Backup fault protection is recommended to protect generators from faults not cleared by the normal protection scheme due to failures. Voltage-dependent relays like distance relays and voltage-supervised overcurrent relays are well-suited for backup protection. They can detect low fault currents by using both current and voltage measurements to differentiate between load and fault conditions. The type of backup protection used depends on the phase protection scheme of the connected transmission system, with distance relays used if the system uses distance relays and overcurrent relays if the system uses overcurrent relays.
This document provides an introduction to power system fault analysis. It discusses the importance of accurately analyzing fault conditions and their effects on the power system. Various types of faults are described, including short circuits, open circuits, simultaneous faults, and winding faults. Factors that affect fault severity are also outlined. The document then discusses methods for calculating faults, including using symmetrical components and sequence networks. An example fault calculation is provided to illustrate the process. Fault analysis is necessary for proper power system design, operation, and protection.
To sense/detect the fault occurrence and other abnormal conditions at the protected equipment/area/section.
To operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect only the faulty equipment/area/section as quickly as possible, thus minimizing the damage caused by the faults.
To operate the correct circuit breakers to isolate the faulty equipment/area/section from the healthy system in the case of abnormalities like overloads, unbalance, undervoltage, etc.
To clear the fault before the system becomes unstable.
To identify distinctly where the fault has occurred.
The 7SR12 includes for directional control of the overcurrent and earth fault functionality and is typically installed where fault current can flow in either direction i.e. on interconnected systems.
Need for protection
Nature and causes of faults
Types of faults
Fault current calculation using symmetrical components
Zones of protection
Primary and back up protection
Essential qualities of protection
Typical protection schemes.
25 9-2014 design and development of micro-controller base differential protec...rajdoshi94
This document describes the design and development of a microcontroller-based differential protection system for transformers. The system uses potential and current transformers to sample voltages and currents, which are fed to a microcontroller. The microcontroller compares the primary and secondary currents to determine the differential current, which it uses to detect faults. If a fault is detected where the differential current exceeds thresholds, the microcontroller operates relays to disconnect the transformer. The system provides protection for transformers using low-cost components like the AT89S52 microcontroller.
This document discusses relays, including their basic components, design, operation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Relays are electrical devices that use electromagnets to open or close circuits. They have a coil, armature, contacts, and frame. When voltage is applied to the coil, it creates a magnetic field that moves the armature to open or close the contacts. Relays allow low power circuits to control high power circuits and are used for protection, regulation, and auxiliary functions in power systems.
Generator Protection By - Er Rahul Sharma Rahul Ruddra
This document discusses generator protection systems. It describes how differential protection uses CTs to detect faults by measuring differences in current. Modified differential protection is discussed as a way to protect the full winding. Other protections mentioned include restricted earth fault protection, stator protection against phase and interturn faults, rotor earth fault protection using dc injection, loss of excitation detection, overload protection using temperature sensors, and negative sequence protection to prevent rotor overheating. The conclusion emphasizes that protective relays act after a fault occurs to ensure safety and equipment protection.
This document discusses transformer protection philosophy and methods. It describes various types of faults that can occur in transformers like ground faults, phase-to-phase faults, interturn faults, and core faults. It also discusses mechanical protections like Buchholz relay, sudden pressure relay, pressure relief valve, and temperature indicators. Electrical protections discussed include biased differential relay protection and harmonic restraint. The document provides details on how these protections work and their settings.
This document provides an introduction to power system fault analysis. It discusses the importance of accurately analyzing fault conditions and their effects on the power system. Various types of faults are described, including short circuits, open circuits, simultaneous faults, and winding faults. Factors that affect fault severity are also outlined. The document then discusses methods for calculating faults, including using symmetrical components and sequence networks. An example fault calculation is provided to illustrate the process. Fault analysis is necessary for proper power system design, operation, and protection.
To sense/detect the fault occurrence and other abnormal conditions at the protected equipment/area/section.
To operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect only the faulty equipment/area/section as quickly as possible, thus minimizing the damage caused by the faults.
To operate the correct circuit breakers to isolate the faulty equipment/area/section from the healthy system in the case of abnormalities like overloads, unbalance, undervoltage, etc.
To clear the fault before the system becomes unstable.
To identify distinctly where the fault has occurred.
The 7SR12 includes for directional control of the overcurrent and earth fault functionality and is typically installed where fault current can flow in either direction i.e. on interconnected systems.
Need for protection
Nature and causes of faults
Types of faults
Fault current calculation using symmetrical components
Zones of protection
Primary and back up protection
Essential qualities of protection
Typical protection schemes.
25 9-2014 design and development of micro-controller base differential protec...rajdoshi94
This document describes the design and development of a microcontroller-based differential protection system for transformers. The system uses potential and current transformers to sample voltages and currents, which are fed to a microcontroller. The microcontroller compares the primary and secondary currents to determine the differential current, which it uses to detect faults. If a fault is detected where the differential current exceeds thresholds, the microcontroller operates relays to disconnect the transformer. The system provides protection for transformers using low-cost components like the AT89S52 microcontroller.
This document discusses relays, including their basic components, design, operation, applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Relays are electrical devices that use electromagnets to open or close circuits. They have a coil, armature, contacts, and frame. When voltage is applied to the coil, it creates a magnetic field that moves the armature to open or close the contacts. Relays allow low power circuits to control high power circuits and are used for protection, regulation, and auxiliary functions in power systems.
Generator Protection By - Er Rahul Sharma Rahul Ruddra
This document discusses generator protection systems. It describes how differential protection uses CTs to detect faults by measuring differences in current. Modified differential protection is discussed as a way to protect the full winding. Other protections mentioned include restricted earth fault protection, stator protection against phase and interturn faults, rotor earth fault protection using dc injection, loss of excitation detection, overload protection using temperature sensors, and negative sequence protection to prevent rotor overheating. The conclusion emphasizes that protective relays act after a fault occurs to ensure safety and equipment protection.
This document discusses transformer protection philosophy and methods. It describes various types of faults that can occur in transformers like ground faults, phase-to-phase faults, interturn faults, and core faults. It also discusses mechanical protections like Buchholz relay, sudden pressure relay, pressure relief valve, and temperature indicators. Electrical protections discussed include biased differential relay protection and harmonic restraint. The document provides details on how these protections work and their settings.
Small-Signal (or Small Disturbance) Stability is the ability of a power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to small disturbances
such disturbances occur continually on the system due to small variations in loads and generation
disturbance considered sufficiently small if linearization of system equations is permissible for analysis
Corresponds to Liapunov's first method of stability analysis
Small-signal analysis using powerful linear analysis techniques provides valuable information about the inherent dynamic characteristics of the power system and assists in its robust design
This document describes various protection schemes for transformers, including differential, restricted earth fault, overcurrent, and thermal protection.
1) Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer zone to detect internal faults. It provides the best protection for internal faults.
2) Restricted earth fault protection is used to detect high-resistance winding-to-core faults not detectable by differential relays. It uses a neutral current transformer and is sensitive to internal earth faults.
3) Overcurrent protection uses relays with current coils to detect overloads and faults above a pickup threshold. It also includes ground-fault protection.
The document discusses over current protection in electrical systems. It describes over current as a situation where excess current flows through a conductor, risking heat generation and equipment damage. Possible causes of over current include short circuits, excessive load, incorrect design, or ground faults. Over current relays protect systems by detecting excess current from current transformers and tripping circuit breakers. Relays are classified based on their time of operation as instantaneous, definite time, or inverse time relays. The document outlines various over current protection schemes used in electrical equipment like transformers and generators.
This document discusses various protections provided for alternators, including mechanical protections from prime mover failure, field failure, overcurrent, overspeed, and overvoltage, as well as electrical protections from unbalanced loading and stator winding faults. It describes different protection mechanisms like differential protection, balanced earth fault protection, and inter-turn fault protection that are used to protect against faults in the alternator windings or unbalanced loading. The document emphasizes the importance of alternator protection given their high individual cost and importance in power generation.
Functions and performance requirements of excitation systemsRajshekar Naregal
The document discusses synchronous generator excitation systems. It describes how excitation current determines the strength of the magnetic field and induces voltage at the generator terminals. It also explains that voltage regulators increase excitation current to maintain constant voltage as load increases. The main types of excitation systems are DC, AC, and static systems. Digital excitation systems offer advantages like easier processing and high reliability. Components of excitation systems include the exciter, regulator, voltage transducer, power system stabilizer, and protective circuits.
This document discusses compatibility issues when interfacing an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with a generator. It notes factors like input/output power differences, harmonics, reactance, total load, and sizing calculations. The GE UPS has features like soft start, adjustable parameters, and an optional input filter that help reduce issues by tuning the UPS to the generator's characteristics. Properly accounting for these interfacing factors and utilizing the GE UPS's adjustable capabilities can help reduce compatibility problems and required battery backup time.
Electrical Power Protection & Relay Coordination EngineeringDEVELOP
DEVELOP Oil&Gas Training Center menyelenggarakan Training Electrical Power System Protection & Relay Coordination Engineering yang akan mengajarkan kepada Anda tentang Prinsip-prinsip Power System Protection Principles,Skema esential untuk Electrical Protection System, Relay Coordination System beserta optimalisasi penerapannya.
This document describes various principles of relay operation used in power systems. It discusses several categories of relays including level detection relays, magnitude comparison relays, differential relays, phase angle comparison relays, distance relays, pilot relays, harmonic content relays, and frequency sensing relays. It also describes some common relay designs such as plunger-type electromechanical relays and their operating characteristics. Relay principles can be based on detecting changes in current, voltage, phase angles, harmonic components, or frequency during fault conditions.
1. Transmission lines are vital for power transfer but operate close to limits, so faults must be detected and isolated quickly. Protection systems identify fault locations and isolate only faulted sections.
2. Factors influencing line protection include criticality, fault clearing times, line configuration, loading conditions, and equipment failure modes. Protection redundancy and backup schemes are important.
3. GE Multilin relays provide advantages for applications like single pole tripping, communications schemes, and security for dual breaker terminals through dedicated logic and direct measurement of circuit breaker currents.
Power Transformer Differential protectionRishi Tandon
This document discusses power transformer protection. It begins by explaining that transformers are static devices that transform electrical energy between circuits without changing frequency. Power transformers are vital but expensive components that are difficult to repair if damaged. Transformer protection is needed to prevent severe damage from faults and ensure continuous network operation. Common fault types and causes are then outlined, including insulation breakdown, overheating, contamination, and phase/turn faults. The document proceeds to describe the general scheme of differential protection and specific protection functions like bias differential, overfluxing, over/under voltage, and restricted earth fault protection. It provides an example calculation for setting a transformer differential relay and diagrams demonstrating differential relay operation. Finally, it reviews models from various manufacturers and presents a case study
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
- Protective systems are needed for power systems to isolate faulty sections from healthy sections quickly through devices like relays and circuit breakers. This is important to prevent equipment damage and total system failure.
- A good protective system must have selectivity, sensitivity, reliability, stability, and speed to properly identify and clear faults within the critical clearing time. The design is balanced between protecting equipment and keeping costs reasonable. Zones of protection are established at different voltage levels from generation to distribution.
Main equipment in the power plant is Generator. It's cost is much higher than any other equipment so we will have to protect the generator from all the possible faults and errors.
This document provides an overview of the EE2402 Protection & Switchgear course presented by C.Gokul. It includes the course syllabus, units covered, textbook references and introductory content on power system basics, components, faults, protection elements, relay terminology and essential qualities of protection systems. The key topics discussed are types of faults in power systems, importance of protective schemes, elements of a protection system including current transformers, voltage transformers, relays and circuit breakers. Neutral earthing methods with a focus on Peterson coil are also introduced.
Differential protection relays operate by comparing electrical quantities on both sides of a circuit. They provide precise unit protection for equipment. There are several types, including current, voltage, biased, and voltage balance differential relays. Current differential relays compare currents entering and leaving a system, while voltage balance relays use pilot wires and current transformers to compare voltages induced at both ends of a protected feeder. Differential relays have advantages like fast operation for very close internal faults and less incorrect operation during external faults.
This document summarizes a presentation on radial feeder protection concepts. It discusses the components of a radial feeder distribution system and protective schemes to avoid malfunctions. It then describes the setup of a radial feeder protection panel that students can use to learn fundamentals of protection. Electromechanical relays, wiring diagrams, and photos of the physical panel are shown. The conclusion discusses how faults can be protected against and how the hands-on project helps students understand basic protection terminology.
Unit 05 Protection of feeders and bus-bars PremanandDesai
1. Faults are more common in transmission lines than other electrical equipment due to lines running through open atmosphere over long distances. Common faults include overloads, earth faults, and line-to-line faults.
2. Protection schemes for feeders and lines include time-graded overcurrent protection using definite time or inverse time relays to isolate only the faulty section. Differential pilot-wire protection compares currents at both ends of a line and trips breakers if they are unequal due to an internal fault.
3. Distance or impedance protection is used for very long extra-high voltage lines as other schemes provide slow fault clearance or are too expensive. It relies on measuring the voltage-current ratio to determine the
This document discusses short-circuit calculations and selective coordination for electrical systems. It explains that short-circuit studies are required by the National Electrical Code to properly size overcurrent protection devices and ensure system coordination. The document provides guidance on calculating available short-circuit current values at different points in a system using the point-to-point method, which accounts for sources of fault current and impedances of system components. It also addresses variables that affect fault current values, such as transformer impedance, motor contribution, and utility voltage tolerance.
The document discusses generator protection, providing details on different types of faults and abnormal operating conditions that can occur in generators. It describes various protection schemes used, including percentage-differential relaying, loss of excitation protection, stator ground fault protection using low or high impedance grounding, overvoltage protection, out-of-step protection, and other protection methods for overspeed, bearing overheating, reverse power, and motoring. Protection goals are to quickly detect and clear faults while preventing equipment damage.
Small-Signal (or Small Disturbance) Stability is the ability of a power system to maintain synchronism when subjected to small disturbances
such disturbances occur continually on the system due to small variations in loads and generation
disturbance considered sufficiently small if linearization of system equations is permissible for analysis
Corresponds to Liapunov's first method of stability analysis
Small-signal analysis using powerful linear analysis techniques provides valuable information about the inherent dynamic characteristics of the power system and assists in its robust design
This document describes various protection schemes for transformers, including differential, restricted earth fault, overcurrent, and thermal protection.
1) Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer zone to detect internal faults. It provides the best protection for internal faults.
2) Restricted earth fault protection is used to detect high-resistance winding-to-core faults not detectable by differential relays. It uses a neutral current transformer and is sensitive to internal earth faults.
3) Overcurrent protection uses relays with current coils to detect overloads and faults above a pickup threshold. It also includes ground-fault protection.
The document discusses over current protection in electrical systems. It describes over current as a situation where excess current flows through a conductor, risking heat generation and equipment damage. Possible causes of over current include short circuits, excessive load, incorrect design, or ground faults. Over current relays protect systems by detecting excess current from current transformers and tripping circuit breakers. Relays are classified based on their time of operation as instantaneous, definite time, or inverse time relays. The document outlines various over current protection schemes used in electrical equipment like transformers and generators.
This document discusses various protections provided for alternators, including mechanical protections from prime mover failure, field failure, overcurrent, overspeed, and overvoltage, as well as electrical protections from unbalanced loading and stator winding faults. It describes different protection mechanisms like differential protection, balanced earth fault protection, and inter-turn fault protection that are used to protect against faults in the alternator windings or unbalanced loading. The document emphasizes the importance of alternator protection given their high individual cost and importance in power generation.
Functions and performance requirements of excitation systemsRajshekar Naregal
The document discusses synchronous generator excitation systems. It describes how excitation current determines the strength of the magnetic field and induces voltage at the generator terminals. It also explains that voltage regulators increase excitation current to maintain constant voltage as load increases. The main types of excitation systems are DC, AC, and static systems. Digital excitation systems offer advantages like easier processing and high reliability. Components of excitation systems include the exciter, regulator, voltage transducer, power system stabilizer, and protective circuits.
This document discusses compatibility issues when interfacing an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with a generator. It notes factors like input/output power differences, harmonics, reactance, total load, and sizing calculations. The GE UPS has features like soft start, adjustable parameters, and an optional input filter that help reduce issues by tuning the UPS to the generator's characteristics. Properly accounting for these interfacing factors and utilizing the GE UPS's adjustable capabilities can help reduce compatibility problems and required battery backup time.
Electrical Power Protection & Relay Coordination EngineeringDEVELOP
DEVELOP Oil&Gas Training Center menyelenggarakan Training Electrical Power System Protection & Relay Coordination Engineering yang akan mengajarkan kepada Anda tentang Prinsip-prinsip Power System Protection Principles,Skema esential untuk Electrical Protection System, Relay Coordination System beserta optimalisasi penerapannya.
This document describes various principles of relay operation used in power systems. It discusses several categories of relays including level detection relays, magnitude comparison relays, differential relays, phase angle comparison relays, distance relays, pilot relays, harmonic content relays, and frequency sensing relays. It also describes some common relay designs such as plunger-type electromechanical relays and their operating characteristics. Relay principles can be based on detecting changes in current, voltage, phase angles, harmonic components, or frequency during fault conditions.
1. Transmission lines are vital for power transfer but operate close to limits, so faults must be detected and isolated quickly. Protection systems identify fault locations and isolate only faulted sections.
2. Factors influencing line protection include criticality, fault clearing times, line configuration, loading conditions, and equipment failure modes. Protection redundancy and backup schemes are important.
3. GE Multilin relays provide advantages for applications like single pole tripping, communications schemes, and security for dual breaker terminals through dedicated logic and direct measurement of circuit breaker currents.
Power Transformer Differential protectionRishi Tandon
This document discusses power transformer protection. It begins by explaining that transformers are static devices that transform electrical energy between circuits without changing frequency. Power transformers are vital but expensive components that are difficult to repair if damaged. Transformer protection is needed to prevent severe damage from faults and ensure continuous network operation. Common fault types and causes are then outlined, including insulation breakdown, overheating, contamination, and phase/turn faults. The document proceeds to describe the general scheme of differential protection and specific protection functions like bias differential, overfluxing, over/under voltage, and restricted earth fault protection. It provides an example calculation for setting a transformer differential relay and diagrams demonstrating differential relay operation. Finally, it reviews models from various manufacturers and presents a case study
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
- Protective systems are needed for power systems to isolate faulty sections from healthy sections quickly through devices like relays and circuit breakers. This is important to prevent equipment damage and total system failure.
- A good protective system must have selectivity, sensitivity, reliability, stability, and speed to properly identify and clear faults within the critical clearing time. The design is balanced between protecting equipment and keeping costs reasonable. Zones of protection are established at different voltage levels from generation to distribution.
Main equipment in the power plant is Generator. It's cost is much higher than any other equipment so we will have to protect the generator from all the possible faults and errors.
This document provides an overview of the EE2402 Protection & Switchgear course presented by C.Gokul. It includes the course syllabus, units covered, textbook references and introductory content on power system basics, components, faults, protection elements, relay terminology and essential qualities of protection systems. The key topics discussed are types of faults in power systems, importance of protective schemes, elements of a protection system including current transformers, voltage transformers, relays and circuit breakers. Neutral earthing methods with a focus on Peterson coil are also introduced.
Differential protection relays operate by comparing electrical quantities on both sides of a circuit. They provide precise unit protection for equipment. There are several types, including current, voltage, biased, and voltage balance differential relays. Current differential relays compare currents entering and leaving a system, while voltage balance relays use pilot wires and current transformers to compare voltages induced at both ends of a protected feeder. Differential relays have advantages like fast operation for very close internal faults and less incorrect operation during external faults.
This document summarizes a presentation on radial feeder protection concepts. It discusses the components of a radial feeder distribution system and protective schemes to avoid malfunctions. It then describes the setup of a radial feeder protection panel that students can use to learn fundamentals of protection. Electromechanical relays, wiring diagrams, and photos of the physical panel are shown. The conclusion discusses how faults can be protected against and how the hands-on project helps students understand basic protection terminology.
Unit 05 Protection of feeders and bus-bars PremanandDesai
1. Faults are more common in transmission lines than other electrical equipment due to lines running through open atmosphere over long distances. Common faults include overloads, earth faults, and line-to-line faults.
2. Protection schemes for feeders and lines include time-graded overcurrent protection using definite time or inverse time relays to isolate only the faulty section. Differential pilot-wire protection compares currents at both ends of a line and trips breakers if they are unequal due to an internal fault.
3. Distance or impedance protection is used for very long extra-high voltage lines as other schemes provide slow fault clearance or are too expensive. It relies on measuring the voltage-current ratio to determine the
This document discusses short-circuit calculations and selective coordination for electrical systems. It explains that short-circuit studies are required by the National Electrical Code to properly size overcurrent protection devices and ensure system coordination. The document provides guidance on calculating available short-circuit current values at different points in a system using the point-to-point method, which accounts for sources of fault current and impedances of system components. It also addresses variables that affect fault current values, such as transformer impedance, motor contribution, and utility voltage tolerance.
The document discusses generator protection, providing details on different types of faults and abnormal operating conditions that can occur in generators. It describes various protection schemes used, including percentage-differential relaying, loss of excitation protection, stator ground fault protection using low or high impedance grounding, overvoltage protection, out-of-step protection, and other protection methods for overspeed, bearing overheating, reverse power, and motoring. Protection goals are to quickly detect and clear faults while preventing equipment damage.
This Presentation gives information on How Generator in Power Plants are protected with State of art technologies. Also provide information how latest Power System Protection technologies are more reliable operation.
1. The document discusses various aspects of power system protection including relay types, relay elements, relay characteristics, and relay terminology.
2. Key relay types discussed are definite time, inverse time, and instantaneous relays. Relay elements include measuring, comparing, and tripping elements.
3. Important relay characteristics are sensitivity, selectivity, reliability, and speed of operation. Relays can also be categorized by characteristic, logic, or actuating parameter.
4. Terminology discussed includes pickup level, reset level, operating time, and plug and time setting multipliers which are used to adjust relay settings.
This document discusses various types of faults that can occur in alternators, including internal faults like stator winding faults and excitation circuit faults, and external faults like prime mover failure. It provides details on specific faults such as stator winding faults, prime mover failure, overcurrent faults, overvoltage faults, unbalanced loading, stator interturn faults, loss of synchronism, and over/under frequency faults. Protection methods are discussed for each fault type, such as differential protection for stator faults, reverse power protection for prime mover failure, time-delayed overcurrent protection, and frequency-based protection for over/under frequency operation.
1. Microprocessor-based current differential relays can provide superior protection for transmission lines but applying them to lines with tapped transformers presents challenges. Currents are not measured at tap points.
2. Key issues are the load current from taps appearing as a differential error, faults at the low voltage side of taps misleading the relay, and magnetizing inrush current. Distance elements and removing zero-sequence current can help address these issues.
3. Solutions proposed in the document include using biased characteristics, adaptive compensation for charging currents, distance supervision set to avoid taps, and removing zero-sequence current from the differential signal. Careful setting is needed to balance security and sensitivity.
This document discusses several topics related to power system operation and control:
1. It defines a control area as a region where all generators swing together in response to load changes or speed governor settings.
2. It explains that voltage stability refers to a power system reaching a stable post-disturbance voltage equilibrium.
3. It describes different approaches for steady-state security analysis, which test the system against contingencies by calculating changes and checking against constraints.
To Diminish the Voltage Sag Replaced DVR with Generalized Modulation Strategy...IRJET Journal
This document discusses replacing a conventional Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) with a matrix converter to compensate for voltage sags. A DVR injects voltage to maintain the load voltage during disturbances. Conventional DVRs use bulky AC-DC-AC converters. The proposed model replaces this with a matrix converter to avoid energy storage and allow for higher power density. A matrix converter directly converts AC to AC using bi-directional switches. It can compensate for voltage sags and swells more efficiently than a conventional DVR without energy storage limitations. Simulation results show the DVR with matrix converter effectively regulates voltage during faults.
This document provides an overview of switchgears and protective devices used in power systems. It discusses substations, faults and abnormal conditions, fault calculations, the fault clearing process, protective relaying, and power system stability. Protective devices like circuit breakers, fuses, and relays are installed at different voltage levels and switching points to ensure reliable power supply and isolate faults. Substations are used to change voltage levels and switch equipment in and out of the system. Faults can occur due to insulation failures, breaks, or mechanical issues and their severity is estimated through fault current calculations. Relays detect faults and signal circuit breakers to clear the fault and restore the system. Stability is maintained by keeping the rotor and st
The document discusses the key components of power distribution systems, focusing on distribution substations, the primary distribution system, and secondary distribution. It notes that distribution systems receive power from transmission systems and supply power to customers at lower voltages. The main components include distribution substations for voltage transformation and switching/protection, primary feeders that distribute power radially or in loops, and secondary laterals that supply individual customers.
Iaetsd minimization of voltage sags and swells using dvrIaetsd Iaetsd
The document discusses the use of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to minimize voltage sags and swells in a distributed power system. A DVR is a custom power device that uses a voltage source inverter, injection transformer, and energy storage to inject voltage into the distribution system and regulate the load voltage during faults and disturbances. It functions by injecting a compensating series voltage to keep the load voltage at its pre-fault value. This maintains the quality of power supplied to sensitive loads and prevents equipment issues caused by voltage variations.
This document presents a model for setting overcurrent relays in an effective coordination scheme for a substation. It describes developing a MATLAB graphical user interface to calculate relay parameters like time setting multipliers and pickup currents. Short circuit analysis was performed on the 132kV and 33kV buses to obtain fault currents. Relay characteristics of standard inverse, very inverse and extremely inverse were simulated. Results showed operating times and time setting multipliers for the relays coordinated the protection of the substation. The extremely inverse relays provided the most accurate coordination between relay operations.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document contains 3 sections summarizing key concepts:
1) It describes alternating current (AC) and how the direction of electric charge periodically reverses in AC versus only flowing in one direction in direct current (DC). It also discusses uses of AC including power transmission and audio/radio signals.
2) It discusses power transformers, how they are used for voltage step-up/step-down in power transmission networks, and their differences from distribution transformers.
3) It provides an overview of power system protection, including the components used like relays and circuit breakers, and different types of protection for generators, transmission networks, and other parts of the power system to isolate faults while keeping the network stable.
- Any abnormal condition that causes excessive current flow through unintended paths in a power system is defined as a fault.
- Faults can be caused by insulation failures, lightning strikes, or accidental operations and must be safely disconnected to prevent equipment damage.
- Short circuit current calculations are required to select properly rated circuit breakers and relay settings for protection schemes.
- Faults are classified by nature, participating phases, and whether they are symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical faults can be analyzed using positive sequence networks while unsymmetrical faults require symmetrical component analysis.
The document discusses the need to provide protection for alternators against various faults that may occur in modern generating plants. It outlines several important faults that protection systems aim to address, including failure of the prime mover, field failure, overcurrent, overspeed, overvoltage, unbalanced loading, and stator winding faults. It provides details on how different types of protection systems address each fault.
The document discusses the need to provide protection for alternators against various faults that may occur in modern generating plants. It outlines several important faults that protection systems aim to address, including failure of the prime mover, field failure, overcurrent, overspeed, overvoltage, unbalanced loading, and stator winding faults. It provides details on how different types of protection systems address each fault.
Similar to Backup fault protection for generators in case of a failure at the generation station (20)
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Backup fault protection for generators in case of a failure at the generation station
1. Backup fault protection for
generators in case of a
failure at the generation
station
By Edvard | December, 4th 2019 | 0 comments | Save to PDF
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Home / Technical Articles / Backup fault protection for generators in case of a failure at the generation station
The purpose of generator backup
protection
It is a common practice to use the differential relay as primary fault protection
for the generator. Backup fault protection is also highly recommended to protect
the generator from the effects of faults that are not cleared because of failures
within the normal protection scheme. The backup relaying is automatically
applied to provide protection in the event of a failure at the generation station,
on the transmission system, or both.
2. Backup fault protection for generators in case of a failure at the generation
station
Specific generating station failures would include the failure of the generator or
Generator Step Up (GSU) transformer differential scheme. On the transmission
3. system, failures would include the line protection relay scheme or the failure of
a line breaker to interrupt.
Table of contents:
1. Implementation of backup fault protection
2. Standard overcurrent relays
3. Voltage-dependent relays
4. Voltage supervised overcurrent relays
1. Voltage-controlled and voltage-restrained relays
2. Application options and fault sensitivity
5. Other distance relay applications
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1. Implementation of backup fault
protection
Figure 1 shows the sample system generator. Backup protection is provided by
distance relays (Device 21) or voltage supervised overcurrent relays (Device
51V). These relays can be connected to CTs at the neutral end of the generator
or they can be connected to CTs at the generator terminals.
The neutral end configuration is preferred because this connection will allow the
relaying to provide protection when the unit is off line. Terminal connected
relays will not see internal generator faults for this condition, because there is
no relay current.
If the scheme is intended to provide backup protection for both generating
station and system faults, the backup relays should initiate a unit shutdown.
This entails tripping the breaker on the high-voltage side of the GSU, the
generator field breaker, the auxiliary transformer breakers and initiating a prime
mover shutdown.
If the station configuration included a generator breaker it would be tripped
instead of the high-voltage breaker.
When relays are applied solely to backup transmission line relaying, only the
GSU transformer or generator breaker need be tripped. This would allow a
faster resynchronizing after the failure has been isolated. This assumes the unit
4. can withstand the effects of the full load rejection that will occur when the outlet
breaker opens.
If the unit cannot withstand this transient, a unit shutdown must be initiated.
Figure 1 – Generator online protection scheme
5. Go back to Contents Table ↑
2. Standard Overcurrent Relays
Standard overcurrent relays are not recommended for backup protection of a
generator. The backup relay must be capable of detecting the minimum
generator fault current. This minimum current is the sustained current
following a three-phase fault assuming no initial load on the generator and
assuming the manual voltage regulator in service.
If the automatic voltage regulator where service, it would respond to the fault-
induced low terminal voltage and boost the field current, thus increasing the
fault current. The assumption of no initial load on the generator defines the
minimum field current to drive the fault.
Typically, a generator’s synchronous reactance, which controls the value of the
sustained fault current, is greater than unity. If the generator is unloaded and
at rated terminal voltage (Et = 1.0) prior to the fault, the sustained short-circuit
current will be 1/Xd which will be less than full load current. In the case of the
sample system generator Xd = 1.48 and the resulting sustained three-phase
fault current would be 0.67 pu or 67% of full load current.
A standard overcurrent relay must be set above load and could not detect the
minimum sustained fault current. Tripping would be dependent on rapid relay
operation before the fault current decays below the relay’s pickup setting.
Figure 2 plots the decaying current for the minimum fault condition on the
sample system generator vs. an overcurrent relay set to carry full load. The
figure shows that the relay must be set with a very short time delay (Time Dial
= 1/4) to intersect the current plot to assure tripping.
This fast tripping is undesirable, because it would preclude coordination
with system relays and could cause misoperation during system
disturbances that do not require protective action.
6. Figure 2 – Fault clearing
with overcurrent relay
Go back to Contents Table ↑
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3. Voltage-Dependent relays
The problems associated with standard overcurrent protection can be
overcome if fault detection is based on current and voltage. At full load, the
generator terminal voltage will be near rated voltage. Under sustained three-
phase fault conditions, the internal generator impedance will increase to the
synchronous value and the terminal voltage will decrease sharply.
Both distance relays and voltage supervised overcurrent relays use the voltage
degradation to differentiate between load current and a sustained fault
7. current condition. Because of this design, these backup relays are supervised
by a potential failure detection element, device 60. This element blocks tripping
in the event of an open phase or blown fuse in the potential circuit.
Without this blocking feature, these instrument circuit malfunctions would trip
the fully loaded unit.
The decision to use a 21 or a 51 V function as backup protection is normally
dependent on the type of phase protection applied on the transmission or
distribution system to which the generator is connected.
Distance backup protection is chosen if phase distance relaying is applied
on the transmission system. A 51 V function is chosen if overcurrent relays
are used for phase protection on the connected system. These choices are
made to facilitate relay coordination.
Go back to Contents Table ↑
4. Voltage Supervised Overcurrent
Relays
4.1 Voltage-controlled And Voltage-
restrained Relays
There are two kinds of voltage-supervised overcurrent relays used in generator
backup applications. The voltage-restrained overcurrent relay is normally set
125–175% of full load current. The relay uses voltage input from the
generator terminals to bias the overcurrent setpoint.
At rated voltage, a current equal to the setpoint is required to actuate the relay.
As input voltage decreases, presumably
due to a short circuit, the overcurrent setpoint also decreases. Typically a
current equal to 25% of the setpoint is require to operate the relay at zero volts
input.
Figure 3 is a typical pickup characteristic for a voltage-restrained relay.
8. The voltage-controlled relay is set below full load with sufficient margin to
detect the minimum fault current. The relay includes an undervoltage
element that senses generator terminal voltage. If the voltage is above the
undervoltage element setting, the overcurrent unit is not functional.
When voltage is depressed by a fault, the undervoltage element drops out,
allowing the relay to operate as a standard overcurrent relay in accordance with
its pickup and time delay settings.
Figure 3 –
Voltage-restrained overcurrent relay characteristic
The voltage-restrained relay is more difficult to apply because operating time is
a function of both current and voltage.
The voltage-restrained relay has two adjustable setpoints, a voltage-dependent
minimum pickup current, and a time delay setting. The voltage-controlled relay
has a voltage-independent current pickup setting, a time delay setting, and an
undervoltage drop out setting.
Go back to Contents Table ↑
9. 4.2 Application Options and Fault
Sensitivity
Voltage-supervised overcurrent relays allow many input options. The 51 V
function comprises three single-phase units. The current and voltage
connections are not standardized. Phase-to-neutral or phase-to-phase voltages
can be applied in conjunction with line or delta currents.
There is also the option of voltage-controlled or voltage-restrained relays.
Go back to Contents Table ↑
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5. Distance Relays
The term distance relays refers to a general class of relays that measure circuit
impedance. The relay distinguishes between fault current and load current in
a manner similar to the 51 V functions. The voltage applied to the distance
relay tends to restrain operation, while current promotes operation.
Both phase and ground distance relays are applied on the transmission system.
Unique relay designs are required for phase and ground fault protection.
There are many different algorithms used in these relays, but in all cases the
common goal is to measure the positive sequence impedance from the
relay to the fault. When full fault protection is provided by distance relaying, six
elements are required, phase elements A–B, B–C, C–A and ground elements
A–G, B–G, and C–G.
Phase distance relays are applied at generators for system backup
protection. Ground distance relays are not applied. Most generators are
grounded through impedance to limit the ground fault current. Specialized
ground fault protection schemes are required.
When a generator is solidly grounded and connected to a distribution system
directly or through a wye-wye transformer, overcurrent ground relays
provide superior fault sensitivity and economy when compared to ground
10. distance relays. Overcurrent ground relaying is applicable because generator
ground faults do not decay to values less than full load current and ground
overcurrent relays are not subject to setting limitations due to load current.
Likewise, when a generator is connected to a system through a delta-wye
grounded transformer, backup ground protection is usually provided by a time
overcurrent ground relay connected in the transformer neutral.
For example, SEL-700G protection relay offers three choices for system backup
protection. You can select one or more of the available elements:
Distance (DC),
Voltage Restraint (V), or
Voltage Controlled (C) Overcurrent elements.
Modern protective relays provide four zones of phase step distance protection.
Functions are positive sequence voltage polarized mho characteristics. The
reach of the three forward looking zones can be compensated for a delta-wye
transformer.
Zone 4 is reversed and disregards any transformer between the relay and the
fault in the forward direction. Zones 1, 2, 3, and 4 each include independent
timers for phase step distance protection.
Out-of-step blocking monitors swing condition and blocks tripping. Out-of-step
tripping logic is provided with a choice of two or three mho type characteristics
with adjustable shapes.
Forward and reverse share a common maximum reach angle. Loss of
synchronism or a power swing between two areas of the power system is
detected by measuring the positive sequence impedance seen by the relay over
a period of time as the power swing develops.
11. Figure 4 – Generator
protection relay SEL-700 functionalscheme
Go back to Contents Table ↑
5.1 Other Distance Relay Applications
Other applications of the 21 function are also possible. Phase distance relaying
can be connected to CTs at the generator terminals with the 21 function
connected to look into the generator instead of the system. This relay can be
applied without a time delay to provide fast backup clearing for generator
faults when connected to the system.
12. Many generator protection microprocessor packages include two phase
distance relay functions. One zone can be implemented with a short reach and
a short time delay sufficient to coordinate with high-speed bus and line
relaying plus breaker failure time if applicable. The second zone is then set to
see into the transmission system with a delay sufficient to coordinate with zone
2 line relaying and applicable breaker failure time.
This scheme can provides 0.3 sec clearing for high current faults in the
vicinity of the generator as opposed to the single zone scheme that would
require a delay of about a second to coordinate with zone 2 and breaker failure
relaying.
Go back to Contents Table ↑
Sources:
1. Protective relaying for power generation systems by Donald Reimert
2. SEL-700G Generator Protection Relay by SEL
3. LPS-O System backup for generators and transmission lines by GE