This presentation says about concepts and methods to measure National income, Estimation of national income pre and post independence and trends over years
Think Different presentation 1: The governance of land use in the Netherlands...LucasZarzosoHueck
Rudiger Ahrend, Head of Section ESG/CFE at the OECD, and Abel Schumann, Economist at the OECD, explain how metropolitan governance may be strengthened in Amsterdam.
This presentation says about concepts and methods to measure National income, Estimation of national income pre and post independence and trends over years
Think Different presentation 1: The governance of land use in the Netherlands...LucasZarzosoHueck
Rudiger Ahrend, Head of Section ESG/CFE at the OECD, and Abel Schumann, Economist at the OECD, explain how metropolitan governance may be strengthened in Amsterdam.
Only a few markets in the MENA region are addressing their housing issues. A mix of delivery models from traditional design and build to the development of Public Private Partnerships are being used while the definition of Affordable / Social Housing varies significantly among markets within the MENA region.
This paper establishes that widespread home ownership & development cannot be achieved without a robust financial system achieved by effective link between residential mortgages and the long term financial markets. The paper also addresses Governments long term and short to medium term policies optimal goals to provide affordable and comfortable housing for all that needs it.
This paper which I presented at a training program provides invaluable input into the concept, principles, features of Public Sector Reforms. It also explores the role of international organisations in PSR.
Presentation by Omneya Ramadan at the 7th annual meeting of the MENA Senior Budget Officials held on 10-11 December 2014. Find more information at http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting
• A virtual account meaning
• What is Investment companies
• Types of investment companies
• Reasons for selection of such companies for investment;
• Coca cola
• Tata motors
• Bajaj auto
• Agarbatti ( incense sticks )
• Reliance industries
• Tata consultancy service
Effect of Tax Reforms on Corporate on Nigerian Economic Developmentijtsrd
This study assessed the Effect of Tax Reforms on Nigerian economy. Value Added Tax, Company Income tax, and Gross Domestic Product per Capita was used to measure productivity for a period of twenty eight years spanning from 1992 to 2019. Based on the objectives of the study, four hypotheses were formulated. Ex Post facto research design was adopted. The time series data were obtained from Federal Inland Revenue Services, Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank Publications. As a preliminary step in testing, the study employed the Augmented Dickey Fully Unit root test to confirm the order of integration of the time series variables. The study employed descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using Pearson correlation, and Regression analysis at the 5 level of significance, the study discovered that Value Added Tax, and Company Income Tax had a substantial negative influence on GDP per capita in Nigeria, whereas Petroleum Profit Tax has a significant positive effect on GDP per capita in Nigeria. It was recommended that government should diversify the economy for more development in order to increase the overall tax revenue base. Ezekwesili Tochukwu P. "Effect of Tax Reforms on Corporate on Nigerian Economic Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46398.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/financial-economics/46398/effect-of-tax-reforms-on-corporate-on-nigerian-economic-development/ezekwesili-tochukwu-p
Only a few markets in the MENA region are addressing their housing issues. A mix of delivery models from traditional design and build to the development of Public Private Partnerships are being used while the definition of Affordable / Social Housing varies significantly among markets within the MENA region.
This paper establishes that widespread home ownership & development cannot be achieved without a robust financial system achieved by effective link between residential mortgages and the long term financial markets. The paper also addresses Governments long term and short to medium term policies optimal goals to provide affordable and comfortable housing for all that needs it.
This paper which I presented at a training program provides invaluable input into the concept, principles, features of Public Sector Reforms. It also explores the role of international organisations in PSR.
Presentation by Omneya Ramadan at the 7th annual meeting of the MENA Senior Budget Officials held on 10-11 December 2014. Find more information at http://www.oecd.org/gov/budgeting
• A virtual account meaning
• What is Investment companies
• Types of investment companies
• Reasons for selection of such companies for investment;
• Coca cola
• Tata motors
• Bajaj auto
• Agarbatti ( incense sticks )
• Reliance industries
• Tata consultancy service
Effect of Tax Reforms on Corporate on Nigerian Economic Developmentijtsrd
This study assessed the Effect of Tax Reforms on Nigerian economy. Value Added Tax, Company Income tax, and Gross Domestic Product per Capita was used to measure productivity for a period of twenty eight years spanning from 1992 to 2019. Based on the objectives of the study, four hypotheses were formulated. Ex Post facto research design was adopted. The time series data were obtained from Federal Inland Revenue Services, Central Bank of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank Publications. As a preliminary step in testing, the study employed the Augmented Dickey Fully Unit root test to confirm the order of integration of the time series variables. The study employed descriptive statistics and inferential statistics using Pearson correlation, and Regression analysis at the 5 level of significance, the study discovered that Value Added Tax, and Company Income Tax had a substantial negative influence on GDP per capita in Nigeria, whereas Petroleum Profit Tax has a significant positive effect on GDP per capita in Nigeria. It was recommended that government should diversify the economy for more development in order to increase the overall tax revenue base. Ezekwesili Tochukwu P. "Effect of Tax Reforms on Corporate on Nigerian Economic Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46398.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/financial-economics/46398/effect-of-tax-reforms-on-corporate-on-nigerian-economic-development/ezekwesili-tochukwu-p
Economic Outlook for 2012 composed and presented by Bill Bayer, CEO of Lighthouse Growth Resources, for the January 12th ACA St. Louis Speaker Series.
http://www.lighthousegrowthresources.com
http://acanetwork.org/club-list/
Apresentação do lançamento do Relatório “Atividades Características do Turismo no RS em 2013”, que apresenta o peso das atividades do Turismo no PIB da economia gaúcha. Com o estudo, também é possível identificar as localidades e regiões que possuem maior intensidade de oferta de serviços voltados aos turistas.
Apresentação: Guilherme Risco e Tomás Fiori (Economistas da FEE)
Local: auditório da FEE
Data: 10//11/2016
Palestra realizada em lançamento da publicação FEE Setorial, analisando o segmento de Celulose de Mercado.
Apresentação: Fernanda Queiroz Sperotto (Economista da FEE)
Palestrantes:
- Walter Lídio Nunes (Presidente da Celulose Riograndense), com o tema “Perspectivas do setor de celulose para a economia gaúcha e brasileira”.
- Darci Antônio Tartari (Diretor Técnico da Superintendência do Porto de Rio Grande), com o tema “Efeitos da expansão do setor de celulose para a dinâmica regional do Estado”
Local: auditório da FEE
Data: 08/11/2016
Resultado do terceiro trimestre
No terceiro trimestre de 2016, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do Rio Grande do Sul teve uma redução de 1,7% em relação ao mesmo trimestre de 2015. Em sua composição, o Valor Adicionado Bruto (VAB) reduziu-se em 1,3%, e os impostos líquidos caíram 4,6%. Já o PIB do Brasil caiu 2,9%, com uma redução de 2,5% no VAB e de 4,8% nos impostos líquidos. A agropecuária gaúcha aumentou 2,1%, e a do País caiu 6,0%. A indústria no Rio Grande do Sul retraiu-se em 4,6%, enquanto a do Brasil decresceu 2,9%. Já os serviços gaúchos reduziram-se em 1,6%, ao passo que os brasileiros, 2,2%.
It is an academic assignment on measures of national income and the negative effects of using the approaches to give the countries macroeconomic status
Foreign companies continue to be attracted by the opportunities offered by China’s large and rapidly growing economy. As those companies look to enter China’s market, they are eager to learn about how the corporate tax system works and what restrictions they may encounter. This practical guide to corporate taxation in China will give you an introductory guide to understanding and complying with China’s corporate taxation system.
Webinar: Economic Impact Assessment of the Pillar One and Pillar Two proposal...OECDtax
As part of the work by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, the OECD has been carrying out an economic analysis and impact assessment of the Pillar One and Pillar Two proposals. Experts from the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and Economics Department presented the methodology and estimates of the impact assessment during this webinar.
Further information: http://oe.cd/tax-challenges-digital-impact-assessment
This PPT delivered to Scholars of Indian School of Public Policy outlines various reforms / actions need to be undertaken to improve urban finances in India.
A Fundação de Economia e Estatística Siegfried Emanuel Heuser (FEE) divulga os resultados do Índice de Desenvolvimento Socioeconômico (Idese) dos municípios, das microrregiões, dos Conselhos Regionais de Desenvolvimento (Coredes) e do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul referentes ao ano de 2015 e revisa a série histórica 2007-14. O Idese avalia a situação socioeconômica dos municípios gaúchos quanto à educação, à renda e à saúde, considerando aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos do processo de desenvolvimento.
Em 2017, a economia brasileira voltou a apresentar sinais positivos nas suas principais variáveis macroeconômicas, após dois anos nos quais o País atravessou a maior recessão de sua história. Assim, segundo o Instituto Brasileiro de Economia e Estatística (IBGE), o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) apresentou um crescimento de 1,0% em relação a 2016, sendo esse crescimento resultado do incremento tanto da produção agropecuária quanto das indústrias extrativas e de transformação. A inflação, por seu lado, foi significativamente reduzida, ficando, inclusive, ligeiramente abaixo da banda mínima estabelecida pelo regime de metas da inflação. Tal fato permitiu ao Banco Central reduzir substancialmente a taxa nominal de juros. Pelo lado do mercado de trabalho, verificou-se uma redução na taxa de desemprego e um incremento no número de ocupados. No setor externo, o País apresentou o seu maior superávit em dólares na balança comercial, enquanto a taxa de câmbio apresentou pequenas oscilações, em torno de R$ 3,2.
Parte das transformações da estrutura industrial do Brasil (e do Rio Grande do Sul), ao longo das últimas décadas, é vista como pertencente a um processo de desindustrialização. Tal processo caracteriza-se pela perda de participação da indústria de transformação na economia, pela diminuição do adensamento e perda de cadeias produtivas e pela ampliação de setores menos intensivos em tecnologia na estrutura industrial. Esse resultado reflete-se negativamente na capacidade da indústria em liderar e dinamizar o crescimento econômico. Para se analisar como essas mudanças se processaram no interior da indústria gaúcha, este trabalho procura mostrar a evolução da estrutura do valor da transformação industrial (VTI) como proxy do Valor Adicionado entre 2007 e 2015, classificando as indústrias em baixa, média-baixa, média-alta e alta tecnologia, conforme a Organização Para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE).
A evolução dos indicadores do mercado de trabalho na Região mostra que a última década foi marcada pela redução das desigualdades entre mulheres e homens no âmbito laboral. A recessão que atingiu o País no biênio 2015-16, contudo, interrompeu esse processo, manifestando-se de forma mais intensa na elevação da taxa de desemprego entre as mulheres.
De acordo com as informações da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (PED-RMPA), no ano de 2017 os efeitos da crise ainda se fizeram sentir sobre o mercado de trabalho, a despeito da lenta recuperação observada nos demais indicadores de atividade econômica. O nível ocupacional continuou reduzindo-se, ainda que em ritmo menor do que observado no ano anterior, a taxa de desemprego total apresentou nova elevação, e o rendimento médio real de ocupados e assalariados manteve a trajetória de redução observada nos dois anos anteriores.
Em 2017, de acordo com as informações da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (PED-RMPA), o mercado de trabalho regional apresentou comportamento adverso pelo terceiro ano consecutivo. A taxa de desemprego total registrou crescimento e o nível ocupacional, retração, com a diminuição de 58 mil pessoas ocupadas. O rendimento médio real dos ocupados e dos assalariados manteve trajetória de redução,
comportamento também verificado nos últimos dois anos.
Dentre os indicadores macroeconômicos, a inflação é um dos que mais atrai a atenção da imprensa e do público. Dado o caráter persistente da inflação no País, muitas vezes, subjugam-se outras variáveis importantes para a economia nacional em prol do seu controle. Atualmente, o principal instrumento em posse do Banco Central do Brasil (BC) para administrar a variação dos preços é a taxa básica de juros.
Os Indicadores de Fluxo da Educação Superior, publicados em janeiro deste ano pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (INEP), permitem um mapeamento da trajetória acadêmica do aluno brasileiro do ensino superior no período de 2010 a 2015, o chamado acompanhamento longitudinal. A construção dos indicadores é feita a partir dos dados do Censo da Educação Superior, pesquisa estatística que coleta informações de instituições, cursos, alunos e docentes, além de outros dados que permitem mensurar as características da educação superior no Brasil.
Durante os meses de verão, os municípios do Litoral Norte do RS recebem veranistas e turistas provenientes, principalmente, de outras cidades do Estado. Assim, durante esse período, é necessária uma adaptação na aplicação de recursos públicos e privados, tendo em vista o incremento significativo da população total da região.
Com base nessa necessidade, o presente relatório apresenta uma metodologia que permite estimar a série histórica mensal da população total dos municípios do Litoral Norte do Estado, além de realizar estimativas para finais de semana e feriados durante o verão, apresentando os resultados obtidos.
Um fato estilizado do período após o “grande colapso do comércio” de 2009 e a recuperação de curto prazo de 2010-11 é a “desaceleração do comércio global”. Conforme o gráfico abaixo, no período entre 2000 e 2007 o volume do comércio mundial de bens cresceu em média 6,3% ao ano, enquanto, no intervalo 2012-16, essa variação caiu para 2,2% ao ano.
Municípios industriais foram os mais afetados em ano de crise
A Fundação de Economia e Estatística (FEE) e as demais instituições estaduais, em conjunto e sob a coordenação do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), divulgam o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) dos municípios para 2015 (Referência 2010).
Histórico
A série do PIB dos municípios do Rio Grande do Sul foi elaborada por uma metodologia própria da FEE até o ano de 1998. A partir de 1999, as estimativas passaram a ser desenvolvidas em conjunto pela FEE e pelos demais órgãos estaduais de estatística, sob a coordenação do IBGE.
No terceiro trimestre de 2017, contra igual trimestre do ano anterior, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) do Rio Grande do Sul apresentou variação nula (0,0%). Esse desempenho foi inferior ao observado no País (1,4%) para o mesmo período. Em sua composição, o Valor Adicionado Bruto (VAB) caiu 0,1%, e os impostos líquidos subiram 0,3%. No Brasil, o VAB apresentou variação positiva de 1,2%, e os impostos líquidos cresceram 2,5%. Entre as grandes atividades, a indústria do Estado apresentou queda (-2,2%), enquanto, no Brasil, cresceu 0,4%. A agropecuária gaúcha apresentou variação negativa no terceiro trimestre (6,6%), enquanto, no País, cresceu 9,1%. Já os serviços totais apresentaram variação positiva de 1,6% no Estado, enquanto, na economia brasileira, essa atividade apresentou crescimento de 1,0%.
Apresentação do Informe da Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre para o mês de outubro.
Confira o conteúdo completo em https://www.fee.rs.gov.br/ped/taxa-de-desemprego-aumenta/
Os primeiros sete meses deste ano tiveram um saldo de apenas 262 empregos adicionais no mercado de trabalho formal do Rio Grande do Sul, de acordo com o Cadastro Geral de Empregados e Desempregados (Caged) do Ministério do Trabalho. Essa virtual estagnação representa o prolongamento — vale dizer, a incapacidade de reação — frente à severa crise econômica, cujos efeitos eclodiram, na esfera ocupacional, no ano de 2015. Nesse ano, segundo a Relação Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS), também do Ministério do Trabalho, 103,3 mil postos de trabalho com registro formal foram eliminados no Estado — redução de 3,3%, que interrompeu uma trajetória de mais de 10 anos de crescimento. Entre o final de 2004 e o de 2014, o estoque de empregos formais no mercado gaúcho havia-se elevado 41,8%, com uma expansão de 916 mil postos de trabalho.
As informações captadas pela Pesquisa de Emprego e Desemprego na Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre (PED-RMPA), para o mês de julho de 2017, mostram elevação do nível ocupacional e redução da taxa de desemprego. O rendimento médio real referente ao mês de junho de 2017 diminuiu para o total de ocupados, os assalariados e os trabalhadores autônomos.
A partir da nova série de dados do Produto Interno Bruto dos municípios, é possível analisar o desempenho das atividades econômicas dos municípios gaúchos desde 2002 até o dado mais recente, de 2014. Neste trabalho, identifica-se qual foi a atividade de maior participação no Valor Adicionado em cada um dos 497 municípios, e, a partir disso, quais mudanças ocorreram nesse período. As atividades foram classificadas em 36 diferentes grupos, tendo sido a agropecuária aberta em 14; a indústria, em 12 (sendo nove na transformação) e os serviços foram abertos em 10. Optou-se por excluir a administração pública da análise.
Conforme abordado na Carta de Conjuntura de fevereiro deste ano, a análise dos dados da Pesquisa de Inovação (Pintec), do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), para o triênio 2012-14, sinalizou a estagnação dos principais indicadores de inovação no Brasil e no Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados, divulgados em dezembro de 2016, foram coletados entre julho de 2015 e agosto de 2016. Nas empresas industriais, maior grupo da amostra, as taxas de inovação (produto e processo) e a taxa de intensidade inovativa (razão entre os gastos em atividades de inovação e a receita líquida de vendas) praticamente se mantiveram nos níveis do triênio anterior (2009-11).
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
MASS MEDIA STUDIES-835-CLASS XI Resource Material.pdf
Background paper on_grp
1. DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS OF
AFFAIRS CHINA
STATISTICS DIVISION
UNITED NATIONS
____________________________________________________________________________________
International Workshop
Regional Products and Income Accounts, Beijing, China, 15-17 March 2010
Beijing, China
Gross regional product (GRP): an introduction
Background paper
2. Gross regional product (GRP): an introduction
Vu Quang Viet
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Gross regional product (GRP) is conceptually equivalent to gross domestic product
(GDP); the latter measures newly created value through production by resident production
units (or residents in short) in the domestic economy, while for the former measures newly
created value through production by regional production units (or regional residents in short)
in the regional economy, be it a state, province or a district.
2. Thus GRP in principle can be measured by three approaches: the production approach,
the final expenditure approach and the income approach.
3. The production approach requires data on output produced by regional residents and
data on intermediate consumption by them; the sum of value added generated by these
regional residents is equal to GRP. The production is possible as long as regional residents
are well defined such that data on them can be collected.
4. The final expenditure approach requires data on final consumption and gross capital
formation of regional residents (both households and government), and their exports and
imports. Data on exports to other regions and abroad and imports from them is very
expensive to the point of impossibility to collect. This approach is, as a consequence,
impractical.
5. The income approach in a way is similar to the production approach, although data on
components of value added is to be collected. Components of value added can only be
collected for the corporations and the government sectors where distinction between
compensation of employees (COE) and operating surplus (OS) is made. For the household
unincorporated enterprises, the production approach must be applied as no distinction
between COE and OS is possible. In addition, generally data on components of value added
is not as readily available as data on output and intermediate consumption and if
intermediate consumption is not available, at least value added coefficients for the base
year is available. As a consequence, the production approach is the only practical approach
to GRP.
6. Table 1 shows the production approach to GRP. GRP is the sum of value added
generated by different economic activities of the region. GRP = sum of value added = 85 +
200 =285. In case that value added coefficients for the benchmark year are available, value
added at constant prices may be estimated by multiplying the value added coefficients of the
benchmark year with the output of the current period (deflated to the prices of the
benchmark year). Table 1 also shows that net exports (exports less imports) can be
derived if other components of final expenditure are available. Again, value added here are
at basic values, therefore taxes on products must also be allocated to a region to obtain its
GDP.
2
3. Table 1. Illustration of production approach to GRP
Agriculture Manufacturing/ser Exports less Final Gross Total
vices imports consumption capital output
formation
Agriculture 5 20 0 75 100
Manufacturing/service 10 80 50 100 50 300
s
Value added 85 200
Output 100 300
Value added ratios 0.850 0.667
II. MAIN ISSUES WITH GROSS REGIONAL PRODUCT (GRP)
7. To compile GRP for a region, it is necessary to collect data on residents of the region.
There are two types of regional units:
a) Uniregional units that operate exclusively within one region and
b) Multiregional units that operate at the same time in many regions.
8. Among uniregional units are households, corporations whose local units are all located
in the same region, local and state governments, at least part of social security and many
NPIs serving households. Regarding households, similarly to the concept of residents in the
national economy, the centre of economic interest is the region where they live, not the
region where they work.
9. Since the production approach is the main and possibly the only approach to the
compilation of GRP, the focus of this chapter is on the definition and identification of resident
production units. However, the SNA2008 provides neither a definition of a regional
economy nor the standards for compiling GRP. In order to help compile gross regional
product (GDP), it is necessary to resolve the following issues:
a) What is a regional resident?
b) How ancillary units producing services for own consumption within an enterprise at
geographical locations other than that of the parent enterprise be treated?
c) How should one regionalize the production of a national corporation that operates at
many geographical regions even without an office?
III. THE CONCEPT OF REGIONAL RESIDENTS AND SUPRA-REGIONAL UNITS
10. Although the SNA2008 provides neither a definition of a regional economy nor the
standards for compiling GRP, it is possible to extend the concept of residents of the national
economy to the context of a regional economy. A resident of a regional economy must
have a centre of predominant economic interest in the economic territory of a region.
As long as it satisfies the definition mentioned above, a resident of a regional economy
needs not be in the territory of the region (an individual may work in one region but live in
another region). To have a centre of predominant economic interest in the economic
territory, a resident unit, be it a production unit or a consuming unit must engage and intend
to continue engaging, either indefinitely or for at least a year long period of time, in
economic activities and transactions on a significant scale.
3
5. Table 2. Comparison between residents of national and regional economy
National economy Regional economy
Residents of the national economy: must have a Residents of a regional economy: must have a
centre of predominant economic interest in the centre of predominant economic interest in the
national economy. economic territory of the region.
Extra-territorial organizations: Residents outside Residents of supra-regional territory: Residents
of national territory have the national economy as have only the national economy as the centre of
the predominant centre of economic interest. predominant economic interest; not tied to any
Multi-national enterprises: Even not having a particular region.
branch but have operating location or payment of Multi-establishment enterprises with registered
taxes to the country, a segment of it will be allocated local units:
to the country. • Local units in the region will be recognized
as establishments.
National industries that operate at many regions
(railroad, highway, electricity, …):
• Production will be allocated to the regions
11. One problem with a regional economy is that some production units have only the centre
of predominant economic interest in the nation as a whole. These units have no economic
ties with any regional economy, they are under the effective economic control of the national
government with respect to ownership, the right to operate and exploit, and the right to tax,
and royalty payment, etc.
Key features on centre of predominant economic interest defined by SNA2008 (para.4.10-4.14):
a) Effective economic control of a single government in terms of rights to use (land area, airspace,
territorial waters) and to exploit (fishing, fuels, minerals).
b) Government authority is reflected in registration, license, lease requirement, tax payment, royalty
payment.
c) Existence of a location, dwelling, place of production where production activity takes place for a finite
but significantly long period of time (1 year or over)
12. For the units that have no economic interest in any particular region, it is
recommended that they should be treated as supra-regional economies, which are
conceptually similar to the extra-territorial organisations in the national economy.
This means that they do not belong to any region and as a consequence, GDP of the
national economy is equal to GRP of all regions plus GRP of the supra-region.
Similarly to extra-territorial organisations they may employ some residents of some regions,
the payment of compensation of employees (COE) may be treated in the same manner as
COE from the rest of the world.
Table 3. Comparison between extra-territorial organizations and supra-regional units
Extra-territory/extra-territorial organizations Supra-regional territory/ supra-regional units
a) National air-space, territorial waters and the Similar categories (particularly 1 and 2) can be defined
continental shelf lying in international waters over for supra-regional territory, which include those that do
which the country enjoys exclusive rights; not attach to any particular region.
b) Territorial enclaves {i.e. geographic territories a) National air-space, territorial waters and the
situated in the rest of the world and used, under continental shelf lying in supra-regional territory
international treaties or agreements between over which only the national government enjoys
States, by general government agencies of the exclusive rights and authority;
country (embassies, consulates, military bases, b) Deposits of oil, natural gas etc. in over which
scientific bases etc.)}; the national government has exclusive rights
c) Deposits of oil, natural gas etc. in international and authorities, which may be worked by
waters, outside the continental shelf of the resident units of any region.
5
6. country, worked by resident units.
13. Examples of supra-regional units in a national economy may be an oil field owned by the
national government, off-shore national resources controlled by the national government. It
might be dams owned by the national economy to produce electricity for sale abroad, like
the case in Lao. These units are either outside the territory of any region or generate
minimum employment to the regional economy where they are located and that most of
value added is with the control of the national government. If the value added is allocated to
the region where supra-regional units operate, actual per-capita GRP of the region may be
completely distorted and if value added from these units is significant, rates of regional
economic growth are also distorted. It is possible to correct for the distortion by the income
concept instead of GRP concept, so that income flowing out of the regions will be deducted
and income following in will be added. However, this compilation of regional income may be
too demanding in terms of data requirement.
IV. TREATING ANCILLARY LOCAL UNITS AS ESTABLISHMENTS
14. The 2008 SNA still defines establishment, which is a basic production resident unit, as
“an enterprise, or part of an enterprise, that is situated in a single location and in which only a
single productive activity is carried out or in which the principal productive activity accounts for
most of the value added.” (SNA2008, para. 5.14).
15. However, in comparison to the SNA1993, the SNA2008 has changed the definition of an
establishment to such an extent that it is possible to define local units as establishments
even though these local units have no sale to other enterprises and provide mainly
supporting services to other units within the same enterprise but locating in other
geographical regions. This change in definition would allow for the collection of production
data of local units.
16. Local units, which produce for own use within the enterprises, are called by the SNA
ancillary units. These ancillary units that produce supporting services such as head office,
purchasing, sale, warehousing, accounting, cleaning, transportation, etc. will generally not
be considered establishments by the SNA as long as they and other establishments of the
enterprise operate within the same location. However, if the ancillary units operate outside
the geographical regions where other establishments of the enterprises operate, they should
be treated as establishments with output imputed by production costs. This exception is, for
the sake of compiling GRP, “if it is in a geographically different location from the
establishments it serves, it may be desirable and useful to consider it as a separate unit and allocate
it to the industrial classification corresponding to its principal activity.” (SNA2008, para.
5.38).
17. Ancillary establishments do not engage in production for the market and therefore have
no sales; their output must be indirectly measured at costs, which is the sum of intermediate
consumption, compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital and other taxes on
products. (The appendix will discuss on how to allocate their output that is supplied as
intermediate consumption to other establishments within the same enterprise. This issue
should be an important concern of statisticians responsible for data collection).
18. Thus, it is imperative that a new method of data collection be introduced such that local
ancillary units, when necessary, i.e. when they are located at the geographical regions
6
7. different from the regions where the enterprise is located, can be identified as
establishments and the data on their output can be collected.
V. TREATMENT OF NATIONAL CORPORATIONS
19. Many national corporations are multiregional in nature since they are operating in many
regions of the country. These corporations are different in nature from ancillary units
discussed previously, as its production of goods and services for sale occur in many regions
of the country. The following cases are typical in any economy:
a) A construction company which is headquartered in one location but has construction
projects or building sites in other regions;
b) A land transport corporation that has depots at different regions;
c) A pipeline that is exploited/utilized by many locations;
d) Rail and air transport companies that serve many locations;
e) A telecommunication corporation which is managed at one location but with
telephone line, telephone boxes and sets at many locations;
f) A Financial intermediation corporations (such as banks, financial corporations,
pension, insurance companies);
g) A postal service that serve all regions;
h) Activities of national government at the regional level.
20. The production of a multiregional corporation can be regionalized in line with the SNA
recommendation of treating multi-national corporations, i.e. output or value added should be
prorated according to an appropriate indicator. This is clearly a top-down approach.
A few enterprises operate as a seamless operation over more than one economic territory,
typically for cross-border activities such as airlines, shipping lines, hydroelectric schemes on
border rivers, pipelines, bridges, tunnels and undersea cables. If possible, separate branches
should be identified, but if the entity is run as a single operation with no separate accounts or
decision-making for each territory that it operates in, it is not possible to delineate branches. In
such cases, because of the central focus on data for each national economy, it is necessary to
split the operations between economies. The operations should be prorated according to an
appropriate enterprise-specific indicator of the proportions of operations in each territory. The
prorating treatment may also be adopted for enterprises in zones subject to joint administration
by two or more governments. (SNA2008, para. 26.35).
21. The following solutions may be applied to the cases mentioned in para. 20.
a) A construction company is headquartered in Value added when it is significant of the national
one location but has construction projects or corporation should be allocated to the region.
building sites in other regions. Employment or working hours may be used as
indicator. In the absence of information, gross capital
formation is allocated to the headquarter.
b) A land transport corporations has depots at Value added may be allocated by the cost of
different regions operations of the depots or share of employment there.
Gross capital formation includes what is expensed
there.
c) A pipeline is exploited/utilized by many Value added may be allocated by the share of uses at
locations the locations. Gross capital formation includes what is
expensed there. The rest of gross capital formation of
the corporation is allocated to the headquarter.
d) Rail and air transport companies that serve COE is allocated to the region where employment
many locations takes place. Other components of value added are
7
8. allocated by the share of employment of the company
at the location. Gross capital formation includes what
is expensed there. The rest of gross capital formation
of the corporation is allocated to the headquarter.
e) A communication corporation which is managed Value added is allocated only to the locations that
at one or a few locations, but with telephone manage it, not where the equipments are placed.
line, telephone boxes and sets at many Gross capital formation is similarly treated. Repair may
locations be allocated to where there exist sites that repair the
lines.
Allocation of fisim to industries may be allocated to a
region by the shares of total loans and total deposits in
the region. If these data are not available they may be
allocated by regional shares of COE in the financial
intermediation corporations.
f) Financial intermediation corporations (such as COE of financial intermediation should be allocated to
banks, financial corporations, pension, places where they are employed. Operating surplus
insurance companies). may be allocated by the share of total loans and
deposits of a region.
g) A postal service that serve all regions COE and gross capital formation are allocated to
places where they are employed. Operating surplus
may be allocated by the shares of volumes of mail.
h) Activities of national government at the regional COE and gross capital formation are allocated to
level places where they are employed.
VI. Treatment of informal activities
22. One of the most difficult areas in national accounting, particularly in developing
countries, is the measurement of the production activities of the household sector. Not only
that the sector needs to be measured exhaustively but also its rates of growth must be
measured properly. The latter cannot be compromised for the former; on the contrary the
latter may be more important when economic growth is the focus of an analysis. This is one
of the reasons why in most countries, a base year for which full information is available,
needs to be established (either for a number of activities or for the whole economy) and then
extrapolated by using the data that are collected quarterly or annually until a new base is
established to replace the old one. Even for countries where full information is collected
annually, it takes time to process the data before new information can be used; thus during
the interim information of the old base year continues to be used.
23. For production activities, two types of households can be distinguished. Households as
unincorporated enterprises with market production (HUEMs) and Households as
producers for own final consumption (NON-HUEMs).
24. Most households as producers for own final consumption involve in agricultural
production. In addition to agricultural output, there are some other incidental production for
own final use or for sale, whether in rural or urban areas, such as making clothes or
preserved food. These households are called NON-HUEMs. Agriculture output and value
added for the whole economy and by regions may be measured by cross-cutting methods
and data on land use. Incidental production may be small and can only be measured
through household income and expenditure survey or most of the time simply estimated by
equating supply and demand by commodity.
25. Households as unincorporated enterprises with market production (HUEMs) must
have entrepreneurial spirit in the sense that they try to pursue production for the
8
9. market on a regular basis. HUEMs do not include the unincorporated household units that
only have some incidental sales.
26. It is not the intention of this document to describe how the informal activities can be
measured. The ESCAP/ECSWA/ECLAC project with the participation of Mongolia, Sri
Lanka, Palestine, the Philippines, and Saint Lucia was one of an attempt to measure them
using the 1-2 survey method. Readers can consult the ESCAP and other documents on how
to measure HUEMs. 1 However, it may be summarized as follows:
a) Data on production of commercial farmers and households involving in
manufacturing and the service activities are collected for a given base-year in terms
of output, value added and employment (hours worked are preferred).
b) Employment statistics on informal activities are used to extrapolate value added
to current periods. Informal employment is derived as the difference between the
employment collected in the labour force survey and the employment collected
through enterprise survey. The labour force survey is the household based survey
which is supposed to capture all household employment. Enterprise survey captured
only employment in production units that are registered with the government and
have addressed at fixed location and therefore are subject to regular sampling
surveys.
c) In case there is a lack of regular surveys on the informal activities, data on very
small enterprises units can be used for approximation. At the base year for which
data on the informal activities are available, productivity adjustment ratios between
small enterprises and the informal units are derived. These ratios can be used for the
following periods until data on value added of the informal activities are available.
d) The informal activities must also be measured at the regional level if GRP is to
be compiled. Thus the sample used only for the household survey at the national
level must be designed to reflect the regional levels. This is a complicated and
expensive task for any national statistical office. In developing countries, value added
of the informal activities at the regional level particularly in poor regions may make
up a significant share of GRP (more than 50% is not unthinkable) therefore
appropriate methods need to be develop so that their contribution to GRPs can be
measured reliably over time.
Compilation methods: top-down versus bottom-up
27. Mixed method: As discussed in the previous paragraphs, the compilation of GRP
should rely as much as possible on the data that are collected on regional production units,
however, there are national units that operate across many regions and thus the allocation
of national data to regions using indicators is unavoidable. The compilation of GRP, as a
1
See Unified Data Collection Strategy for Measuring the Informal Sector and Informal Employment (UDCS-ISIE)
prepared by Pietro Gennari, Margarita F. Guerrero, Zeynep Orhun of the UNESCAP Statistics Division and Gulab
Singh of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), October 2008. See also the Vu Quang Viet report written
for ESCAP, Compilation of output and gross value added or Vu Quang Viet, GDP by production approach: A
general introduction with emphasis on an integrated economic data collection framework prepared for the China-
funded UNSD’s project Statistical Capacity Development in China and other Developing Countries in Asia.
9
10. consequence, has to rely on mixed compilation method that utilizes both the bottom-up and
top-down methods. For activities that are purely local, the bottom-up method assures that
the value added for these activities reflect the actual production of regional economy. This
would require statisticians to collect data on purely regional units. The top-down methods
applies only to the activities that operate across many regions on which regional data that
are available do not fully reflect their activities in the region. The mixed method is reflected
in Regional Accounts Methods (1995) prepared by the European Union Statistical Office
(EUROSTAT). The EU method does not discuss how current values are deflated and
whether regional price indexes or national price indexes should be used. New Zealand,
China, Indonesia, Vietnam use this method.
28. Pure top-down method: The pure top-down method is applied in a number of countries
(for example USA, Germany and the Netherlands), where national value added by industries
are allocated to regions on the basis of some indicators such as compensation of
employees (which already makes up at least 60% of actual GRP). The latter reflects better
productivity as more productive labour tends to earn more incomes and generate more
value added in the same line of industry. This method normally does not reflect fully
differences in productivity but avoids the problem of adding-up data from regions to the
national totals at both current and constant prices. However, it does not reflect fully actual
transactions.
Institutional arrangement: centralization versus decentralization
29. There is a choice with respect to the institution that is assigned the responsibility for
compiling GRP in a country. GRP can be compiled either by the national statistical office or
by regional statistical offices.
30. The reason for regional statistical offices to take up the role of compilation is the demand
of regional authorities for statistical information to serve their planning activities, particularly
in countries where the economic role of governments and state ownership of enterprises are
paramount. Given the data requirement, it is not possible for a regional government to
compile GRP on its own, as it does not have information on the activities of the national
corporations that would generate value added to the regions. As has been pointed out,
national industries may operate across many regions. Government institutions particularly
the military may operate in the regions over which regional authorities may not be able to
collect information. Given that regional statistical offices assume themselves the
responsibility to compile their own GRPs, it is necessary to set up a assistance/verification
mechanism, for example:
a) Value added of national industries are allocated by NSO and provided to regional
statistical offices.
b) Value added for each activity at regional levels should be sent upward to NSO for
adding-up checking and for the allocation of minor differences between the national
total and the sum of regional data.
c) Finally, regional statistical offices may provide quick and preliminary estimates
but the final GRP must be issued by NSO in order to assure quality and credibility of
statistical works in a country.
10
11. 31. In general, centralization approach, i.e. to have the national statistical office (NSO)
responsible for the GRP compilation is the best approach. There are many advantages of
doing so:
a) First, the concepts underlying data at the national level and regional levels, by
activity and at the aggregate level, can be easily made fully consistent;
b) Second, data at the regional levels are guaranteed to add up to the national totals.
Totalling up by activity is a requirement not only for GDP in current prices but also in
constant prices.
c) Third, data on national industries can be properly allocated to the regional
economies only by NSO given its knowledge on the national economies and its
capability for selecting and collecting of appropriate indicators for the purpose of
allocation (the top-down approach).
d) Fourth, the manpower devoted to GRP compilation will be greatly reduced.
Manpower at a regional statistical office required to compile GRP would be not much
less than that at the NSO level assuming a given level of quality is to be reached.
32. Given that GRP is compiled by provincial governments, NSO would need to provide to
each region the regionalized value added of the national corporations and activities.
This does not seem to be the best approach unless data on uniregional units are
collected with the same systematic and consistent sampling method that meets the need
of both national statistical system and provincial statistical system.
Deflation of GRP
33. It is unclear how countries deflate their GRP, whether regional price indexes are used or
national price indexes are used. EUROSTAT does not provide explicit recommendations
on the deflation of GRP. The US is however using national price indexes, which is not a
perfect solution, but provided that prices of a given commodity vary throughout the
country similarly or if different, the difference is negligible; then the use of national price
indexes is acceptable.
34. Conceptually, however, even the price of a given commodity varies similarly throughout
the country; price indexes at the more aggregate commodity level may vary greatly
depending on the weights and the price movement of each detailed commodity making
up the weights. For example, grain may be consisted of main stuffs such as rice and
wheat, and their prices may vary in opposite direction depending on the weather. Price
index of grain may greatly vary across regions depending on the composition of
produced grain output in each region.
35. Again if regional price indexes are used, the consistency and the problem of “adding-up
to the national totals” can be much easily solved at the NSO level.
GRP and regional income
36. GRP similar to GDP measures the income generated through production in a region. On
the one hand, this income is then transferred to the government as taxes and to owners
of factors of production (such owners of capital and labour) and to relatives in other
regions and abroad. On the other hand, households in the regions received transfers
11
12. from the government and relatives in other regions and abroad. It would be important to
measure regional household income. This would require the collection of data on
property income and current transfers receivable and payable. It may not be possible to
capture all data on transfers but major transfers when captured would provide important
information on net income and thus broad understanding of regional per capita income
and poverty.
12
13. APPENDIX ON REGIONAL STATISCIAL UNITS
1. To serve the purpose of compiling regional GRP, local units of corporations, even if they are
ancillary units that produce services for internal uses by units within the enterprise, should
be treated as establishments. Figure 1 shows the new treatment recommended in
SNA2008. Output of local units, for instance the headquarter unit, can be calculated by
costs. This output is then imputed as intermediate consumption of other establishments in
the enterprise by their shares of output or employment.
2. To properly collect production data for local ancillary units, data collectors must be able to
identify the enterprise and their off-spring establishments as well as ancillary establishments
that provide them with services. Since these services are not sold, but internally used, they
must be allocated by some indicators that use them. The most appropriate indicator is share
of value added, but if it is not available, share of output and employment can be used.
However the most important requirement for this process of allocation by data
collectors is that the link by a coding system between the enterprise and off-spring
establishments must be established. This linking system is required only if these
units are situated in different geographical locations for which GRP must be
compiled.
13
14. Figure 1. Establishments in corporations: a scheme of imputation
A given corporation that
has two establishments Old treatment New treatment
producing good for sale (all costs of (Distribution of headquarter
and a headquarter headquarter are output as Intermediate
providing services to their distributed to main consumption (IC) to all other
establishments without establishment (1) establishments)
charges (see below)
Headquarter Establishment 1 Headquarter
+ headquarter establishment
(3)
Establishment 1
Establishment 1
(Principal)
Establishment 2
Establishment 2 Establishment 2
Data Old treatment New treatment
Establ. 1 Establ. 2 Headquarter Establ. 1 Establ. 2 Establ. 1 Establ. 2 HQ est. 3
Output: 200 Output: 100 No sale/revenues Output: 200 Output: 100 Output: 200 Output: 100 Imputed output:45
IC: 100 IC: 30 IC: 30 IC: 100 + 30 IC: 30 IC: 100+30 IC: 30+15 IC: 30
VA = 100 VA = 70 VA: 15 VA = 70 VA = 70 VA = 70 VA = 55 VA= 15
GDP = 140 GDP = 140 (same as old treatment)
With 3 establishments in 3 locations
14