Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. It provides superior fire resistance compared with wooden construction and gains strength over time. Structures made of concrete can have a long service life. Concrete is used more than any other manmade material in the world. As of 2006, about 7.5 billion cubic meters of concrete are made each year, more than one cubic meter for every person on Earth.

1. President by:
Areej Qaid
2016-2017
1

2. The Index Pages of number
Introduction 3
History 4
Concrete(definition-properties ) (7-6-5)
Classification & ways dissolving (8-9)
Concrete uses 10
Advantages and disadvantage (12-11)
Types of concrete (29-13)
Other Types of concrete (48-30)
Conclusion 49
Concrete finishes 50
How to make colored concrete (52-51)
Buildings made from concrete (55-54-53)
cement (68-56)
2

3. Introduction:
Concrete is one of the most durable building materials. It
provides superior fire resistance compared with wooden
construction and gains strength over time. Structures made
of concrete can have a long service life. Concrete is used
more than any other manmade material in the world. As of
2006, about 7.5 billion cubic meters of concrete are made
each year, more than one cubic meter for every person on
Earth.
3

4. History:
It's uncertain where it was first discovered that a combination
of hydrated non-hydraulic mixture, but concrete made from
such mixture was first used by the Ancient Macedonians and
three centuries later on a large scale by Roman engineers.
4

5. Concrete:
Concrete is a composite construction material
composed primarily of aggregate, Cement, and
water admixture.
• Concrete has two main stages:
1- Fresh concrete.
2- Hardened concrete.
5

6. 6

7. Concrete properties:
Workability strength durability
Concrete has three different states:
cohesivenes
s
Plastic Setting Hardening
7

8. Classification of concrete:
• Based on unit weight:
• Based on strength (of cylindrical sample):
• Based on additives:
Ultra light concrete . Lightweight concrete. Heavyweight concrete
Low-strength
concrete
Fiber reinforced
concrete
Moderate-strength
concrete
Normal concrete
High-strength
concrete
Shrinkage-
compensating
concrete
Polymer
concrete
Ultra high-strength
concrete
8

9. • Ways of dissolving concrete:
1. Hand made.
2. Mechanical way.
9

10. Concrete uses:
1. Making architectural structure ,foundation.
2. brick/block walls, pavements, bridges/overpasses.
3. highways, runways, parking structures, dams.
4. pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings for gates.
5. fences and poles and even boats.
Concrete is used in large quantities almost everywhere
mankind has a need for infrastructure.
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11. Advantages:
1. Economical.
2. Ambient temperature hardened material.
3. Ability to be cast.
4. Energy efficiency.
5. Excellent resistance to water.
6. High temperature resistance.
7. Ability to consume waste.
8. Ability to work with reinforcing steel.
9. Less maintenance required.
11

12. Disadvantages:
1. Quasi-brittle failure mode.
2. Low tensile strength.
3. Low toughness.
4. Low strength.
5. Formwork is needed.
6. Working with cracks.
7. Long curing time.
12

13. Types of concrete:
Concrete are classified into different types:
1. According to binding material used in
concrete.
2. According to design of concrete.
3. According to purpose of concrete.
13

14. • According to binding material used concrete
are classified into two types:
1. Cement concrete.
2. Lime concrete.
14

15. • Cement concrete : In cement concrete useful
proportion of it's ingredients are: 1 part
cement: 1-8 part sand: 2-16 parts coarse
aggregates.
• Uses: cement concrete is commonly used in
buildings and other important engineering
works where strength and durability is of
prime importance.
15

16. • Lime concrete: The concrete consisting of
lime, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates
mixed in a suitable proportion with water is
called lime concrete.
• Uses: Lime concrete is generally used for the
sake of economy in foundation works, under
floors, over roof and where cement is not
cheaply and easily available in required
quantity.
16

17. According to design of concrete:
1. Plain cement concrete.
2. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC).
3. Pre-stressed cement concrete (PCC).
17

18. • Plain cement concrete: The cement concrete
in which no reinforcement is provided is called
plain cement concrete or mass cement
concrete. This type of concrete is strong in
taking compressive stress but weak in taking
tensile stresses.
• Uses: Plain cement concrete is commonly
used in for foundation work and flooring of
buildings.
18

19. 19

20. • Reinforced cement concrete (RCC):is a
combination of traditional cement concrete
with reinforcements (steel bar).
• Uses: Is commonly used for construction of
slabs, beams, columns, foundation, precast
concrete.
20

21. Advantage of reinforced concrete:
1. High compressive strength.
2. Adequate tensile strength.
3. Fire and weather resistance.
4. Durability.
5. Economy to molds any shape.
6. Low maintenance cost.
7. Economy as a construction material.
8. Less deflection.
9. Use as precast structural components.
10. Less skilled labor.
21

22. disadvantage of reinforced concrete:
1. The tensile strength of reinforced concrete to
compressive strength.
2. The main steps of using reinforced concrete are
mixing, casting, and curing.
3. The cost of the forms used for casting RC is
relatively higher.
4. For multi-storied building the RCC column
section for is larger than steel section as the
compressive strength is lower in the case of RCC.
5. Shrinkage causes crack development and
strength loss.
22

23. Building reinforced concrete:
23

24. 24

25. • Pre-stressed cement concrete (PCC): The
cement concrete in which high compressive
induced before their actual use is called pre-
stresses cement concrete.
• Uses: This concrete can take up high tensile
and compressive stresses without
development of cracks.
The quantity of reinforcement can be
considerably reduced by using this concrete.
25

26. • Light weight concrete: The concrete prepared
by using coke breeze, cinder or slag as coarse
aggregate is called light weight concrete. The
concrete is light in weight and posses heat
insulating properties.
• Uses: This concrete is used in making precast
structural units for partition and wall lining.
26

27. • According to purpose:
1. Vacuum concrete.
1. cellular or aerated concrete.
27

28. Vacuum concrete:
• Vacuum concrete, made by using steam to
produce a vacuum inside a concrete mixing
truck to release air bubbles inside the
concrete, is being researched.
28

29. • cellular or aerated concrete: In this concrete
bubbles of hydrogen gas are liberated which
forms cell and make the concrete cellular.
• Uses: This concrete is used for lining walls and
roofs for heat and sound insulation.
29

30. Other Types of concrete:
1. High-performance concrete.
2. Glass concrete.
3. Mass concrete.
4. Ready-mix Concrete.
5. Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC).
6. Glass fiber reinforced concrete
7. Polymer concrete.
8. High density concrete.
9. Gypsum concrete
30

31. High-performance concrete:
High-performance concrete (HPC) is a relatively new term for
concrete that conforms to a set of standards above those of the
most common applications, but not limited to strength. While all
high-strength concrete is also high-performance, not all high-
performance concrete is high-strength.
Properties:
1. Ease of placement
2. Compaction without segregation
3. Early age strength
4. Long-term mechanical properties
5. Permeability
6. Density
7. Heat of hydration
8. Toughness
9. Volume stability
10. Long life in severe environments
11. Depending on its implementation, environmental
31

32. Iowa’s Wapello County boasts the first ultra-high
performance concrete (UHPC) highway bridge in
the United States, completed in May 2006.
32

33. Glass concrete:
• Glass concrete made with recycled glass
aggregates have shown better long-term strength
and better thermal insulation due to its better
thermal properties of the glass aggregates.
• Properties:
1. low coefficients of thermal expansion.
2. high damping capacity.
3. Economical.
4. reduced thickness.
5. low weight .
33

34. 1. concrete pavement sidewalk paving
slabs with embedded heavy
thick glass skylights.
2. Walls of concrete glass.
34

35. 35

36. Mass concrete
Mass concrete :“any volume of concrete with dimensions large
enough to require that measures be taken to cope with generation of heat
from hydration of the cement and attendant volume change to minimize
cracking.” The design of mass concrete structures is generally based on
durability, economy, and thermal action, with strength often being a
secondary, rather than a primary, concern.
Uses: Temperature-related cracking has also been experienced in other
thick-section concrete structures, including mat foundations, pile caps,
bridge piers, thick walls, and tunnel linings.
36

37. (2)(1)
(4)(3)
37

38. Ready-mix Concrete:
• Ready-mix concrete has cement, aggregates,
water and other ingredients, which are weigh-batched at
a centrally located plant.
• Ready Mixed Concrete is bought and sold by volume – usually
expressed in cubic meters. Ready Mixed Concrete is manufactured under
computer-controlled operations and transported and placed at site using
sophisticated equipment and methods. And its manufactured in a factory
or batching plant , according to a set recipe , and then delivered to a work
site , by truck.
38

39. Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC):
• Composite material consisting of mixture of
cement, mortar or concrete and
discontinuous, discrete, uniformly dispersed
suitable gibers.
• Fibers can be in form of steel fibers, glass
fiber, natural fiber, synthetic fiber.
39

40. Effect of fibers in concrete:
1. Control plastic shrinkage cracking.
2. Lower the permeability of concrete.
3. Reduce bleeding of water.
4. Help to carry the load by increasing the
tensile strength of the material.
5. Reduce strength of concrete.
40

41. Types of FRC:
1. Steel fiber reinforced concrete.
2. Polypropylene fiber reinforced (PFR) cement
mortar & concrete.
3. Glass-fiber Reinforced concrete.
41

42. 4. Asbestos fibers.
5. Carbon fibers.
6. Organic fibers.
42

43. • Glass fiber reinforced concrete:
GFRC is actually cement mortar with countless
strands of embedded glass fiber.
GFRC has a dramatically reduced ballistic debris
profile. elastic deformation of the pavilion's
glass-fiber reinforced plastic lamellas gives its
facade movement
43

44. Properties of Glass fiber:
1. A high tensile strength.
2. High modulus.
3. Impact Resistance.
4. Shear strength.
5. Water resistant.
6. Thermal conductivity.
7. Resistance to cracks in concrete.
8. Light weight and low density
44

45. 45

46. • Polymer concrete: Is apart of group of concrete
that use polymers to supplement or replace
cement as a binder. The types include polymer-
impregnated concrete, polymer concrete, and
polymer-portland -cement concrete.
• Uses:
1. Swimming pool.
2. Sewer structure application.
3. Drainage channels.
46

47. High density concrete
• The high density concrete using iron as both fine and coarse
aggregate. And it uses heavy natural aggregates such as
barites or magnetite or manufactured aggregates such as
iron or lead shot. The density achieved will depend on the
type of aggregate used.
• used in: construction of radiation shields and it used for
ballasting for pipelines and similar structures.
47

48. Gypsum concrete:
Gypsum concrete is : a mixture of gypsum,
Portland cement, and sand.
used in: wood-frame and concrete construction
for fire ratings, sound reduction, radiant heating,
and floor leveling.
48

49. Conclusion
• The material's unique combination of superior
properties and design flexibility facilitated the
architect's ability to create the attractive, off-
white, curved canopies. Overall, this material
offers solutions with advantages such as speed of
construction, improved aesthetics, superior
durability, and impermeability against corrosion,
abrasion and impact—which translates to
reduced maintenance and a longer life span for
the structure.
49

50. Concrete finishes:
50

51. How to make colored concrete:
1. Mix the coloring agent into some water.
2. Pour the concrete mix onto your working surface.
3. Mix the color solution into your concrete.
(1) (2) (3) 51

52. 52

53. Buildings made from concrete
53

54. 54

55. 55

56. cement
56

57. Definition
• Cement: are material that exhibit
characteristics properties of setting and
hardening when mixed to a paste with water.
This makes them join rigid masses into
coherent structure. It is powdery bonding
material having adhesive and cohesive
properties.
• Chemically: it's a finely ground mixture of
calcium, silicates and aluminates.
57

58. Classification of cement:
Slag cementNatural cement
Pozzolana
cement
Portland cement
58

59. Cement manufactured:
59

60. Cement manufactured:
60

61. Cement manufactured:
61

62. • Cement usually grey White cement can also
be found but it's usually more expensive than
grey cement.
• Cement mixed with water, sand and gravel
forms concrete.
• Cement mixed with water and sand, forms
cement plaster.
• Cement mixed with water, lime and sand,
forms mortar.
62

63. Types of cement:
1. Normal.
2. Moderate Sulfate Resistance.
3. Moderate Heat of Hydration (and Moderate Sulfate
Resistance) .
4. High Early Strength.
5. Low Heat Hydration.
6. High Sulfate Resistance.
7. Portland-Limestone Cement.
8. Portland-Slag Cement.
9. Portland-Pozzonlan- Cement.
10. Ternary Blended Cement.
11. White cement.
12. Colored cement.
63

64. Portland cement:
• Portland cement was developed from natural
cements made in Britain beginning in the
middle of the 18th century. Its name is
derived from its similarity to Portland stone, a
type of building stone quarried on the Isle of
Portland in Dorset, England was used by
Joseph Aspdin in his cement patent in 1824.
64

65. • Portland cement: is a Material made by
heating a mixture of lime stone and clay in a
klin at about 1450 C, then grinding to a fine
powder with a small addition of gypsum.
• used as: a basic ingredient of concrete,
mortar, stucco, and most non-speciality-
grout.
65

66. Types of Portland cement:
Classification Characteristics Applications
Type I General purpose Fairly high C3S content for good
early strength development
General construction (most
buildings, bridges, pavements,
precast units, etc)
Type II Moderate sulfate resistance Low C3A content (<8%) Structures exposed to soil or
water containing sulfate ions
Type III High early strength Ground more finely, may have
slightly more C3S
Rapid construction, cold weather
concreting
Type IV Low heat of hydration (slow
reacting)
Low content of C3S (<50%) and C3A Massive structures such as
dams. Now rare.
Type V High sulfate resistance Very low C3A content (<5%) Structures exposed to high levels
of sulfate ions
White White color No C4AF, low MgO Decorative (otherwise has
properties similar to Type I)
66

67. Cement suppliers in Yemen:
67

68. International suppliers:
Lafarge: France
Holcim: Switzerland
CEMEX: Mexico
Italcementi: Italy
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