECT
RF LSB FREQUENCY
113,390040MHZ
30 HZ
ROTATIONS

8. Standard Service Volume VOR/DME
High Altitude
100 NM
130 NM
60,000 FEET
45,000 FEET
18,000 FEET
14,500 FEET
1,000 FEET 40 NM
Standard High Altitude Service Volume

9. Standard Service Volume VOR/DME
Lower Altitude and Terminal
18,000 FEET
1,000 FEET
40 NM
12,000 FEET
1,000 FEET
25 NM
Standard Low Altitude
Service Volume
Standard Terminal
Service Volume
Note: All elevations shown are with respect to the station’s site elevation(AGL)
Coverage is not available in a cone of airspace directly above the facility

10. VOR/DME/TACAN
Standard Service Volume
SSV Class
Designator
Altitude and Range Boundaries
T (Terminal) From 1,000 feet above ground level (AGL) up to and
including 12,000 feet AGL at radial distances out to 25 NM.
L (Low
Altitude)
From 1,000 feet AGL up to and including 18,000 feet AGL at
radial distances out to 40 NM.
H (High
Altitude)
From 1,000 feet AGL up to and including 14,500 feet AGL at
radial distances out to 40 NM. From 14,500 AGL up to and
including 60,000 feet at radial distances out to
100 NM. From 18,000 feet AGL up to and including 45,000
feet AGL at radial distances out to 130 NM.

11. Standard Service Volume VOR/DME
Lower Edge Terminal
Below 1,000 feet

12. Standard Service Volume VOR/DME
Lower Edge High and Low Altitude
Below 1,000 feet

13. Standard Service Volume
NDB
Class Distance (Radius)
Compass Locator 15 NM
MH 25 NM
H 50 NM*
HH 75 NM
* Service ranges of individual facilities may be less than 50 nautical
miles (NM). Restrictions to service volumes are first published as a
Notice to Airmen and then with the alphabetical listing of the NAVAID
in the A/FD.