This document discusses various barriers to media development, including physical barriers like geography and size, cultural barriers such as illiteracy and multilingualism, economic barriers like poverty and media consolidation, governmental barriers like censorship and licensing restrictions, technological barriers regarding internet access and equipment, and media-related barriers involving journalistic training and credibility issues. The barriers inhibit media from increasing in quantity and quality to better meet audience needs.

1. BARRIERS TO MEDIA DEVELOPEMNT
Muhammad Rawaha Saleem
MS Fall 2018
Department of Media & Communication Studies
Faculty of Social Sciences
International Islamic University Islamabad

2. Media
Means of communicating through the use of
technology to send and receive messages

3. Media Development
 Increasing quantity and improving the quality of
available means of communication
 Improving news to meet the needs of the audience

4. Barriers
An obstacle that inhibits
media from being developed

5. Types of Barriers
 Physical Barriers
 Cultural Barriers
 Economic Barriers
 Governmental Barriers
 Media Related Barriers

6. Physical Barriers
 Geography
 Size

7. Physical Barriers-Geography
 Geography can be an obstacle
 Certain terrain prevents installation of necessary
wiring
 Distance between audiences and media centers can
cause difficulty
 The lack of or quality of roads, climate, soil, trees etc
can also be a hindrance.

8. Physical Barriers-Size
 Size of a Region can also be a hurdle.

9. Cultural Barriers
 Illiteracy
 Multilingualism
 Reliance on Inter personal Communication

10. Cultural Barriers-Illiteracy
 Illiteracy is a huge barrier that limits the capacity to
communicate.
 Illiteracy influences attitudes and beliefs.
 Local authority figures or public opinion leaders
control the public's opinion, they have no incentive to
foster development
 Some religious leaders think the media has a negative
influence.

11. Cultural Barriers-Multilingualism
 Multilingualism in a
nation complicates
the logistics of
serving audiences
and developing truly
national media.
 Consider the case of
Pakistan with 6
official languages

12. Cultural Barriers-Reliance on Inter
Personal Communication
Sometimes, It occurs in rural communities of Middle
Eastern or African Countries, where tribe or family are
important identifiers or in that communities where
religion forbids media consumption or makes media
unimportant.

13. Economic Barriers
 Poverty & Inequality
 Media Consolidation

14. Economic Barriers-Poverty
 The African country of Chad has the lowest life
expectancy in the world i.e 50 years.
 It faces extreme poverty, the third highest maternal
mortality rate in the world.
 An arid climate that forces people to walk a long
distance for water.
 In these conditions, Media Development is not a
priority.
 Cost of infrastructure is a barrier for Developing Media

15. Economic Barriers-Media
Consolidation
 In countries with high socio-economic level is Media
Consolidation.
 In Australia, All major newspapers are owned by two
companies News Limited & Fairchild Media.

16. Governmental Barriers
 Authoritarian Government
 Censorship
 Licensing
 Seizure or Closing of Media Outlets
 Traveling Restrictions
 Tax Investigations
 Jailing
 Death Threats

17. Governmental Barriers-Authority
Can impede media development by requiring that all
media be under their control.

18. Governmental Barriers-Censorship
 Blocking Internet Access
 Disallow to give coverage on a specific issue.
 Refuse to allow the circulation of media out side the
country.

19. Governmental Barriers-Licensing
Every media organization should have government
permission or license to operate.

20. Governmental Barriers-Seizure
Sometimes government banned those media outlets
that disseminate content unfavorable to the
government.

21. Governmental Barriers-Traveling
Restrictions
Government may block the traveling of national and
international journalists or limit their stays or make it
difficult to get visa.

22. Governmental Barriers-Tax
Investigations
Launching unwarranted investigations of journalists’
taxes to distract from their work.

23. Governmental Barriers-Jailing
Specially in Dictatorship, The government send the
anti-government journalists behind the bars.

24. Governmental Barriers-Death
Threats
In some countries, journalists the threatened with
death over their reporting by government officials and
agencies.

25. Media Related Barriers
 Lack of Journalistic Training
 Lack of Objectivity
 Loss of Credibility
 Hidden Advertising

26. Technological Barriers
 Lack of High Speed Internet
 Access to Latest Technologies
 Lack of Updated Equipments