Information is defined as data that has been organized and processed to add meaning and value. It depends on data but provides context and meaning. Computer networks allow computing devices to share resources by connecting nodes through various media like wires, WiFi, etc. There are different types of networks classified by size and geography, including personal area networks, local area networks, campus area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, tree, and hybrid configurations.

2. CHAPTER 1

3. DEFINITION OF INFORMATION
Information is the result of processing, manipulating and
Organizing data in way that Adds to the knowledge of the
Receiver. In other Words, it is the context in which data is
Taken.

4. DATA VS INFORMATION
 Data is used as input for the computer system. Information is the
output of data.
 Data doesn’t depend on information . Information depend on data.
 Data is a single unit. A group of data which carries news and meaning
Is called information.
 Data doesn’t carry a meaning. Information must carry a logical meaning.
 Data is the raw martial. Information is the product.

5. Usually the data is represented in terms of characters.
But now-a-days this Information is being converted to
Other forms such as graphics, images, Animation, audio
And video.
INFORMATIONREPRESENTATION
DIGITALMEDIA

6. IMAGES
In common usage, an image or picture is an artifact that reproduces
the likeness of Some subject- usually a physical object or a person.
Images may be two dimensional, such as a photograph, or three
dimensional such as In a statue. They are typically produced by
optical devices- such as a cameras, lenses, Microscopes, etc.

7. DRAWING
Drawing generally involves making marks on a surface by applying
pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common
tools are graphite pencils, pen and Brushes, color pencils,
markers etc.

8. GRAPHICS
Graphics are visual presentations on some surface, such as a wall, canvas,
computer screen, Paper, or stone to brand, inform, illustrate, or entertain.
Examples are Photographs, drawings, Line art, graphs, diagrams, typography,
numbers, symbols, geometric designs, maps engineering drawings, or
other images.

9. ETCHING
Etching is an intaglio method of printmaking in which the image is incised
Into the surface of a metal plate using an acid. The process is believed to
have been invented by Daniel Hopfer (circa 1470-1536) of Augsburg,
Germany, who decorated armour in this way, and applied the method to
printmaking.
Etching is also used in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards

10. SYMBOLS
A symbol, in its basic sense, is a conventional
Representation of a concepts or quantity; i.e.,
An idea, object, concept, quality, etc.

11. COMPUTERS GRAPHICS
There are two types of computer graphics:
1. RASTER GRAPHICS = Where each pixel is separately defined
(as in a digital photograph)
2. VECTOR GRAPHICS = Where mathematical formulas are
used to draw lines and shapes

12. ANIMATION
Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of images of 2-D artwork or
Model positions in order to create an illusion of movement. It is an optical
illusion of motion due to the phenomenon of persistence of vision.

13. COMMON TYPES OF ANIMATION
1. Traditional animation
Traditional animation (or classical animation, cel animation or
hand-drawn animation) is an animation technique where each
frame is drawn by hand. The technique was the dominant form o
f animation in cinema until the advent of computer animation.

14. 2. COMPUTER ANIMATION
Computer animation is the process used for generating animated
images. The more general term computer-generated imagery (CGI)
encompasses both static scenes and dynamic images, while
computer animation only refers to the moving images. Modern
computer animation usually uses 3D computer graphics, although 2D
computer graphics are still used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and
faster real-time renderings. Sometimes, the target of the animation is
the computer itself, but sometimes film as well

15. AUDIO
Sound recording and reproduction is the electrical
inscription and recreation of Sound waves , usually
used for the voice or the music.

16. VIDEO
Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying,
playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media.[1]
Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were
quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) systems which were later
replaced by flat panel displays of several types

17. CHAPTER2
COMPUTERAPPREDIATION

18. DEFINITIONOF ELECTRONICCOMPUTER
A programmable electronic device that can be used to store and
manipulate data to carry out designated functions; the
two fundamental components are hardware, that is, the actual el
ectronic device, and software, that is, the instructions
or program used to carry out the function

19. COMPUTERGENERATIONS
Generation Based on Period
(1) First Generation Electronic Valves 1950
(2) Second Generation Transistors 1960
(3) Third Generation Integrated Circuits 1965
(4) Fourth Generation Microprocessors 1975
(5) Fifth Generation Large Scale Integrated systems 1980

20. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS
1. AIRLINES BOOKING = Now you can book your ticket for a flight leaving Delhi
while siting in Mumbai . All the airlines are interconnected
though computers. The same goes for Railways but it is
restricted to individual countries only.

21. 2. EDUCATION = Computer can help in teaching too . In fact this book on computer
Was created using computers . Most of the school now use computer
For accounting students .

22. 3. DEFENCE = America has used the computer is defense for
the fullest with pin pointing The position of
enemy targets .

23. All the movements of the satellites are
controlled using Computers.
4. SPACE TECHNOLOGY =

24. 5. WEATHER = Using computer and satellites you can predict the weather for the
Next few days. In fact, the biggest computer in India is with the
Meteorological Department of India, at New Delhi.

25. 6. CINMEA = Now a days most of the film editing is done by computers. You can
Add and delete film clips at a snap using computers. In fact, some
Movies are totally made using computers . Films like Toy story are
Made using computers .

26. 7. MEDICINE = Lots of research in medicine is done using computers . Doctors now
A days can see the complete inside of the human being using the
Computers.

27. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Generally, computers can be divided into 3 types
1. Analog Computers 2. Digital Computers 3. Hybrid Computers

28. ANALOG COMPUTERS
In this type of computers, numerical magnitudes are represented by physical
Quantities Such as electric current, voltage, or resistance, mechanical movements, etc.
Analog computers are widely used in manufacturing units where temperatures,
Pressures or Flow of liquids are to be monitored continuously.
It is also used at petrol pump where petrol pump contains an analog processor that
Connects fuel flow measurements into quantity and price values.

29. DIGITAL COMPUTERS
A digital computer operates on data in the from of digits, rather than the
physical Quantities used in analog computers.

30. Classification of Digital Computers
General Purpose Digital Computers
They are also known as all purpose digital computers. Theoretically they can be used
For any type of applications, e.g., computers that are used for payroll, graphs,
Analysis, etc.
Special Purpose Digital Computers
A digital computer is designed to solve problems of a restricted type. That is, special
Purpose digital computer is designed to be especially efficient in a certain class of
Applications, e.g., computers installed in washing machines.

31. Hybrid computers
This type of computers are hybrid of the above two types. A hybrid computer may use or
Produce analog data or digital data.
Hybrid computers are generally used in scientific application or controlling industrial
processes.

32. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERSBY SIZE
Super Computers
Mainframe Computers
Micro computers
Mini Computers

33. SUPER COMPUTERS
A super computers contain a number of processing units which operate in
parallel to Make it faster. They are in fact, very large computers and thus
used for bigger Application. In India, there is only one such computer
which is used by the Metrological Department in weather forecasting.

34. MAINFRAME COMPUTERS
It is a large computers or Mainframe computers are used in research organizations,
large industrial, banks, airlines, and railway reservations where large data base is
Required.

35. MICRO COMPUTERS
A Microcomputers is a small, relatively inexpensive computers with a microprocessor
As its central processing unit(CPU).

36. MINI COMPUTERS
A minicomputer, or colloquially mini, is a
class of smaller computers that was
developed in the mid-1960s[1][2] and sold for
much less than mainframe[3] and mid-size
computers from IBM and its direct
competitors

37. RAM(RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)
A random-access memory device allows data . items to be read or written
in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of
data inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage
media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older magnetic
tapes and drum memory, the time required to read and write data items
varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording
medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and
arm movement.

38. ROM(READ ONLY MEMORY)
Read-only memory (ROM) is a type of non-volatile memory used
in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM can only be
modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all, so it is mainly used to
store firmware (software that is closely tied to specific hardware, and
unlikely to need frequent updates) or application software in plug-in
cartridges

39. COMPUTER HARDWARE
Computer hardware are the physical parts or components of a computer,
such as the monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphic
card, sound card and motherboard.[1] By contrast, software is instructions
that can be stored and ran by hardware.
Hardware is directed by the software to execute any command
or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a
usable computing system

40. C . P. U (CENTRALPROCESSINGUNIT)
It is actually the main brain of the computer system. It is here that
the whole processing take place. It consists of 4 main unit:
1) Primary Storage Unit
2) Arithmetic Logic Unit
3) Control Unit
4) Output Unit

41. INPUTDEVICES
1. Keyboards
2. Mouse
3. Joysticks
4. Scanners
5. BarCodes
6. Digital camera
7. Trackball

42. OUTPUTDEVICES
1. Monitors and Displays
2. Printers
3. Speakers

43. CHAPTER 3
DATACOMMUNICATION
ANDNETWORKS

44. COMPUTERNETWORKS
A computer network, or data network, is
a digital telecommunications network which
allows nodes to share resources. In computer
networks, computing devices exchange
data with each other using connections
between nodes (data links.) These data links are
established over cable media such as wires or
optic cables, or wireless media such as WiFi.

45. TYPESOFNETWORKS
1. PERSONAL AREA NETWORKS (PAN)
PAN is used for communication among the personal devices, or for connecting to a higher
Level network and Internet.

46. 2. LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
A network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or building.
Current LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology.

47. 3. CAMPUS AREA NETWORKS
A network that connects two or more LANs but that is limited to a specific geographical
area such as a college campus, industrial complex, or a military base.

48. 4. METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORKS (MAN)
A network that connect two or more Local Area Networks or CANs together
but does not extend beyond the boundaries of the immediate town, city, or
metropolitan area.

49. 5. WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
A WAN is a data communications network that covers a relatively broad geographic
Area and that often uses transmission facilities provided by common carries, such
As telephone companies.

50. NETWORKINGARCHITECTURES
Network architecture is the design of a communication network. It is a
framework for the specification of a network's physical
components and their functional organization and configuration, its
operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats use.
This concept was brought by Shreyas Dhaka In telecommunication,
the specification of a network architecture may also include a detailed
description of products and services delivered via a communications
network, as well as detailed rate and billing structures under which
services are compensated.

51. NETWORKTOPOLOGIES
Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.)
of a communication network.
Network topology is the topologicalstructure of a network and may be depicted
physically or logically. It is an application of graph theorywherein
communicating devices are modeled as nodes and the connections between the
devices are modeled as links or lines between the nodes
Themostcommontypesof topologies

52. 1. THE BUS TOPOLOGY
A bus network is a network topology in
which nodes are directly connected to a
common linear (or branched) half-duplex link
called a bus

53. 2. THE STAR TOPOLOGY
Star networks are one of the most common computer network topologies. In its
simplest form, a star network consists of one central hub which acts as a conduit
to transmit messages. In star topology, every host is connected to a central hub.
A star network is an implementation of a spoke–hub distribution
paradigm in computer networks

54. 3. THERINGTOPOLOGY
A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to
exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals
through each node - a ring. Data travels from node to node, with each
node along the way handling every packet.

55. 4. THEMESHTOPOLOGY
A mesh network is a local network topology in which the
infrastructure nodes (i.e. bridges, switches and other
infrastructure devices) connect directly, dynamically and non-
hierarchically to as many other nodes as possible and cooperate
with one another to efficiently route data from/to clients.

56. 5. THE TREE TOPOLOGY
A tree topology is a special type of structure in which many connected elements
are arranged like the branches of a tree. For example, tree topologies are
frequently used to organize the computers in a corporate network, or the
information in a database.

57. 6. THE HYBRIDTOPOLOGY
Hybrid topology is the interconnection of two or more basic topologies, each of
which is laid out so the resulting network does not display a standard
topology. Two examples of a hybrid-type network are the star bus network and
star ring network. The term "topology" references the layout pattern of the
connected devices, or the interconnections of computers, networks and links