Basic crop protection
•Download as DOC, PDF•
3 likes•1,669 views
This document provides an overview of basic crop protection. It defines crop protection as preventing damage to crops from living or non-living organisms. Pests are defined as biotic agents that can damage crops. The importance of crop protection is outlined as reducing hazards and negative effects on crops, which can lower yields, quality, and market value while increasing costs. Pest management and control requires classifying pests based on biological qualities, life cycles, feeding habits. Insects are classified based on their body structure as having a head, thorax, and abdomen, and their development which can be either complete or incomplete metamorphosis.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Economic Concept of Pest Management
The document discusses key concepts in economic entomology, including injury, damage, economic levels, economic thresholds, and economic injury levels. It defines injury as physical harm to a commodity caused by a pest, while damage refers to the monetary value lost due to injury. The economic level is the pest population level at which control actions must be taken to prevent quality or yield loss. The economic threshold is the pest density at which management should occur to prevent populations reaching the economic injury level, which is the lowest pest population that causes economic damage and justifies the cost of control.
diagnosis of pest
This document provides an overview of the types of damage caused by different pest insects and how to diagnose the specific pest based on the damage. It describes 6 main types of insect damage: chewing insects which cause ragged edges and holes in leaves; piercing-sucking insects that cause yellowing or browning; defoliators that strip plants bare; burrowers that tunnel in leaves; gall makers that cause plant tissue to swell; and wood/phloem borers that damage wooden structures. It then outlines steps to diagnose the pest, including defining the problem, looking for damage patterns, and determining if the cause is living or non-living. Finally, it details the specific damage signs caused by chewing, sucking, internal feeding
Insect pests of cucurbits
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that affect cucurbit crops. The four major pests covered are the red pumpkin beetle, cucurbits stink bug, pumpkin fruit fly, and spotted beetle. For each, details are provided on identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management strategies. The red pumpkin beetle feeds on plant parts both above and below ground, with all life stages causing damage. Management involves deep plowing, flooding, early sowing, and applying insecticides to soil. The cucurbits stink bug feeds on foliage and stems, with nymphs and adults both damaging plants. Management focuses on sanitation and using parasitoids and insecticide sprays. The
Insect pest of gingeR
This document provides information on the white grub pest that damages ginger crops. It begins with the systematic classification of white grubs, then describes the different life stages including eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Diagrams are included. The document discusses the host plants of white grubs, their distribution, nature of damage caused, and life cycle. It then provides details on cultural, biological, and chemical control methods that can be used to manage white grub populations.
Propagation and Dissemination of weeds
Weeds can propagate and disperse through various means. They propagate sexually through seed production or asexually through vegetative structures like rhizomes, stolons, tubers, etc. Seeds and vegetative structures are then dispersed by different agents like wind, water, animals, man, and manure. This allows weeds to spread over long distances and colonize new habitats. Common dispersal mechanisms include seeds or fruits with feathers, pappus, wings, etc. that aid wind dispersal, barbs and hooks that catch on animal fur for transport, and mimicry of crop plants that results in accidental human dispersal during farming activities.
principles of seed production
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
Genetic principles of seed production
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
Rouging and its significance
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Recommended
Economic Concept of Pest Management
The document discusses key concepts in economic entomology, including injury, damage, economic levels, economic thresholds, and economic injury levels. It defines injury as physical harm to a commodity caused by a pest, while damage refers to the monetary value lost due to injury. The economic level is the pest population level at which control actions must be taken to prevent quality or yield loss. The economic threshold is the pest density at which management should occur to prevent populations reaching the economic injury level, which is the lowest pest population that causes economic damage and justifies the cost of control.
diagnosis of pest
This document provides an overview of the types of damage caused by different pest insects and how to diagnose the specific pest based on the damage. It describes 6 main types of insect damage: chewing insects which cause ragged edges and holes in leaves; piercing-sucking insects that cause yellowing or browning; defoliators that strip plants bare; burrowers that tunnel in leaves; gall makers that cause plant tissue to swell; and wood/phloem borers that damage wooden structures. It then outlines steps to diagnose the pest, including defining the problem, looking for damage patterns, and determining if the cause is living or non-living. Finally, it details the specific damage signs caused by chewing, sucking, internal feeding
Insect pests of cucurbits
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that affect cucurbit crops. The four major pests covered are the red pumpkin beetle, cucurbits stink bug, pumpkin fruit fly, and spotted beetle. For each, details are provided on identification, life cycle, damage caused, and management strategies. The red pumpkin beetle feeds on plant parts both above and below ground, with all life stages causing damage. Management involves deep plowing, flooding, early sowing, and applying insecticides to soil. The cucurbits stink bug feeds on foliage and stems, with nymphs and adults both damaging plants. Management focuses on sanitation and using parasitoids and insecticide sprays. The
Insect pest of gingeR
This document provides information on the white grub pest that damages ginger crops. It begins with the systematic classification of white grubs, then describes the different life stages including eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Diagrams are included. The document discusses the host plants of white grubs, their distribution, nature of damage caused, and life cycle. It then provides details on cultural, biological, and chemical control methods that can be used to manage white grub populations.
Propagation and Dissemination of weeds
Weeds can propagate and disperse through various means. They propagate sexually through seed production or asexually through vegetative structures like rhizomes, stolons, tubers, etc. Seeds and vegetative structures are then dispersed by different agents like wind, water, animals, man, and manure. This allows weeds to spread over long distances and colonize new habitats. Common dispersal mechanisms include seeds or fruits with feathers, pappus, wings, etc. that aid wind dispersal, barbs and hooks that catch on animal fur for transport, and mimicry of crop plants that results in accidental human dispersal during farming activities.
principles of seed production
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
Genetic principles of seed production
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
Rouging and its significance
What is Rouging?
Rouging for quality seed production,
A major source of off-type plant,
Rouging in Certified Seed Production,
Rouging During rice seed production.
Pests of paddy 1
This document provides information on major insect pests that affect rice crops in India. It identifies 20 insect pests of economic significance classified into borer pests, sucking pests, defoliators, and non-insect pests. Details are given on the identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and symptoms caused by key borer pests like the yellow stem borer, leaf folder, and caseworm. Important sucking pests discussed include various leafhoppers and brown plant hopper. Defoliators like the paddy leaf roller and caterpillars are also outlined. The document concludes with factors that contribute to major pests reaching economic thresholds.
Organic farming , Definition , principle, objectives and scope in India.
Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying instead on organic nutrient sources like compost and manure, as well as practices like crop rotation for pest management. The key principles of organic farming are health, ecology, fairness, and care. The objectives of organic farming are to produce high quality, nutritious food sustainably while protecting the environment for future generations. India has emerged as a world leader in certified organic farmland, and organic farming can boost the Indian economy by reducing imports and improving soil and environmental health.
Post harvesting management
a detailed description of post-harvest handling of mango, apple, banana, okra(lady finger), broccoli, potato. It also includes post-harvest losses.
Fall Army Worm
Fall Army Worm is a new insect in Bangladesh. The people will able to know how it is attack, its harmful effect etc.it is very dangerous insect for our crop cultivation. It is capable to destroy our crops totally.
Chirkey and foorkey disease of cardamom
This is a slide prepared about two viral diseases of Cardamom by me and sushil for classroom presentation of Pathology. All the photos inserted in this slides are downloaded from the internet and belongs to respective uploader.
Major diseases of Lentil (Lens culinaris)
The document summarizes the major diseases that affect lentil crops. It discusses 8 diseases in detail - Fusarium wilt, Botrytis grey mold, Collar rot, Rust, Ascochyta Blight, Stemphylium blight, Anthracnose, and Lentil yellows disease. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, epidemiology, and management strategies. Fusarium wilt is identified as the most important disease worldwide, causing wilting and death of lentil plants. Proper crop rotation, resistant varieties, and other integrated management approaches are recommended to control the different diseases.
Integrated nutrient management
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It begins with introductions and headings submitted by M. Ashok Naik to Dr. P. Kavitha regarding a report on INM. It then defines INM as the optimization of all plant nutrient sources, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and maximize crop yields. The document discusses the concepts, components, classification, and advantages of INM. It also summarizes different organic manure sources like farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost, and their composition and benefits. Finally, it provides details on brown manuring as a no-till practice for organic matter addition and weed control.
Central seed committee
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Central seed committee.
Principles of orchard establishment
1. The document discusses principles of orchard establishment including selecting a suitable location, site preparation, planning the orchard layout, and planting systems. Key factors in selecting a location include suitable climate, soil, water supply, and proximity to markets and transportation.
2. Site preparation involves clearing the land, deep plowing, leveling, and adding manure or green manure crops to improve soil quality. Careful planning of the orchard includes optimizing tree spacing, grouping trees by ripening time, providing pollinators, and installing irrigation channels, roads, windbreaks, and fencing.
3. Common orchard layout systems include the square, rectangular, hexagonal, quincunx, and contour planting patterns, which
Seed Technology
Seeds are the most important means of plant reproduction and have many uses for humans. Seed technology is the study of seed production, handling, and storage in order to ensure high quality seeds for successful crop production. It is important for maintaining genetic resources and allowing study of plant processes. Seeds are a major source of food, feed, fibers, oils and other products worldwide.
Management of stored grain insect pest
This document discusses various methods for managing insect pests that infest stored grains. It notes that losses due to pests in India are around 10% but can be as high as 30-50% in other developing countries. Preventive methods include sanitation, proper stacking, and disinfestation of storage areas. Curative methods include ecological, mechanical, physical, cultural, botanical, chemical and biological controls. Specific techniques covered are controlling temperature and moisture levels, screening grains, traps, heat treatment, controlled atmospheres using gases, inert dusts, crop treatments, botanical pesticides from plants like neem, chemical pesticides like malathion and phosphine fumigation, and engineering controls.
Major Insect-pests of solanaceous crop (tomato & potato) and their management
Major Insect-pests of solanaceous crop (tomato & potato) and their managementNDUA&T, Kumarganj, Faizabad
This document discusses major insect pests that affect solanaceous crops like potato and tomato, and their management. It identifies pests like fruit borer, leaf miners, whiteflies, aphids, and cutworms. It recommends integrated pest management strategies like growing resistant varieties, cultural controls like crop rotation, and biological controls using parasites and predators. It also provides details on effective chemical controls using targeted insecticides to manage specific pests. The conclusion emphasizes the use of integrated approaches and biopesticides to control solanaceous crop insects in a sustainable manner.Insect pest of rice
1. Rice is an important staple crop for over 60% of the world's population. Major insect pests of rice in Nepal include the brown plant hopper, yellow rice stem borer, and rice ear-head bug.
2. These pests cause around 25-30% yield losses annually. The brown planthopper sucks plant cell sap and transmits diseases. The yellow stem borer bores into rice stems, causing 'dead hearts' and 'white heads'. The rice ear-head bug feeds on developing rice grains, reducing yield.
3. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, applying recommended pesticides at economic thresholds, and cultural practices like removing rice residue and maintaining good field drainage.
Weeds
Weeds
What is weed?
Evolution of weed
Classification of weed
Classification based on morphology/
cotyledon characters
Classification based on habitat
Classification based on origin
Classification based on association
Classification based on life cycle / ontogeny
Classification based on nature of stem
Classification based on soil pH
Special classification
weed management
Importance of weed management
Principles of weed management
CHARACTERISTICS OF
WEEDS & THEIR IMPORTANCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF WEEDS
Importance of Weeds or Benefits or
Advantages Derived from Weeds
Weed Biology
Weed Ecology
Propagation of weeds
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative reproduction
WEED DISSEMINATION:
of weeds
Cultural Methods of Weed Control
Preventive methods of weed management
Biological methods of Weed control
Tomato production technology
This document provides information about the production technology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical classification of tomatoes, describing their origin in Peru and Mexico. It then covers tomato cultivation methods such as variety selection, climate needs, seed treatment, nursery preparation, and seasonal planting times. The document also discusses the nutritional value of tomatoes and lists some popular varieties grown in India. In summary, the document outlines the botanical background and production practices for cultivating tomatoes as a vegetable crop.
category of insect pest
category of insect pest, major pest, minor pest, sporadic pest, epidemic pest, endemic pest, potential pest, key pest,
Lecture 3: Fruits and Vegetables Harvesting
This document discusses harvesting of fruits and vegetables. It begins with learning objectives related to postharvest procedures, maturity indices, and harvesting practices. It then outlines topics to be covered including postharvest handling procedures, defining maturity indices, importance of maturity indices, differences between physiological and horticultural maturity, and harvesting practices for common fruits and vegetables. The document discusses factors that determine optimum maturity for harvesting, different types of maturity, maturity indices used for various fruits and vegetables, and methods for manual and mechanical harvesting. It stresses the importance of harvesting at proper maturity to ensure quality and storage life.
Post Harvest Management of Vegetables Crops
This document discusses post-harvest management techniques for fresh vegetables. It begins by explaining that fresh vegetables are highly perishable and can face losses from factors like temperature, humidity, and physical injury during handling. It then outlines objectives to understand post-harvest loss causes and control measures, marketing channels and losses, and management techniques. The document covers harvesting maturity, cleaning, sorting, grading, packaging, storage, and transportation methods. It emphasizes the importance of post-harvest management in maintaining quality and reducing losses to increase smallholder competitiveness and food security.
Protected cultivation
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
Disease and pest management of Sunflower.
climatic requirement of sunflower, Soil science of sunflower, Disease and pest Management of Sunflower, Control measure of sunflower.
Breeding for insect pest stress in vegetable crops
This document discusses breeding for pest resistance in vegetable crops. It begins by introducing some key insect pests that damage vegetable crops and cause significant yield losses. It then covers the different mechanisms of insect resistance including nonpreference, antibiosis, tolerance and ecological resistance. The document discusses the genetics underlying insect resistance and describes different breeding methods used for developing resistant varieties like introduction, selection, hybridization and genetic engineering. It also covers techniques for screening vegetable crops for insect resistance in the field and glasshouse. Finally, the document lists some vegetable crop varieties that have been bred for resistance to important insect pests.
Breeding for pest stress in vegetables
1) The document discusses breeding for pest stress mechanisms and genetics of resistance in vegetable crops. It covers sources of resistance, breeding methods, and screening techniques.
2) The key mechanisms of insect resistance include nonpreference, antibiosis, tolerance, and ecological resistance. Resistance can be oligogenic, polygenic, or cytoplasmic. Sources of resistance include cultivated varieties, germplasm collections, related wild species, and unrelated organisms.
3) Breeding methods to develop resistant varieties include introduction, selection, hybridization, and genetic engineering. Screening is done in the field or glasshouse to identify resistant plants. Advantages of resistant varieties include inherent pest control without chemicals. Problems include resistance being pest specific and difficulties
More Related Content
What's hot
Pests of paddy 1
This document provides information on major insect pests that affect rice crops in India. It identifies 20 insect pests of economic significance classified into borer pests, sucking pests, defoliators, and non-insect pests. Details are given on the identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and symptoms caused by key borer pests like the yellow stem borer, leaf folder, and caseworm. Important sucking pests discussed include various leafhoppers and brown plant hopper. Defoliators like the paddy leaf roller and caterpillars are also outlined. The document concludes with factors that contribute to major pests reaching economic thresholds.
Organic farming , Definition , principle, objectives and scope in India.
Organic farming avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, relying instead on organic nutrient sources like compost and manure, as well as practices like crop rotation for pest management. The key principles of organic farming are health, ecology, fairness, and care. The objectives of organic farming are to produce high quality, nutritious food sustainably while protecting the environment for future generations. India has emerged as a world leader in certified organic farmland, and organic farming can boost the Indian economy by reducing imports and improving soil and environmental health.
Post harvesting management
a detailed description of post-harvest handling of mango, apple, banana, okra(lady finger), broccoli, potato. It also includes post-harvest losses.
Fall Army Worm
Fall Army Worm is a new insect in Bangladesh. The people will able to know how it is attack, its harmful effect etc.it is very dangerous insect for our crop cultivation. It is capable to destroy our crops totally.
Chirkey and foorkey disease of cardamom
This is a slide prepared about two viral diseases of Cardamom by me and sushil for classroom presentation of Pathology. All the photos inserted in this slides are downloaded from the internet and belongs to respective uploader.
Major diseases of Lentil (Lens culinaris)
The document summarizes the major diseases that affect lentil crops. It discusses 8 diseases in detail - Fusarium wilt, Botrytis grey mold, Collar rot, Rust, Ascochyta Blight, Stemphylium blight, Anthracnose, and Lentil yellows disease. For each disease, it describes the symptoms, epidemiology, and management strategies. Fusarium wilt is identified as the most important disease worldwide, causing wilting and death of lentil plants. Proper crop rotation, resistant varieties, and other integrated management approaches are recommended to control the different diseases.
Integrated nutrient management
This document provides an overview of integrated nutrient management (INM). It begins with introductions and headings submitted by M. Ashok Naik to Dr. P. Kavitha regarding a report on INM. It then defines INM as the optimization of all plant nutrient sources, including organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers, to maintain soil fertility and maximize crop yields. The document discusses the concepts, components, classification, and advantages of INM. It also summarizes different organic manure sources like farm yard manure, compost, vermicompost, and their composition and benefits. Finally, it provides details on brown manuring as a no-till practice for organic matter addition and weed control.
Central seed committee
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Central seed committee.
Principles of orchard establishment
1. The document discusses principles of orchard establishment including selecting a suitable location, site preparation, planning the orchard layout, and planting systems. Key factors in selecting a location include suitable climate, soil, water supply, and proximity to markets and transportation.
2. Site preparation involves clearing the land, deep plowing, leveling, and adding manure or green manure crops to improve soil quality. Careful planning of the orchard includes optimizing tree spacing, grouping trees by ripening time, providing pollinators, and installing irrigation channels, roads, windbreaks, and fencing.
3. Common orchard layout systems include the square, rectangular, hexagonal, quincunx, and contour planting patterns, which
Seed Technology
Seeds are the most important means of plant reproduction and have many uses for humans. Seed technology is the study of seed production, handling, and storage in order to ensure high quality seeds for successful crop production. It is important for maintaining genetic resources and allowing study of plant processes. Seeds are a major source of food, feed, fibers, oils and other products worldwide.
Management of stored grain insect pest
This document discusses various methods for managing insect pests that infest stored grains. It notes that losses due to pests in India are around 10% but can be as high as 30-50% in other developing countries. Preventive methods include sanitation, proper stacking, and disinfestation of storage areas. Curative methods include ecological, mechanical, physical, cultural, botanical, chemical and biological controls. Specific techniques covered are controlling temperature and moisture levels, screening grains, traps, heat treatment, controlled atmospheres using gases, inert dusts, crop treatments, botanical pesticides from plants like neem, chemical pesticides like malathion and phosphine fumigation, and engineering controls.
Major Insect-pests of solanaceous crop (tomato & potato) and their management
Major Insect-pests of solanaceous crop (tomato & potato) and their managementNDUA&T, Kumarganj, Faizabad
This document discusses major insect pests that affect solanaceous crops like potato and tomato, and their management. It identifies pests like fruit borer, leaf miners, whiteflies, aphids, and cutworms. It recommends integrated pest management strategies like growing resistant varieties, cultural controls like crop rotation, and biological controls using parasites and predators. It also provides details on effective chemical controls using targeted insecticides to manage specific pests. The conclusion emphasizes the use of integrated approaches and biopesticides to control solanaceous crop insects in a sustainable manner.Insect pest of rice
1. Rice is an important staple crop for over 60% of the world's population. Major insect pests of rice in Nepal include the brown plant hopper, yellow rice stem borer, and rice ear-head bug.
2. These pests cause around 25-30% yield losses annually. The brown planthopper sucks plant cell sap and transmits diseases. The yellow stem borer bores into rice stems, causing 'dead hearts' and 'white heads'. The rice ear-head bug feeds on developing rice grains, reducing yield.
3. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, applying recommended pesticides at economic thresholds, and cultural practices like removing rice residue and maintaining good field drainage.
Weeds
Weeds
What is weed?
Evolution of weed
Classification of weed
Classification based on morphology/
cotyledon characters
Classification based on habitat
Classification based on origin
Classification based on association
Classification based on life cycle / ontogeny
Classification based on nature of stem
Classification based on soil pH
Special classification
weed management
Importance of weed management
Principles of weed management
CHARACTERISTICS OF
WEEDS & THEIR IMPORTANCE
CHARACTERISTICS OF WEEDS
Importance of Weeds or Benefits or
Advantages Derived from Weeds
Weed Biology
Weed Ecology
Propagation of weeds
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Vegetative reproduction
WEED DISSEMINATION:
of weeds
Cultural Methods of Weed Control
Preventive methods of weed management
Biological methods of Weed control
Tomato production technology
This document provides information about the production technology of tomatoes. It begins with the botanical classification of tomatoes, describing their origin in Peru and Mexico. It then covers tomato cultivation methods such as variety selection, climate needs, seed treatment, nursery preparation, and seasonal planting times. The document also discusses the nutritional value of tomatoes and lists some popular varieties grown in India. In summary, the document outlines the botanical background and production practices for cultivating tomatoes as a vegetable crop.
category of insect pest
category of insect pest, major pest, minor pest, sporadic pest, epidemic pest, endemic pest, potential pest, key pest,
Lecture 3: Fruits and Vegetables Harvesting
This document discusses harvesting of fruits and vegetables. It begins with learning objectives related to postharvest procedures, maturity indices, and harvesting practices. It then outlines topics to be covered including postharvest handling procedures, defining maturity indices, importance of maturity indices, differences between physiological and horticultural maturity, and harvesting practices for common fruits and vegetables. The document discusses factors that determine optimum maturity for harvesting, different types of maturity, maturity indices used for various fruits and vegetables, and methods for manual and mechanical harvesting. It stresses the importance of harvesting at proper maturity to ensure quality and storage life.
Post Harvest Management of Vegetables Crops
This document discusses post-harvest management techniques for fresh vegetables. It begins by explaining that fresh vegetables are highly perishable and can face losses from factors like temperature, humidity, and physical injury during handling. It then outlines objectives to understand post-harvest loss causes and control measures, marketing channels and losses, and management techniques. The document covers harvesting maturity, cleaning, sorting, grading, packaging, storage, and transportation methods. It emphasizes the importance of post-harvest management in maintaining quality and reducing losses to increase smallholder competitiveness and food security.
Protected cultivation
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
Disease and pest management of Sunflower.
climatic requirement of sunflower, Soil science of sunflower, Disease and pest Management of Sunflower, Control measure of sunflower.
What's hot (20)
Organic farming , Definition , principle, objectives and scope in India.
Organic farming , Definition , principle, objectives and scope in India.
Major Insect-pests of solanaceous crop (tomato & potato) and their management
Major Insect-pests of solanaceous crop (tomato & potato) and their management
Similar to Basic crop protection
Breeding for insect pest stress in vegetable crops
This document discusses breeding for pest resistance in vegetable crops. It begins by introducing some key insect pests that damage vegetable crops and cause significant yield losses. It then covers the different mechanisms of insect resistance including nonpreference, antibiosis, tolerance and ecological resistance. The document discusses the genetics underlying insect resistance and describes different breeding methods used for developing resistant varieties like introduction, selection, hybridization and genetic engineering. It also covers techniques for screening vegetable crops for insect resistance in the field and glasshouse. Finally, the document lists some vegetable crop varieties that have been bred for resistance to important insect pests.
Breeding for pest stress in vegetables
1) The document discusses breeding for pest stress mechanisms and genetics of resistance in vegetable crops. It covers sources of resistance, breeding methods, and screening techniques.
2) The key mechanisms of insect resistance include nonpreference, antibiosis, tolerance, and ecological resistance. Resistance can be oligogenic, polygenic, or cytoplasmic. Sources of resistance include cultivated varieties, germplasm collections, related wild species, and unrelated organisms.
3) Breeding methods to develop resistant varieties include introduction, selection, hybridization, and genetic engineering. Screening is done in the field or glasshouse to identify resistant plants. Advantages of resistant varieties include inherent pest control without chemicals. Problems include resistance being pest specific and difficulties
Aquafeed Storage
Major losses that occur during feed storage include weight loss, quality loss, health risks, and economic loss. These losses are caused by insects, microorganisms, animals, improper handling, and physical and chemical changes. Insect and fungal activity can lead to mold growth and destruction of feed ingredients, posing health risks to animals and fish. Key factors like temperature, humidity, and moisture content affect insect and fungal growth. Proper storage practices and sanitation are needed to control pests and microbes and prevent deterioration of feed ingredients.
Aflatoxins in Grains and Food Safety, Guantai, S.M., ACDI/VOCA Kenya
Presentation from the Aflacontrol Conference on Aflatoxins, Food Safety and Food Security, Nairobi, Kenya January 2011
Pesticides (2)
This document defines pesticides and describes different types of pests including animal pests like rodents and insects, and plant pests like weeds and microorganisms. It discusses how pesticides work by inhibiting metabolic processes and outlines their mechanism of action, potency, onset, and dose. Common pesticide types include insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and rodenticides. The document also covers pesticide choice based on pest type and habitat, as well as methods of controlling pests including mechanical, biological, environmental, agricultural, and chemical methods. Integrated Pest Management is discussed as an alternative approach.
Insect Pests of Fruits
This document discusses several major insect pests that damage fruits in Pakistan. It begins by providing background on insects and then discusses six key pests in detail: 1) fruit flies, which lay eggs inside fruits and whose larvae feed on the flesh, causing economic losses; 2) the lemon butterfly, whose caterpillar larvae feed on citrus leaves; 3) aphids, which suck sap from plants and reduce yields; 4) red scales, an armored scale insect that sucks sap and can cause tree death; 5) mango hoppers, which feed on mango flowers, leaves, and fruits, stunting growth; and 6) the banana weevil, whose grub larvae bore into banana plants and rhizomes,
Pesticides
Pesticides are substances used to kill pests like insects, weeds, rodents, and fungi that damage crops or transmit diseases. They work by inhibiting the metabolic processes of pests. Common types include insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides, and fungicides. Integrated Pest Management is an approach that uses targeted pest control methods like biological and mechanical controls instead of relying solely on chemical pesticides. Choosing the right pesticide depends on the type of pest and habitat. Some natural pesticides come from plants like tobacco, pyrethrum, and derris elliptica.
Unit-3-crop-protection.pptx
This document discusses plant pathology, which is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. It addresses the causes of plant diseases, including living organisms like fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes, as well as non-living factors. The disease cycle and factors affecting disease development are also examined. Plant diseases can cause significant economic losses by reducing crop yields and quality. Understanding plant pathology is important for preventing diseases and maintaining food supply.
plant pathology.ppt
This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of plant pathology. It discusses key topics including the definition of plant pathology, objectives of plant pathology such as studying the causes and mechanisms of disease, epidemiology, and disease control. It also defines important terminology like pathogen, disease, symptoms, and host. The document outlines the classification of plant diseases and different types of causal agents like fungi, bacteria, viruses. It highlights the importance of plant pathology in reducing crop losses and ensuring food security.
Fungi in feed
Role of fungi and it’s tolerance limits and measures to check them in stored products, Vishnu Vardhan Reddy.P
College of Veterinary Science, Tirupati
Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, safe limits of mycotoxins,
Master Gardener Entomology Module 2010
This document provides an overview of a crash course in entomology for master gardener interns. It covers insect form and function, classification, types of insect injury, and integrated pest management. The course includes examining real insect specimens, learning the characteristics of different insect orders such as beetles, flies, true bugs, moths and butterflies, and grasshoppers. It also covers insect mouthparts, growth and development, and types of insect damage. Integrated pest management techniques like conservation buffers, trap cropping, and biological controls are discussed.
Aflatoxicosis in farm animals
Aflatoxins are toxic substances produced by certain fungi that can contaminate food crops. The fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are mainly responsible for producing aflatoxins. Aflatoxins pose health risks to humans and farm animals and are found worldwide, with problems most severe in warm, humid regions. Contamination can occur before or after harvest, with improper storage being a major cause of increased levels. Preventive measures include proper drying and storage of crops.
Outlooks on Pest Management - June 2015 Al-Amidi article
This document summarizes a new product called SuperNemos, which is a formulation of beneficial nematodes that can be used as a natural alternative to chemical insecticides. SuperNemos is shown to be effective against a wide range of soil-dwelling insect pests. Independent studies found that SuperNemos achieved similar or better control than other nematode products and some chemical insecticides, but at lower application rates. SuperNemos offers growers an effective biopesticide option that is safer for the environment and human health compared to traditional chemical insecticides.
Food Safety (Microbiology, Sanitation and HACCP)
The document provides an overview of food safety topics including sanitation, microorganisms, foodborne illness, and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). It discusses key aspects of sanitation such as definitions, types of microorganisms, factors for bacterial growth, and sanitation practices on farms and in processing plants. It also outlines foodborne pathogens of concern and introduces the seven principles of HACCP for controlling food safety hazards.
Insects pests of Cotton
This document discusses insects pests of cotton and their integrated pest management (IPM) in Pakistan. It provides details on the importance of cotton production in Pakistan's economy. It then lists and describes 11 major insect pests that affect cotton, including aphids, jassids, whiteflies, mealybugs, bollworms, and armyworms. The document outlines pest scouting methods and details integrated control approaches, including cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control techniques. Major biological control agents like parasitoids and predators are identified. Recommended insecticides and application rates are provided for different cotton pests.
PRESENTS STATUS OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN INSECTS
The document discusses the status of insecticide resistance in agricultural pests, including the genetics of resistance, mechanisms of resistance development like metabolic and target-site resistance, major resistant pest species, and strategies for insecticide resistance management. It also provides case studies of resistance in different pest orders like Coleoptera and Lepidoptera as well as sucking pests, vectors, and other pests.
Breeding for resistance to disease and insect pests(biotic stress)
Breeding for resistance to plant diseases and insect pests (biotic stress) involves targeting six main groups of pests: airborne fungi, soil-borne fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and insects. Plant breeders develop strategies to breed cultivars resistant to these types of biotic stress through an understanding of the biology and damage caused. Breeding can involve improving vertical/qualitative resistance to specific pathogen races or strains, as well as horizontal/partial resistance effective against all pathogen variants. Strategies include using differential varieties to identify pathogen races, planned release of resistance genes, gene pyramiding, combining vertical and horizontal resistance, and utilizing wild plant germplasm.
integrated pest management in brinjal
variour methods to control pests of brinjal and some tables representing the effect of integrated pest management
Feedstuffs storage
This document discusses factors that contribute to losses during the storage of feedstuffs, including insects, microorganisms, and deteriorative chemical changes. It notes that improper storage can lead to weight loss, quality loss, health risks from toxins, and economic losses. The major causes of loss are described as insect and fungal infestation, which can destroy feedstuffs and increase moisture and temperatures. Key factors that influence insects and fungi are temperature, humidity, and moisture content of the feeds. The document outlines common insect and fungal pests and how their activities can damage feeds through eating, contamination, and accelerating chemical changes like lipid oxidation. Proper storage practices to control these losses are emphasized.
Unit-2-crop-protection.pptx
Pests are organisms that compete with or damage crops, reducing yields. The main categories of pests are vertebrates, invertebrates, weeds, and diseases. Pests globally reduce crop yields by 42% and cause major economic losses for farmers. Crop protection manages these threats through disciplines like entomology, plant pathology, weed science, and integrated pest management, which uses natural controls and minimizes pesticide use for sustainable agriculture.
Similar to Basic crop protection (20)
Breeding for insect pest stress in vegetable crops
Breeding for insect pest stress in vegetable crops
Aflatoxins in Grains and Food Safety, Guantai, S.M., ACDI/VOCA Kenya
Aflatoxins in Grains and Food Safety, Guantai, S.M., ACDI/VOCA Kenya
Outlooks on Pest Management - June 2015 Al-Amidi article
Outlooks on Pest Management - June 2015 Al-Amidi article
PRESENTS STATUS OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN INSECTS
PRESENTS STATUS OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN INSECTS
Breeding for resistance to disease and insect pests(biotic stress)
Breeding for resistance to disease and insect pests(biotic stress)
More from baharia said
Animal diseases medicine ii notes
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord, as well as the peripheral nervous system. The brain is divided into several parts that each have distinct functions, such as the cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus, pituitary, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. The nervous system coordinates responses to stimuli through sensory function, integrative function, and motor function via neurons, synapses, and reflex arcs.
Dairy production cycle
Dairy cows are bred and give birth, then produce milk for around 10 months before drying off for 2 months. Calves are separated from their mothers at birth and fed milk replacer. Cows are then artificially inseminated and the cycle continues to produce milk through repeated pregnancies and lactations.
Banana value chain
This document provides background information on a proposed study of the banana value chain in Mlali Village, Morogoro, Tanzania. It will examine pricing, margins, and losses at different levels of the chain from producers to consumers. Bananas are an important crop in Tanzania, but small farmers face challenges including low prices paid by intermediaries. The study aims to evaluate the chain to help actors improve incomes and livelihoods. It will determine prices, margins, and losses to provide information to support banana farmers and other players in Tanzania and beyond.
Annual crop
Simsim (sesame) is an oilseed crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions for its 45-55% oil content. Varieties have been developed with improved harvestability and drought resistance, increasing production. It is used for cooking oil, perfumes, soaps, medicine, animal feed, and income. Morada, a high-yielding variety from Venezuela, was crossed with local varieties, creating hybrids that combine Morada's yield with local drought resistance, increasing yields by 34%. Simsim grows 90-135 days after planting and is 95% self-pollinating. It is grown in several Tanzanian regions from January to March.
Animalmanureassessment2014
This document assesses animal manure production, management and utilization in Nzega and Igunga districts of Tanzania. It finds that while significant amounts of manure are produced in the study areas, its use in crop production is declining. Factors contributing to the low use of manure include soil moisture stresses, lack of extension knowledge on improving manure quality/nutrients, land degradation, declining land carrying capacity, and low crop-livestock interaction. The methodology involved literature review, surveys, and field observations. Results show estimates of manure production by livestock type in the districts and that manure management practices like kraal rotation exist but could be improved to reduce nutrient losses.
Animal production for pigs
The document provides an overview of the pig industry and pig production. It discusses the history and origins of pig farming, important pig breeds, factors that influence pig production, the pig breeding cycle and targets for productivity. Pig farming has a long history and plays an important role in many countries by converting waste into meat. Modern pig production has become highly specialized and efficient at producing meat through selective breeding and specialized housing and feeding systems. Crossbreeding is used to improve traits of economic importance like growth rate and litter size.
Animal diseases medicine ii notes
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord, as well as the peripheral nervous system. The brain is divided into several parts that have distinct functions, including the cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus, pituitary, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. The nervous system coordinates responses to stimuli through sensory processing, integration of information, and motor responses.
Anatomy and physiology of animals
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord, as well as the peripheral nervous system. The brain is divided into several parts that have distinct functions, including the cerebral hemispheres, hypothalamus, pituitary, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. The nervous system coordinates responses to stimuli through sensory processing, integration of information, and motor responses.
Harvesting and post harvesting management notes 2012
1. This document discusses harvesting and post-harvest management techniques for various food crops grown across different agro-climatic zones in India.
2. It describes traditional practices like curing of cereals by stacking bundles to allow for ripening and easy separation of cobs from husks. It also discusses cleaning grains through winnowing and using wind to separate dirt.
3. Methods for packaging, transporting, and storing various foods are provided, such as using bamboo containers and boxes for fresh produce, sterilizing earthen pots for pickles, and constructing wooden structures or rooms for grain storage.
Production of onions
Onion is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide for food. It originated in central and southern Asia and was introduced to Europe and the United States. Onions require cool temperatures for growth and warm temperatures during bulb formation. They are grown from seed, transplants, or sets and require regular watering along with fertilizer application. Common onion varieties differ in characteristics like foliage color, bulb shape, and storage ability.
Production of onions
Onion is an important vegetable crop grown worldwide for food and medicinal purposes. It originated in central and southern Asia but is now widely cultivated in many countries. There are over 500 species in the Allium genus, with Allium cepa being the cultivated onion species. Onions are grown as dry bulbs or green bunching onions. They require fertile, well-drained soil and a consistent supply of water. Proper cultural practices such as weeding, irrigation, mulching and fertilization are needed to maximize yields.
Garlic variety evaluations-voigt
This document summarizes information about different varieties of garlic. It divides garlic into two major types - hardneck and softneck - based on whether they produce a central scape. Several varieties of hardneck garlic are described, including Rocambole, Purple Stripe, and Porcelain varieties. Softneck varieties discussed include Artichoke, Silverskin, and Creole. The document provides details on the characteristics, appearance and advantages of each variety. It also provides information on growing garlic, including planting, spacing, watering, fertilizing, weeding, harvesting, curing, storage and using green garlic.
Prod guidegarlic
This document provides production guidelines for garlic cultivation in South Africa. It discusses the general aspects of garlic including its classification, origin, description, cultivars and climatic/soil requirements. It also outlines cultivation practices such as propagation, soil preparation, planting, fertilization, irrigation, weed/pest/disease control and harvesting. Post-harvest handling topics including curing, sorting, packing, storage and marketing are also addressed. Production schedules and utilization of garlic are mentioned. The guidelines are intended to assist garlic producers in South Africa.
Introduction to computer
This document provides an introduction to computers, including:
- A brief history of computing from the abacus to modern computers.
- An overview of the five generations of computers and their characteristics.
- Descriptions of the components of a basic computer system, including input/output devices like keyboards, mice, and printers.
- Explanations of what computers are used for today and their benefits and disadvantages to society.
- Definitions of key computer terms like hardware, software, files, storage, and processing.
Livestock diseases
Livestock diseases cause billions in losses annually in the US. Three main causes of disease spread are poor sanitation, improper management, and introducing new animals. Diseases can be caused by nutritional defects, physiological defects, morphological defects, or pathogenic organisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Good management practices like isolation of new animals, vaccination programs, clean facilities, adequate rations, limiting visitors, quick diagnosis, and proper handling can help prevent disease spread. Common diseases are described along with their causes, symptoms, and prevention/treatment methods.
More from baharia said (15)
Harvesting and post harvesting management notes 2012
Harvesting and post harvesting management notes 2012
Recently uploaded
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdCACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcHow to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Recently uploaded (20)
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Liberal Approach to the Study of Indian Politics.pdf
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptx
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
Pollock and Snow "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape, Session One: Setting Expec...
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Basic crop protection
- 1. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SECURITY AND COOPERATIVES Curse: Certificate in General Agriculture Module Code: GAT 04106 Module title: Basic Crop Protection Module Credits: 10.0 1. Difinition: Crop protection involves all operation associated with prevention of anything being living or non living organism from damaging crops, therefore crop protection includes: -Preventing pest entry -Existence -Spread -Controlling them -Insect pest -Pathogens{which cause diseases} -Weeds -Vermin’s -Nematodes PESTS Pests are any biotic agent that can cause damage to crop. Therefore excludes other environment factors like shortage or excess water, imbalances of nutritional elements, excessive heat, cold, soil reaction. IMPORTANCE OF CROP PROTECTION -It reduces hazards -It reduce negative effects caused by various factors responsible for causing direct damage or physiological disorder to crops. 1. Reduction in crop yield- mainly due to competition for light, water, and nutrients in case of weeds direct damage of the economic part as a result of disease and vermin’s’ attack. 2. Quality reduction 3. Reduction in market value 4. Increased production costs 5. Source of transmission of other crop diseases
- 2. PEST MANAGEMENT AND THEIR CONTROL For a successful control programme; {a} Insects’ classification basing on: -Biological qualities -Life cycle -Feeding habits -Biting and chewing insects -Piercing and sucking insects INSECTS’ CLASSIFICATION Insects belongs to the class Insect or Hexapod a with several orders under phylum Arthropod a. -Head -Thorax -Abdomen Other class under phylum Arthropod a is in class Arachinida. The adult under this class have: -Four pairs of legs -Head -Thorax are fused Mites are the only ones which play an important role as pests of most field crops. Examples: -Red coffee mites-Oligonychus coffee -Red cotton mites-Tetranychus terarius -Yellow tea mites-Hemitarsonemus latus -Citrus bud mites-Aceria seldoni 4.1.2 BASING ON LIFE CYCIE -Classification under this is divided into 2 groups -Complete metamorphosis (Holometabola), Insects undergo 4 growth stages Egg – Lava – Pupa –Adult/Imago Examples: Butterflies, Moths, Flies. The young ones at larval stage are quit different in appearance from the adults -Incomplete metamorphosis (Hemimetabola), the insects under goes 3 development stages -Egg-nymph-Adult Example: Grass hoppers, Crickets, Thrips, Termites, (Nymphs and adults) 4.1.3. Basing on feeding habit 4.1.3.1.Biting and chewing insencts These have biting and chewing mouth parts which are characterized by