The document summarizes Bangalore's traffic management project called B-TRAC 2010. It outlines the major issues facing Bangalore's traffic such as rapid growth in vehicles, congestion, accidents, and pollution. B-TRAC 2010 aims to address these issues through junction improvements, intelligent transport systems like traffic cameras and signs, and education initiatives. It provides details on ongoing work like upgrading traffic signals, installing surveillance cameras, and expanding the interim traffic management center. The goal is to utilize new technologies to better monitor traffic and enforce rules to improve safety and flow.
presentation talks about brts. its system, components,types; also discusses about brts across globe & its assessment. further it contents three case sudy and also talks about future of BRTS.
presentation talks about brts. its system, components,types; also discusses about brts across globe & its assessment. further it contents three case sudy and also talks about future of BRTS.
The Business Case for Smart Cities
• What is a Smart City?
• Where are the Smart Cities?
• Does Smart = Sustainable?
• How can the investment be justified?
• How can success be measured?
this is a brief introduction to various traffic engineering basic characteristics which are useful in designing any corridor or passage with safety & reliability.
My new upload !!! --> http://www.slideshare.net/choleraparth91/smart-vehicle-ensuring-safe-ride-using-accerolometer-laser-sensor-co-sensor-and-also-with-use-of-gsm-modem-and-solar-panel
Contact & follow me to get PDF & PPT file - https://www.linkedin.com/in/parthcholera/
Email me directly if you want these file !!
choleraparth91@yahoo.com
or
contact me on fb - https://www.facebook.com/choleraparth91
or
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or
message me on - 08097508067
I suggest to go for these project !!! :D :D
TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL USING IR SENSORSKunal Kabra
The main objective of this project is to design an intelligent auto traffic signal control system.
Traffic congestion is one of the major issues to be considered. Generally Vehicular traffic
Intersects at the junctions of the road and are controlled by the traffic signals .Traffic signals
Need a good coordination and control to ensure the smooth and safe flow of the vehicular traffic.
During the rush hours, the traffic on the roads is at its peak. Also, there is a possibility for the
Emergency vehicles to stuck in the traffic jam. Therefore; there is a need for the dynamic control
of the traffic during rush hours. Hence I propose a smart traffic signal controller .The proposed
System tries to minimize the possibilities of traffic jams, caused by the traffic lights, to some
Extent by clearing the road with higher density of vehicles and also provides the clearance for the Emergency vehicle if any. The system is based on the AVR micro controller and IR sensors
Technology.
government of India has launched "Smart Cities Mission" on 25th June 2015.
This is a presentation explaining the guidelines and procedure for this mission.
Progress Assessment of Pavement Management SystemsAgileAssets Inc.
The Session will start with a brief history of ICMPA conferences. After that, speakers will present
in detail the history and development of Pavement Management Systems (PMS), the lessons
learned and based on this experience, how to produce betters PMS.
A smart traffic management is a wide topic of research. Many modifications can be made to make the urban traffic flow smoothly on the roads. The increasing utilization of private vehicles and public transportation due to advancement of technology causes hectic traffic complexities for the civilians across the globe. The problem of traffic congestion is an everyday problem for human resource and therefore hinders the growth of the country by affecting its productivity as well as economy. Moreover, the traffic signaling systems have predetermined fixed operational time which fails to manage the traffic density changing with time and thus, long traffic queues are formed at the road crossings resulting in increased pollution and waiting time. In this paper, we tried to provide solution to reduce the waiting time at road crossings while keeping in mind the importance of time of the citizens as well as the emergency service providers (such as EMS i.e. Emergency Medical Services, Fire and Rescue Services, etc.). The presented system in this paper is based on smart traffic congestion control system that will automatically set the signal time based on the measured values of vehicle density on road lanes. However, the manual changes can also be made to traffic signals for efficient traffic management in case of emergencies. This paper presents an idea of traffic management using internet of things (IOT). The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of internet-connected objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human intervention. This technology provides an effective communication between different signals and helps in collection of data thereby providing an IoT based smart traffic management system in terms of its automated tracking, monitoring and controlling of vehicles and its data processing.
This presentation consist of basic old parking trends and the modern approach towards with the use Programmable logic controller PLC and its integration with Supervisory control and data acquisition system SCADA
ROAD ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS REPORT FOR BANGALORE CITY, DTD 31.1.2014.bangaloretrpolice
DG & IGP of karnataka state released a report of Road Accident analysis for Bangalore City Traffic on 31.01.2014 at Traffic Head Quarters, Infantry road, Bangalore.
It contents a brief descriptions about road accident statistics for Bangalore city traffic:
The Business Case for Smart Cities
• What is a Smart City?
• Where are the Smart Cities?
• Does Smart = Sustainable?
• How can the investment be justified?
• How can success be measured?
this is a brief introduction to various traffic engineering basic characteristics which are useful in designing any corridor or passage with safety & reliability.
My new upload !!! --> http://www.slideshare.net/choleraparth91/smart-vehicle-ensuring-safe-ride-using-accerolometer-laser-sensor-co-sensor-and-also-with-use-of-gsm-modem-and-solar-panel
Contact & follow me to get PDF & PPT file - https://www.linkedin.com/in/parthcholera/
Email me directly if you want these file !!
choleraparth91@yahoo.com
or
contact me on fb - https://www.facebook.com/choleraparth91
or
https://www.facebook.com/Textivity
or
message me on - 08097508067
I suggest to go for these project !!! :D :D
TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL USING IR SENSORSKunal Kabra
The main objective of this project is to design an intelligent auto traffic signal control system.
Traffic congestion is one of the major issues to be considered. Generally Vehicular traffic
Intersects at the junctions of the road and are controlled by the traffic signals .Traffic signals
Need a good coordination and control to ensure the smooth and safe flow of the vehicular traffic.
During the rush hours, the traffic on the roads is at its peak. Also, there is a possibility for the
Emergency vehicles to stuck in the traffic jam. Therefore; there is a need for the dynamic control
of the traffic during rush hours. Hence I propose a smart traffic signal controller .The proposed
System tries to minimize the possibilities of traffic jams, caused by the traffic lights, to some
Extent by clearing the road with higher density of vehicles and also provides the clearance for the Emergency vehicle if any. The system is based on the AVR micro controller and IR sensors
Technology.
government of India has launched "Smart Cities Mission" on 25th June 2015.
This is a presentation explaining the guidelines and procedure for this mission.
Progress Assessment of Pavement Management SystemsAgileAssets Inc.
The Session will start with a brief history of ICMPA conferences. After that, speakers will present
in detail the history and development of Pavement Management Systems (PMS), the lessons
learned and based on this experience, how to produce betters PMS.
A smart traffic management is a wide topic of research. Many modifications can be made to make the urban traffic flow smoothly on the roads. The increasing utilization of private vehicles and public transportation due to advancement of technology causes hectic traffic complexities for the civilians across the globe. The problem of traffic congestion is an everyday problem for human resource and therefore hinders the growth of the country by affecting its productivity as well as economy. Moreover, the traffic signaling systems have predetermined fixed operational time which fails to manage the traffic density changing with time and thus, long traffic queues are formed at the road crossings resulting in increased pollution and waiting time. In this paper, we tried to provide solution to reduce the waiting time at road crossings while keeping in mind the importance of time of the citizens as well as the emergency service providers (such as EMS i.e. Emergency Medical Services, Fire and Rescue Services, etc.). The presented system in this paper is based on smart traffic congestion control system that will automatically set the signal time based on the measured values of vehicle density on road lanes. However, the manual changes can also be made to traffic signals for efficient traffic management in case of emergencies. This paper presents an idea of traffic management using internet of things (IOT). The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a system of internet-connected objects that are able to collect and transfer data over a wireless network without human intervention. This technology provides an effective communication between different signals and helps in collection of data thereby providing an IoT based smart traffic management system in terms of its automated tracking, monitoring and controlling of vehicles and its data processing.
This presentation consist of basic old parking trends and the modern approach towards with the use Programmable logic controller PLC and its integration with Supervisory control and data acquisition system SCADA
ROAD ACCIDENTS ANALYSIS REPORT FOR BANGALORE CITY, DTD 31.1.2014.bangaloretrpolice
DG & IGP of karnataka state released a report of Road Accident analysis for Bangalore City Traffic on 31.01.2014 at Traffic Head Quarters, Infantry road, Bangalore.
It contents a brief descriptions about road accident statistics for Bangalore city traffic:
Learn about the world of thermal imaging and its use in a variety of diagnostic applications. Everything from locating hot spots in electrical cabinets to evaluating the thermal performance of building enclosures to finding structural issues in aircraft components.
Success with infrared technology, however, involves more than just learning how to use a thermal imager. IR science, heat transfer, and application knowledge are all essential. This presentation discusses the basics of what an infrared camera can do for you and provide an overview of the information that every thermographer should know.
Infrared thermography in civil engianeeringakashpadole
Infrared thermography is a modern non-destructive measuring method for the
examination of redeveloped and non-renovated buildings. Infrared cameras provide a means for
temperature measurement in building constructions from the inside as well as from the outside.
It has been shown that infrared thermography is applicable for insulation inspection, identifying
air leakage and heat losses sources, finding the exact position of heating tubes or for discovering
the reasons why mold, moisture is growing in a particular area, and it is also used in conservation
field to detect hidden characteristics, degradations of building structures. The paper titled
“INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY APPLICATIONS FOR BUILDING INVESTIGATION”
gives a brief description of the theoretical background of infrared thermography.
3rd United Nation Global Road Safety Week ~2015 #SaveKidsLives with Road Safety... At Greater Karimnagar From: 04.05.2015 (to) 10.05.2015 Courtesy:Indian Youth Secured Organisation, KARIMNAGAR-(T.S) In co-ordination with: World Health Organization (WHO) , TELANGANA POLICE DEPARTMENT and Transport Department Government Of Telangana State, INDIA. FIND LINK & SHARE: http://youtu.be/oufF_Uk5-2c / http://wp.me/p1nEnI-656
EkoLum is a remote control system for Street Lighting installations that provides an efficient diagnosis of the current state of each luminaire. Based on a point-to-point control architecture, the system reports in real time the alarms coming from the luminaires and allows the remote switching on/off and the dimming of the lamps.
Project is used to control traffic signal system automatically with IR sensors. Signal timing changes automatically on sensing the traffic density at junctions.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
ENERGY GENERATION FROM PIEZO ELECTRIC MATERIAL FOR AN OPEN TRAFFIC CONTROL MO...ijiert bestjournal
In this paper,the embedded board with interface mo dule to implement a traffic control system. The proposed model uses an embedded board to replace a manual operation,since the embedded board has the advantage of being easily carried,a real-time operation,a low cost,and programmable. In additio n users can operate this measurement system with the help of the operating system andthe GPS modules to connect to the Internet. The design provides the step by step function to he lp user operate,such as traffic flow information b y using embedded measurement system. This design can also show the traffic flow detailsin LCM (Liquid Crystal Monitor). GPS is mainly used to identify th e vehicle state information. Vehicle state informat ion will be send to control section and based on the in formation traffic light phase is changed according to the traffic by LABVIEW.Piezoelectric crystals are u sed to generate electrical energy for traffic light signals by applying mechanical vibration. Piezoelec tric effect is used to generate the electrical ener gy. This system can be mainly used for real time applic ations.
VEHICLE DENSITY CONTROLLED AUTOMATIC TRAFFIC LIGHT from KMP Engineering collegeHIGHVOLTEEE
ABSTRACT
The project is designed to develop a density based dynamic traffic signal
system. The signal timing changes automatically on sensing the traffic density
at the junction. Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many major cities
across the world and it has become a nightmare for the commuters in these
cities. Conventional traffic light system is based on fixed time concept allotted
to each side of the junction which cannot be varied as per varying traffic
density. Junction timings allotted are fixed. Sometimes higher traffic density at
one side of the junction demands longer green time as compared to standard
allotted time. The proposed system using a microcontroller of 8051 series duly
interfaced with sensors, changes the junction timing automatically to
accommodate movement of vehicles smoothly avoiding unnecessary waiting
time at the junction. The sensors used in this project are IR and photodiodes are
in line of sight configuration across the loads to detect the density at the traffic
signal. The density of the vehicles is measured in three zones i.e., low, medium,
high based on which timings are allotted accordingly. Further the project can
be enhanced by synchronizing all the traffic junctions in the city by establishing
a network among them. The network can be wired or wireless. This
synchronization will greatly help in reducing traffic congestion.
Intelligent Street light monitoring systemvikas mantri
INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING
Home/INTELLIGENT STREET LIGHTING
Every evening, an intelligent street lighting control system has to light up at the right time and function seamlessly. A city’s street lights provide safer traffic conditions, safer pedestrian environment and can represent a great improvement to the city’s architectural, touristic and commercial output. These benefits are not exactly cheap though, with an average of 40% of the public budgets’ energy bill being spent for street lighting alone. The increasing energy price, plus the significant maintenance costs and always increasing expectations manifested by the public put a continuous pressure on the lighting budgets.
inteliLIGHT® is a remote street lighting control solution that offers you detailed, lamp-level management capabilities of every street light in your city and ensures that the right amount of light is provided where and when needed. Equally important, in-depth grid management gives an accurate real-time feedback of any change occurring along the grid, reduces both energy loss and energy surges and offers advanced maintenance optimization tools. Using the existing infrastructure, you can have live detailed information over the grid and transform the existing distribution level network into an intelligent infrastructure of the future
Intelligent Transportation Systems , The Smart Grid And Your Electrical Infra...Jim Frazer
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GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
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Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
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- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
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3. Traffic Scenario
BANGALORE CITY IS EXPERIENCING:
1. Phenomenal growth in vehicular traffic ,
2. Traffic congestion and bottlenecks,
3. Road accidents leading to deaths and traumatic injuries,
4. Air and noise pollution,
5. Crumbling transport infrastructure,
6. Poor enforcement of rules and regulations.
8. What is BTRAC 2010?
Bangalore Traffic Improvement Project
B-TRAC 2010 is the ‘first of its kind’ project in the country to
address the issues of traffic congestion, safety etc by utilizing
the latest traffic management technologies and techniques,
which are appropriate to our context. This will give the much-
needed scope for larger infrastructure projects to be planned
and implemented for improving the transportation system in
Bangalore city .
10. Components of BTRAC
(Bangalore Traffic Improvement Project)
• Junction Improvement
• Intelligent Transport System
• Surveillance & Enforcement Cameras
• Erecting of Road Signage
• Painting of Roads
• Education & Creating Awareness to Publics.
11. Components of BTRAC
BTRAC 2010 – Ongoing initiative
• Junction Improvements
The capacity of Junctions to be improved by making bell shapes,
channelising islands, proper markings, and proper geometrics.
12. Components of BTRAC
Up-gradation/ New Traffic Signal - 330 locations
1.Linked to TMC
2.Different Time cycles for each Junction;
separate for Saturday/ Sunday
3.LED Lamp heads
4.Direction Boards
5.Disable friendly- auditory signal during
exclusive pedestrian crossing time
6.Solar panels for power supply
7.Single agency for maintenance
8.ICMS-automatic call logging for lamp failure/
power failure detection
13. Components of BTRAC
Traffic Surveillance Camera – 179 Nos
Surveillance Camera collects real time video
from the specified locations by using Pan
Tilt Zoom (PTZ) dome camera system and
transmits the image to the Traffic Control
Center through an IP network.
14. Components of BTRAC
Traffic Enforcement Camera - 5 Nos
Enforcement Systems captures over-speed
violations and transmits to the TMC
15. Components of BTRAC
Variable Message Signs (VMS) -20 Nos
Advice Road
Users about:
• Road Incidents
• Diversion
• Speed Restriction
• Safety Messages
• RF connectivity to TMC
16. Components of BTRAC
Standardization of Sign boards – 30000
Road side traffic sign boards help in
regulating traffic by imparting
guidance to the road users
No advertisement / sponsorship
17. Components of BTRAC
Road Markings – 1,12,500 Sq.mtrs
Reflective thermoplastic road markings are used as a means of
controlling and guiding mechanism of traffic for smooth flow along the
guided paths of travel
Over head Signage – 450 locations
Highlights
Installation of over head sign boards for guidance of road users.
18. Components of BTRAC
Street Furniture
Flexible cones with reflectilane dividers and reflectivity ensures
more visibility ve tapes are used as during night times.
Cat eyes – 39,250 Nos.
Highlights
The cat’s is a reflective safety device
used in road construction and is a pavement marker
19. Components of BTRAC
Interim Traffic Management Centre @ Ashoknagar
The Traffic Management Center (TMC) is the hub of a transportation management
system, where information about the transportation network is collected and combined with
other operational and control data to manage the transportation network and to produce
traveler information. It will integrate following:
• Traffic signals – Receiving real time information/data
• Surveillance camera – Beaming live images from surveillance camera Enforcement
camera - Recording and beaming traffic violation data
• Wireless traffic control rooms – 2 way communication between the field staff and TMC to
manage the traffic effectively on real time basis
• VMS to give real time traffic information to public –Live relay from TMC
• IVRS and Traffic helpline
20. IT enabled monitoring and information collection
Functions: Traffic Monitoring: Video
– Use of high end cameras PTZ
video cameras at junctions,
controlled and managed
from TMC.
– GUI based command &
control system.
24. IT enabled monitoring and information collection
Video Clips - Accidents caught on camera
Gharebhavipalya Junction - Hosur Road
25. IT enabled monitoring and information collection
Video Clips - Accidents caught on camera
Bashyam Circle - Sadashivanagar
26. IT enabled monitoring and information collection
GPS based monitoring using BMTC Buses
27. IT enabled monitoring and information collection
Traffic Scan - Use of Mobile density to measure congestion
28. IT enabled monitoring and information collection
Manual Information System i.e., Wireless System
•2 way communication between the field staff and TMC to manage the traffic
effectively on real time basis
29. Intelligent transportation systems and interventions
Graphical
representations
Graphical representations of functional
statistics
Capability to modify various parameters
of traffic signals including signal timings
Capability to review signal performance
using logs sent to TMC
30. Intelligent transportation systems and interventions
Junctions Timing Data
1.The junction timings are
available on website for road
users.
2.Road users can plan their
journey by referring the junction
cycle timing.
32. Solar Powered Traffic Signal Light – Case Study
A case study by BEL for a 4-Road Junction Operating
14 hrs per day
Conventional Solar
Sl.No Parameter
Signal Powered LED
signal
A Energy Consumption
1 Electrical Load 2150 Watts* 150 Watts
2 Energy Consumption/day (operation -14 Hrs & Blink Mode - 10 Hrs 40.84KWhrs 2.85 KWhrs
(50%)
B Operational Cost (Standalone )
1 Energy Costs / Year (@ Rs.4/unit) Rs.59000 NIL
2 Maintenance Cost / Year Rs2000 Rs.1200
Battery replacement / Year ( Amortized over 5 years )
3 NIL Rs 3400
TOTAL Rs 61000 Rs.4600
4 Savings per Year NIL Rs. 56400
5 Savings for 330 Junctions (330x0.564) Nil Rs.1,86,00,000
33. Solar Powered Traffic Signal Light - Benefits
Year No. Of Signals Cost for Paid Amount to Saved Amount (INR)
conventional Power BESCOM (INR)
(INR)
2010 330 18,600,000 1,610,000 16,990,000
2011 342 19,288,800 1,958,000 17,330,800
35. Back End Connectivity– 330 locations
Back end connectivity transfers
online field information to the
automation centre (TMC) from
Traffic Signals, Surveillance
Cameras and Enforcement
Cameras locations
36. IT enabled monitoring and information collection
Functions: Incident
Integrated Complaint Monitoring System (ICMS)
Network Monitoring System (NMS)
– Separate mechanism for
automated monitoring of
the IT systems.
– Live charts and
dashboards projecting
the current health report
of all equipments.
– System generated SMS
based communication
with field engineers.
45. IT enabled enforcements
Blackberry
600 Blackberries and Bluetooth printers to
Traffic Assistant Sub-Inspectors,
Sub-Inspectors and Inspectors
Advantages:
• Transparency and objectivity
• Cases booked are stored in the server and repeat
offenders can be identified
• For those who can not pay spot fines notices are issued
and the details are put up on the servers
• Registration database from transport department linked
up to Automated Enforcement Centre
46. IT enabled enforcements
Enforcement Automation System
• State of Art Technology
• Simple and User friendly Application
interface
• Application hosting at Secured State
Data Center operated by E-Governance
• Ruggedised Handset and Printer (Drop
Resistant)
• GSM/GPRS/EDGE based Solution with
Online, Offline with automatic data
upload
47. IT enabled enforcements
Spot Fine old and new receipt
• On the spot E-Challan for traffic
violations
• Tracks Previous Offences and
Pending Cases
• Provides Electronic receipts for fine
collection and issue notice
• Real-time and Online Collection
reports Station wise and Police Officer
Wise
• Application System Supports Online and
Offline Mode
48. IT enabled enforcements
System Flow
• Identify Offence
• Stop and Verify the Offender
• Check for previous offences
• Collection fine or Issue Notice
49. IT enabled enforcements
Enforcement Camera: Speed
– Use of high resolution
automated still cameras at
junctions, controlled and
managed from TMC.
– Captures and transmits
speed violations.
– GUI based command &
control system.
55. IT enabled enforcements – Graph
Notices Generated
• The remote
traffic
monitoring
done from
TMC helps in
nabbing
offenders in
unmanned
junctions.
56. IT enabled enforcements - Interceptor
Mobile system for ensuring enforcement
Equipped with laser speed gun and roof
mounted camera
Alco meters for catching drunken drivers
09 Interceptors moving across the city
64. IMPACT OF THE PROJECT
1. LESS FATAL ACCIDENTS COMPARE TO THE INCREASING
No. OF VEHICLES.
2. LESS INJURIES COMPARE TO THE INCREASING No. OF
VEHICLES.
3. SOCIAL WAY OF COLLECTING FINE/EASY PAYMENTS
THROUGH ONLINE/BANGALORE ONE/ANY TRAFFIC
POLICE STATIONS.
4. INCREASE IN ENFORCEMENT & FINE AMOUNT.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70. Centre: Upcoming TMC
– Larger Capacity.
– Big video wall for
greater surveillance.
– [More figures to be
added]