Findings, Analysis and SPSS in Research

BAEB601: REESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 4: Findings, Analysis and SPSS

© 2010 Cosmopoint

Chapter Aims

This chapter aims to:

3.Understand SPSS
4.Know how to use the SPSS
5.Applying SPSS in research
6.Able to write finding and discussion

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 2 of 18 Topics

What is finding?

• This section reports the findings of the statistical analysis. Sample
characteristics are reported first. Next, descriptive is presented, followed
by tested hypotheses.

Sample Characteristics
• A total of 188 (n=188) respondents participated in the study. Over sixty-
eight percent (68.62%; n=129) attended college in Maine and 31.38%
(n=59) attended college in Arizona. Respondents were asked to write in
their ethnicity. Responses, presented in Table 1, reveal that the majority of
the respondents report that they are Caucasian (n=140) with the next most
frequent ethnicity reported as Hispanic (n=10). Twelve respondents did not
identify their ethnicity.

© 2010 Cosmopoint Slide 3 of 18

Descriptive

• Ethnicity of Respondents Reported by Frequency and percent
Ethnicity % / n 1. White-Caucasian74.47% (n=140) 2. Hispanic 5.32% (n=10) 3.
Franco-American 2.66% (n=5) 4. American Indian 2.13% (n=4) 5. Mexican
American 2.13% (n=4) 6. African American 1.06% (n=2) 7. American Indian and
White 1.06% (n=2) 8. Asian-African American 1.06% (n=2) 9. Jewish 1.06%
(n=2)10. Asian American .53% (n=1)11. French Indian .53% (n=1)12. Indian .
53% (n=1)13. Japanese American .53% (n=1)14. Pacific Islander .53% (n=1)

• Descriptive Univariate Statistics
– Turn back to your 30 set of questionnaires.
– Summary of each answer should discuss in brief one by one.
– Put on diagram/graphs/pie charts for each of the results.


Example: Question 1 – Which movie you enjoy the most?

27% of respondent likes comedy genre. 18% like action movies. 14% for both
Romance and drama lover. 11% enjoy horror movies for their past time.
Finally, both 8 % of respondents like watching foreign and science fiction
movie. This can be conclude that the sample enjoy comedy the most because
…………………………. And the least percentage because ……………….


Types of charts

• There are several type of chart that can be used, such as pie chart,
bar chart, line chart, area chart, bubble, radar, etc.
• You can select any type of chart to populate in your SPSS.
• Choosing a chart must be good. This is to avoid any missing
information to discuss.
• Make sure every diagram must be in a frame and label.


What Is SPSS?

• Definition
• SPSS is know as Statistical Package for Social Science
• Statistic – a brief research sometime not accurate. For example: to
get the min, mod, median in statistic for analysis that belongs to a
sample group.
• Package – the combination of various functions in one program. For
example: the calculation package for min, mod, median, etc at one
time.
• Social Science – the study about people. For example: the wide
field in medicine, economic field, education field, etc.
• There are other than SPSS program such as SPSSx and SAS
which are the same function.


The Use of SPSS

• The SPSS is used to process data collected and
the output produced will be used to analyze the
research/study for more accurate figure, fast,
and easy with various statistic functions offer by
this SPSS.

• Using SPSS can save cost, and time because
the output gotten from data analyzed will be
more accurate for the whole study


When to use SPSS?

• It is use after you got all complete data.
• How to get data? There are various of methods
such as distribute questionnaires, interviews,
observations, etc.
• However, in SPSS, usually the data to be used
in this program is collected from the
questionnaire distribution.
• Why? Because the data gotten is more specific
compare to other method and systematic.


What do we learn in SPSS?

• In this course we will learn only 2 things in
SPSS.
– Chapter 1 Data View (see manual)
– Chapter 2 Variable View (see manual)
• Please download the SPSS software. Now
we’re using version 18. If you got below
version it still acceptable (10 – 19 version)


SPSS – Data View

• Once you double click the icon, it will open
the workspace that call Data View.
• In Data View screen, you will see the
following:
– Title Bar
– Menu Bar
– Cell and active variables
– Row that indicates respondent feedback
– Column that indicates variables.


SPSS – Variable Vew

• Row is indicates numbers of variables
• Column indicates the characteristic of
variables such as name, gender, type, etc.
• For both selection in Bar Menu for Data
View and Variable View are same.


Menu File

• File - It is use to open and save SPSS data fail.
• Edit –this selection will assist you for editing, finding data
value, changing option setting and etc.
• View – it is use to show and hide the status bar, toolbar,
grid lines, etc.
• Data – to modify data, cases, insert variables, etc.
• Transform – can exchange the variables. E.g from the
old variables to new variables
• Analyze – Can assist to generate statistic procedure that
you want
• Graph – Can generate graphs based on data you key in


Creating Variables in SPSS

• SPSS – refer to the variables and cases
• Variables is situated in column
• Cases (respondents) are situated in row
• For each of column shows one variables,
and each of row shows one respondent
(one case).



• The maximum label you can put is 8 only.
• Start with an alphabet, follow with numbers or
symbols EXCEPT ! ? “” *
• Can not ended with fullstop (.)
• Must be UNIQUE and NOT REDUNDANT
• Not influent with capital letters or small
• Avoid using:
ALL NE EQ TO LE LT BY OR GT
AND NOT GE WITH



• Row Name
• 1) Activate Variable View screen
• 2) Click on row Name to give a suitable
name for your variables (make sure follow
the guideline).


How to use SPSS in your resarch?

• Do the questionnaires based on the hypothesis designed.

• For example:
Variable: Technology Resource
Hypothesis:
H1: There is a relationship between technology resource and useful of
elearning.
H0: There is no relationship between technology resource and useful of
elearning.
Questionnaires:
1)How do you grade the technology resource at school?
Not at all satisfies 1 2 3 4 5 totally satisfies

2) How sequences the student use the computer?
Not at all satisfies 1 2 3 4 5 totally satisfies


• Design questionnaires according to your
hypotheses
• Install SPSS software
• Get familiar with the screen (Refer to
handout)
• Data collected, then can start key in your
feedback
• Analyze data


SPSS


Data view


Variable view


Guidelines for Chapter 4

• Findings and analysis
– Introduction
– Discuss on each of your findings (based on 30
questionnaires distributed and collected)
(Tips: There must be 30 figures with elaborations)
3. Get back your hypotheses written in chapter 1. And state
whether it’s Accepted or Rejected. For example:
H1: Environment contribute to the habit of smoking. (ACCEPTED)
H0: Environment does not contribute to the habit of smoking.
(REJECTED)
How to know this? It’s based on your analysis made. That’s why
research questions, research objectives and hypotheses are
related each other.

4. Conclusion of chapter 4


Exam

Section 1: MCQ – All chapters (definitions,
concepts)
Section 2: Hypothesis (H1 & H0), Problem
Statement, Research Questions,
Research Objectives, Data gather method,
Type of research, Literature Review ,
Producing good research,
Section 3: Case study


Findings, Analysis and SPSS in Research

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