This document discusses crop pests and diseases. It introduces how pests and diseases damage crops, lower yields and quality, and increase production costs. To effectively manage these issues, it is important to understand pest life cycles, feeding habits, and causes of crop disease. The document then discusses different types of crop pests, both direct and indirect, and some examples. It also outlines several negative effects of crop pests, such as destroying seeds, damaging roots, and lowering photosynthesis. Pests are classified in the document according to their feeding method, the crops they attack, the damage they cause, and their scientific grouping.

1. CROP PESTS AND
DISEASES

2. Introduction
 Pests and diseases cause damage to crops; in fields and stores.
 They lower crop growth rates hence reduced yield and quality of crop products.
 They also raise the cost production in the effort to eliminate them thus lowers
farmers’ gross margins or profits.
 To manage crops and diseases effectively and at minimal costs, one must
understand the pests’ life cycles, feeding habits, damages they cause and their
natural enemies. It is also of essence to know causes and effects of diseases.

3. CROP PESTS AND THEIR CONTROL
 A crop pest is a living organism that destroy crops; directly or indirectly.
 Direct destruction includes physical damage to the plant while indirect
includes introduction of disease-causing organisms (pathogens); viruses,
bacteria or fungi.
 Examples of crop pests include; insects, nematodes, birds, rodents, mites and
large animals such as elephants. Some birds are also pests.
 Domestic animals can become pests if not take good care of.

4. Negative Effects of Crop Pests
 Unearth planted seeds resulting in low plan population e.g. squirrels.
 Damage crop roots leading to wilting and death of crops e.g. nematodes.
 Destroy leaves thereby reducing photosynthetic area thus lowering crop yields.
 The pests that suck plants’ sap deprive them food leading to retarded growth.
 Lower crop quality and quantity by attacking fruits, berries and/or flowers.
 Attack and destroy embryo of seeds and lowering their germination potential.
 Some pests transmit crop diseases e.g. aphids while other give way to secondary
infections.
 Some e.g. stalk borers consume growing parts causing retarded growth.

5. CLASSIFICATION OF PESTS
1. According to mode of feeding
i. Biting and chewing mouth parts e.g. a locust

6. According to the mode of feeding continued
ii. Piercing and sucking mouth parts e.g. an aphid

7. CLASSIFICATION OF PESTS contd…..
2. According to crops attacked
Some pests are very specific to the crops they attack e.g. coffee pests.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF PESTS contd…..
3. Stage of development at which pest is harmful/destructive.
4. Stage of growth of the crop attacked.
5. Scientific classification.
6. The level of damage caused.
7. The habitat of the pest/ ecological niche of the pest.
To be continued……….