This study assessed the effect of tax reforms on productivity in Nigeria over the period of 1992 to 2019. It examined the impact of value added tax (VAT) and company income tax (CIT) on GDP per capita as a measure of productivity. The study employed descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis to analyze the time series data obtained from various sources. The study found that VAT and CIT had a substantial negative influence on GDP per capita in Nigeria, whereas petroleum profit tax had a significant positive effect. It was recommended that the government should diversify the economy to increase the overall tax revenue base and promote more development.
Impact of Taxes on Revenue Generation in Nigeria (A Study of Federal Government)ijtsrd
This paper investigated the effect of taxes on revenue generation in Nigeria from 1981 to 2016, a period of thirty five 35 years and the data for the analysis were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria's CBN, 2016 Statistical Bulletin. The variables used include total federally collected revenue as a proxy for revenue generation, labour, gross capital formation, company income tax, petroleum profit tax, personal income tax, value added tax, custom and excise tax, direct tax and indirect tax. Fully modified ordinary least squares method FMOLS was employed to determine the direction and the magnitude of impacts. Based on the effect of direct tax on revenue generation in Nigeria, both company income tax and personal income tax boost revenue generation in Nigeria while petroleum profit tax discourage revenue generation in Nigeria. Also, model on the effect of indirect tax on revenue generation showed that the two variables used as indirect tax variable value added tax and custom and excise tax have positive and significant effect on revenue generation in Nigeria. Lastly, the researchers found out that the estimated result on the effect of direct and indirect tax on revenue generation in Nigeria showed that indirect tax lead to revenue generation in Nigeria while direct tax does not and this is so because most people pay indirect tax in Nigeria than direct tax. Also, tax evasion and avoidance are very minimal in indirect tax and this lead to more revenue which encourage economic growth in Nigeria. The researchers recommended that it is important that efficient and effective tax policy be implemented to ensure that enough revenue is generated for growth purposes like strict penalties should be meted to people who avoid and evade tax payments. Government should base her taxes on indirect tax because this will not create any burden on the citizen and in this way, it will lead to growth. Olaleye John Olatunde | Salome Olabimpe Ajayi "Impact of Taxes on Revenue Generation in Nigeria (A Study of Federal Government)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29514.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/29514/impact-of-taxes-on-revenue-generation-in-nigeria-a-study-of-federal-government/olaleye-john-olatunde
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study used error correction model (ECM) to analyse the causality between Value Added Tax (VAT) and the Nigerian Economy proxied by GDP during the period 1994-2015. The data such as VAT and GDP were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and Federal Inland Revenue Services (FIRS). The results of the findings revealed that VAT exerts positive and significant influence on GDP while there was evidence of unidirectional causality running from VAT to GDP. Therefore, the researchers recommend that in order to enhance economic growth of Nigeria through VAT revenue, there is need to plug all the lapses identified in tax administration and educate the tax administrators as well as the entire populace on the relevant of VAT revenue to the economy.
Impact of Taxes on Revenue Generation in Nigeria (A Study of Federal Government)ijtsrd
This paper investigated the effect of taxes on revenue generation in Nigeria from 1981 to 2016, a period of thirty five 35 years and the data for the analysis were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria's CBN, 2016 Statistical Bulletin. The variables used include total federally collected revenue as a proxy for revenue generation, labour, gross capital formation, company income tax, petroleum profit tax, personal income tax, value added tax, custom and excise tax, direct tax and indirect tax. Fully modified ordinary least squares method FMOLS was employed to determine the direction and the magnitude of impacts. Based on the effect of direct tax on revenue generation in Nigeria, both company income tax and personal income tax boost revenue generation in Nigeria while petroleum profit tax discourage revenue generation in Nigeria. Also, model on the effect of indirect tax on revenue generation showed that the two variables used as indirect tax variable value added tax and custom and excise tax have positive and significant effect on revenue generation in Nigeria. Lastly, the researchers found out that the estimated result on the effect of direct and indirect tax on revenue generation in Nigeria showed that indirect tax lead to revenue generation in Nigeria while direct tax does not and this is so because most people pay indirect tax in Nigeria than direct tax. Also, tax evasion and avoidance are very minimal in indirect tax and this lead to more revenue which encourage economic growth in Nigeria. The researchers recommended that it is important that efficient and effective tax policy be implemented to ensure that enough revenue is generated for growth purposes like strict penalties should be meted to people who avoid and evade tax payments. Government should base her taxes on indirect tax because this will not create any burden on the citizen and in this way, it will lead to growth. Olaleye John Olatunde | Salome Olabimpe Ajayi "Impact of Taxes on Revenue Generation in Nigeria (A Study of Federal Government)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29514.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/29514/impact-of-taxes-on-revenue-generation-in-nigeria-a-study-of-federal-government/olaleye-john-olatunde
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study used error correction model (ECM) to analyse the causality between Value Added Tax (VAT) and the Nigerian Economy proxied by GDP during the period 1994-2015. The data such as VAT and GDP were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and Federal Inland Revenue Services (FIRS). The results of the findings revealed that VAT exerts positive and significant influence on GDP while there was evidence of unidirectional causality running from VAT to GDP. Therefore, the researchers recommend that in order to enhance economic growth of Nigeria through VAT revenue, there is need to plug all the lapses identified in tax administration and educate the tax administrators as well as the entire populace on the relevant of VAT revenue to the economy.
This presentation says about concepts and methods to measure National income, Estimation of national income pre and post independence and trends over years
TAX REFORM FOR DEVELOPING VIABLE AND SUSTAINABLE TAX SYSTEMS IN INDIA WITH SP...IAEME Publication
Most developing countries continue to face severe issues in developing adequate and quick to
respond tax systems. While each of these paths to reform is necessary, in the end what 50 years of
experience tells us is that improving the precision and understanding with which fiscal issues both
within and outside government, is the really essential ingredient to developing viable and
sustainable tax systems in developing countries like India. Indian taxation system has undergone
remarkable reforms during the last decade. The tax rates have been rationalized and tax laws have
been simplified resulting in better compliance, ease of tax payment and better enforcement. The
process of validation of tax administration is ongoing in India.
Another key objective of tax reform measures has been to increase total tax to GDP ratio as a
means of achieving fiscal consolidation and improving resource allocation. GST, easier tax filing
methodology and simpler tax structures – Government of India is working to enhance the
government's revenue collection, at the same time ensuring that cumbersome taxes do not deter
investors. This paper review the three principal ways in which developing countries like India may
develop and progress their taxation systems - base-broadening, rate reduction, and administrative
improvement - in the context of the political economy of tax reform.
Position paper domestic revenue mobilizationSalia Adamu
This paper is targets the Government revenue authorities and finding innovative ways of raising revenue through the informal sector workers. All the revenue agencies are intensifying more revenue collection through old tax collection methods. This is done usually through the easy ways of PAYE, VAT and corporate taxes collection. The informal sector worker which account for 70% of the workforce are the least targeted for taxation. In view of growing public expenditure and reduction in annual budgetary support from development partners, there is the need to intensify domestic revenue generation through innovative strategies and capturing more informal sector workers.
Implications of Tax Reforms in Indirect Tax Collections of the Government of ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the implications of tax reforms after the economic liberalization in 1991 with respect to collection of indirect tax revenue of the Government of India during the last two decades (2000-20). The composition of indirect tax revenue of the Government has undergone a drastic change during the last two decades. Post implementation of the GST Act, the levy of Central Excise has been restricted to petroleum and tobacco products and GST has evolved as the major contributor to the indirect tax revenue collections followed by the Customs Duty. Comparative analysis of indirect tax collections of the Central Government with respect to its growth, share in gross tax revenue, percentage of GDP and composition has been done for the period from 2000-01 to 2019-20. The current study has revealed the growth rate of indirect taxes has not only been uneven but also declined during the year 2001-02, 2008-09 and 2009-10. The share of indirect tax in the gross tax revenue has also gradually declined from 63% in 2000-01 to 46% in 2019-20%. The indirect tax-GDP ratio has remained stagnant in the range of 3.5 to 5.5 % during the last two decades.
It is now time for all members of Congress — Democrat, Republican and Independent — to support pro-American tax reform. It’s time for Congress to provide a level playing field for our workers, to bring American companies back home, to attract new companies and businesses to our country, and to put more money into the pockets of everyday hardworking people. Go to www.passtaxreform.org to learn more.
Economics Class 12 CBSE project on GST (Goods and Services Tax)Harjinder Singh
This is a Class 12 Economics Project as per the guidelines 2019-20, CBSE.
Unit: Macroeconomics
Topic: GST (Goods and Services Tax)
▽ Check out my other projects
▽ Accountancy
• Comprehensive Project - 1: https://youtu.be/4y6LY6__yeA
• Analysis of Cash Flow Statement: https://youtu.be/HCa-HBkpHmQ
▽ Business Studies
• Changes in the import and export patterns: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKHgT...
• Changing role of women: https://youtu.be/lvcn-VQgUG8
• MARKETING MANAGEMENT
◦ Beverages: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJxwn...
◦ Mobile: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUq6H...
◦ Sarees: https://youtu.be/s2erj6tkLHw
◦ Toothpaste: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZll_...
• Principles of Management: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzuZ2...
▽ Economics
• Demonetization in India: https://youtu.be/ksnIU6ewifE
• Government Budget & Its Components: https://youtu.be/Uc9EKqBOXAA
Effect of Indirect Taxation on Economic Development of Nigeriaijtsrd
This study examined the effect of indirect taxation on economic development of Nigeria. The specific objectives were to evaluate the effect of petroleum profit tax on the real gross domestic product of Nigeria, examine the impact of company income tax on the gross domestic product of Nigeria and determine the impact of value added tax on the real gross domestic product of Nigeria. The study adopted ex post facto research design. The study made use of secondary data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins for the relevant years. The hypotheses were tested using granger causality statistical tool. The following findings were made for this study Petroleum profit tax has no significant effect on the gross domestic product of Nigeria. Company income tax has significant effect on the gross domestic product of Nigeria and value added tax have significant effect on the gross domestic product of Nigeria. The study concluded that about 96 changes in the dependent variable are explained by the independent variable. The study recommends that Government should make available more non interest loans available to farmers as a way of diversifying the economy from its over dependency in the oil sector, and that strict penalties should be meted to people who avoid and evade tax payments in order to minimize the incidence of tax evasion and tax avoidance. Ezu, Gideon Kasie | Jeff-Anyeneh Sarah. E. "Effect of Indirect Taxation on Economic Development of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47781.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/47781/effect-of-indirect-taxation-on-economic-development-of-nigeria/ezu-gideon-kasie
Effect of Custom and Excise Duties on Infant Mortality in Nigeriaijtsrd
This study examined the effect of custom and excise duties on infant mortality rate in Nigeria from 2004 2021. The study adopted Ex post Facto research design. Data were extracted from CBN statistical Bulletin. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data and the hypothesis was tested with regression analysis via E View 9.0 statistical software. The study indicates that custom and excise duties have a negative but significant effect on infant mortality rate in Nigeria. As a result, the report advised that institutional reforms be implemented at the Department of Customs in order to plug manifest leakages. Tax officials tax collection mechanisms must be free of corruption and embezzlement. If this is not done, the revenue collected may fall short of the target. Oranefo, Patricia C. "Effect of Custom and Excise Duties on Infant Mortality in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51941.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/51941/effect-of-custom-and-excise-duties-on-infant-mortality-in-nigeria/oranefo-patricia-c
This presentation says about concepts and methods to measure National income, Estimation of national income pre and post independence and trends over years
TAX REFORM FOR DEVELOPING VIABLE AND SUSTAINABLE TAX SYSTEMS IN INDIA WITH SP...IAEME Publication
Most developing countries continue to face severe issues in developing adequate and quick to
respond tax systems. While each of these paths to reform is necessary, in the end what 50 years of
experience tells us is that improving the precision and understanding with which fiscal issues both
within and outside government, is the really essential ingredient to developing viable and
sustainable tax systems in developing countries like India. Indian taxation system has undergone
remarkable reforms during the last decade. The tax rates have been rationalized and tax laws have
been simplified resulting in better compliance, ease of tax payment and better enforcement. The
process of validation of tax administration is ongoing in India.
Another key objective of tax reform measures has been to increase total tax to GDP ratio as a
means of achieving fiscal consolidation and improving resource allocation. GST, easier tax filing
methodology and simpler tax structures – Government of India is working to enhance the
government's revenue collection, at the same time ensuring that cumbersome taxes do not deter
investors. This paper review the three principal ways in which developing countries like India may
develop and progress their taxation systems - base-broadening, rate reduction, and administrative
improvement - in the context of the political economy of tax reform.
Position paper domestic revenue mobilizationSalia Adamu
This paper is targets the Government revenue authorities and finding innovative ways of raising revenue through the informal sector workers. All the revenue agencies are intensifying more revenue collection through old tax collection methods. This is done usually through the easy ways of PAYE, VAT and corporate taxes collection. The informal sector worker which account for 70% of the workforce are the least targeted for taxation. In view of growing public expenditure and reduction in annual budgetary support from development partners, there is the need to intensify domestic revenue generation through innovative strategies and capturing more informal sector workers.
Implications of Tax Reforms in Indirect Tax Collections of the Government of ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the implications of tax reforms after the economic liberalization in 1991 with respect to collection of indirect tax revenue of the Government of India during the last two decades (2000-20). The composition of indirect tax revenue of the Government has undergone a drastic change during the last two decades. Post implementation of the GST Act, the levy of Central Excise has been restricted to petroleum and tobacco products and GST has evolved as the major contributor to the indirect tax revenue collections followed by the Customs Duty. Comparative analysis of indirect tax collections of the Central Government with respect to its growth, share in gross tax revenue, percentage of GDP and composition has been done for the period from 2000-01 to 2019-20. The current study has revealed the growth rate of indirect taxes has not only been uneven but also declined during the year 2001-02, 2008-09 and 2009-10. The share of indirect tax in the gross tax revenue has also gradually declined from 63% in 2000-01 to 46% in 2019-20%. The indirect tax-GDP ratio has remained stagnant in the range of 3.5 to 5.5 % during the last two decades.
It is now time for all members of Congress — Democrat, Republican and Independent — to support pro-American tax reform. It’s time for Congress to provide a level playing field for our workers, to bring American companies back home, to attract new companies and businesses to our country, and to put more money into the pockets of everyday hardworking people. Go to www.passtaxreform.org to learn more.
Economics Class 12 CBSE project on GST (Goods and Services Tax)Harjinder Singh
This is a Class 12 Economics Project as per the guidelines 2019-20, CBSE.
Unit: Macroeconomics
Topic: GST (Goods and Services Tax)
▽ Check out my other projects
▽ Accountancy
• Comprehensive Project - 1: https://youtu.be/4y6LY6__yeA
• Analysis of Cash Flow Statement: https://youtu.be/HCa-HBkpHmQ
▽ Business Studies
• Changes in the import and export patterns: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKHgT...
• Changing role of women: https://youtu.be/lvcn-VQgUG8
• MARKETING MANAGEMENT
◦ Beverages: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJxwn...
◦ Mobile: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUq6H...
◦ Sarees: https://youtu.be/s2erj6tkLHw
◦ Toothpaste: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZll_...
• Principles of Management: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzuZ2...
▽ Economics
• Demonetization in India: https://youtu.be/ksnIU6ewifE
• Government Budget & Its Components: https://youtu.be/Uc9EKqBOXAA
Effect of Indirect Taxation on Economic Development of Nigeriaijtsrd
This study examined the effect of indirect taxation on economic development of Nigeria. The specific objectives were to evaluate the effect of petroleum profit tax on the real gross domestic product of Nigeria, examine the impact of company income tax on the gross domestic product of Nigeria and determine the impact of value added tax on the real gross domestic product of Nigeria. The study adopted ex post facto research design. The study made use of secondary data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletins for the relevant years. The hypotheses were tested using granger causality statistical tool. The following findings were made for this study Petroleum profit tax has no significant effect on the gross domestic product of Nigeria. Company income tax has significant effect on the gross domestic product of Nigeria and value added tax have significant effect on the gross domestic product of Nigeria. The study concluded that about 96 changes in the dependent variable are explained by the independent variable. The study recommends that Government should make available more non interest loans available to farmers as a way of diversifying the economy from its over dependency in the oil sector, and that strict penalties should be meted to people who avoid and evade tax payments in order to minimize the incidence of tax evasion and tax avoidance. Ezu, Gideon Kasie | Jeff-Anyeneh Sarah. E. "Effect of Indirect Taxation on Economic Development of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47781.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/47781/effect-of-indirect-taxation-on-economic-development-of-nigeria/ezu-gideon-kasie
Effect of Custom and Excise Duties on Infant Mortality in Nigeriaijtsrd
This study examined the effect of custom and excise duties on infant mortality rate in Nigeria from 2004 2021. The study adopted Ex post Facto research design. Data were extracted from CBN statistical Bulletin. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data and the hypothesis was tested with regression analysis via E View 9.0 statistical software. The study indicates that custom and excise duties have a negative but significant effect on infant mortality rate in Nigeria. As a result, the report advised that institutional reforms be implemented at the Department of Customs in order to plug manifest leakages. Tax officials tax collection mechanisms must be free of corruption and embezzlement. If this is not done, the revenue collected may fall short of the target. Oranefo, Patricia C. "Effect of Custom and Excise Duties on Infant Mortality in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51941.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/51941/effect-of-custom-and-excise-duties-on-infant-mortality-in-nigeria/oranefo-patricia-c
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This study examined the impact of tax reforms on the liquidity of Nigerian stock market. Secondary data were used for this study. The relevant data were sourced from Securities and Exchange Commission Statistics and Federal Inland Revenue Service Statistics Report between 1982 and 2021. Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) Model comprising Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Variance Decomposition (VD) was used to analyze the determinants and the liquidity of the stock market. The results of the VAR Model showed that the stock market liquidity (proxied by turnover ratio) significantly responded to changes in the movement of the tax reform indicators and positive both in the short and long run. This study concluded that a positive relationship exists between tax reforms and stock market liquidity. It was recommended that the regulatory body of tax administration must intensify efforts to mitigate the impacts of the global financial crisis on the Nigerian Exchange Group.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
The impact of tax administration(fod)projectjames segun
in many nation which have being having problem in financing there development, who have fail in their tax administration which have reduce their national revenue.
The impact of tax administration(fod)projectjames segun
in many nation which have being having problem in financing there development, who have fail in their tax administration which have reduce their national revenue.
Taxation: The Instrument of Economic Growth in NigeriaAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The provision of basic infrastructures are very important to the economic development of a
nation. The extent to which the government is able to provide these amenities is determined by the number of
resources at the government's disposal. The inability of the government to provide these basic amenities have
led to the winding up and relocation of many multinational companies operating in Nigeria to other African
countries. As a result, this study investigated the effects of corporate income tax (CIT) and customs and excise
duty (CED) on economic growth. The study used a descriptive research design, and data from 1971 to 2020
were gathered from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and Federal Inland Revenue Service
(FIRS) publicationThe study concluded that the provision of basic infrastructures will boost the economy and
will drive individual taxpayers towards a positive response to tax payments. This will increase the level of tax
compliance and result in additional revenue for the government.This study recommended that the government
should make developmental projects their top agenda item as the availability of infrastructural facilities is a
necessary condition for investment that will grow the economy.
KEYWORDS: Company Income Tax, Custom and Excise Duty, Economic Growth, Gross Domestic Product,
Taxation
The Relationship between Tax Avoidance Strategies and Economic Growth in Nigeriaijtsrd
This study investigated the relationship between tax avoidance strategies and economic growth in Nigeria, a sample of selected respondents was drawn using the convenience sampling within Nigeria. To achieve this, the sample consisted two groups, the tax payers and the tax officials, while tax payers included managers, CFOs and employees of private sector, the tax officials were selected from the Federal Inland Revenue Service FIRS . Descriptive analyses technique was employed to rank the selected tax avoidance strategies based on the responses obtained from each group while the multiple regression estimation technique was used to determine how each strategy affects economic growth in Nigeria. The descriptive analysis revealed that profit shifting to tax havens and transfer pricing strategies have significant inverse relationship with economic growth in Nigeria. We therefore recommended the need for a critical review of the Nigerian tax laws to take care of loopholes in the tax laws, and the contribution of other professionals such as accountancy firms and public tax officials should also be checked by the government by breaking the monopolistic tendency of these accountancy firms and ensuring that public tax authority is well funded. Dr. Sunday Zibaghafa | Dr. Odogu Laime I. "The Relationship between Tax Avoidance Strategies and Economic Growth in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60019.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/60019/the-relationship-between-tax-avoidance-strategies-and-economic-growth-in-nigeria/dr-sunday-zibaghafa
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
The Long Run Effect of Interest Rate and Money Supply on Petroleum Profit Tax...iosrjce
The study empirically examined the effect of interest rate and money supply on petroleum profit tax
(PET) in Nigeria. The study employed annual time series data from 1980 to 2013 collected from various issues
of Central Bank of Nigeria’s Statistical Bulletin. An Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) Model was adopted in
the analyses of the interaction among interest rate and money supply on petroleum profit tax. The granger
causality pairwise test was also conducted in determining the causal relationship among the variables. The
empirical results showed that, there was unidirectional causality between money supply and PET, money supply
has positive effect on PET in the short run but negative effect in the long run with (t=-1.35 , P<0.05)>0.05) respectively.
Analysis of Firm Attributes and Tax Aggressiveness of Quoted Commercial Banks...ijtsrd
The study examined the influence of firm attributes on tax aggressiveness of quoted Commercial Banks in Nigeria. It specifically evaluated how firm profitability, leverage, relate with tax aggressiveness in Nigerian banks. The study employed Ex Post Facto research design. The sample size consist of an equal sample of the 13 listed Commercial Banks firms quoted on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Secondary data was used for the study as extracted from the annual reports and financial statements of the selected banks for a nine year period of 2012 2020. The panel data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, correlation and panel data regression technique which was dually estimated to capture the samples. The outcome of the Nigerian model showed that while profitability has significant positive relationships with tax aggressiveness, while firm leverage has insignificant positive relationships with tax aggressiveness. The study recommends, among others, that Considering that highly profitable firms were highly tax aggressive as shown in the Nigerian model, management should ensure that they install strong corporate governance mechanisms in order to guarantee that the intended gains from tax avoidance activities are not opportunistically misused by the managers. Gina, Oghogho Olufemi | Ogbodo, Okenwa Cy | Nwanna, Ifeanyi "Analysis of Firm Attributes and Tax Aggressiveness of Quoted Commercial Banks in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47881.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/47881/analysis-of-firm-attributes-and-tax-aggressiveness-of-quoted-commercial-banks-in-nigeria/gina-oghogho-olufemi
This study examined the nexus between national information technology development levy and
financial performance of telecommunication companies in Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated and
statistically tested at 5 per cent level of significance. Four (4) quoted telecommunication companies constituted
the sample size of this study between 2010 and 2021. Ex-Post facto research design was adopted while
secondary data were extracted from the annual reports and accounts of the sampled companies and were
analysed using E-Views 10 statistical software
Effect of Adoption of Taxpro Max on Firs Tax Remittance in Nigeriaijtsrd
Background TaxPro Max was instituted by the Federal Inland Revenue Service FIRS , as part of its efforts to modernize tax administration, tax management solution and facilitate tax compliance in Nigeria. Aim This study was carried out to examine the effect of adoption of TaxPro Max on FIRS tax remittance in Nigeria. In order to determine the relationship between TaxPro Max and FIRS tax remittance, the study proxy TaxPro Max using online taxes and online returns filing. Materials and Methods The study adopted a Survey Design and data were collected using questionnaire survey administered to the staff of Federal Inland Revenue Service FIRS . Out of 90 copies of questionnaire administered to FIRS both at Awka and Onitsha respectively, 80 copies of questionnaire were retrieved and were used in the data analysis for the study. Results Using Friedman’s ANOVA, the findings of the study indicate a positive and significant relationship between TaxPro Max for online taxes, TaxPro Max for online returns filing and tax remittance by FIRS at 1 and 5 significant level respectively. Conclusion Thus, the study concludes that the adoption of TaxPro Max enhances internally generated revenue and tax remittance by FIRS. Recommendation Hence, the study recommended the need for the adoption of TaxPro Max which could enhance the revenue generation and tax remittance other than the former manual collection where most of the collected taxes and levies are not remitted to the government. Obiora Fabian | Sunday David "Effect of Adoption of Taxpro-Max on Firs Tax Remittance in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd48006.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/48006/effect-of-adoption-of-taxpromax-on-firs-tax-remittance-in-nigeria/obiora-fabian
Determinants of Tax Compliances among SMEs in Mwanza RegionAI Publications
This study was conducted to analyze determinants of Tax Compliances among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Mwanza region: A case study was at Buswelu ward in Ilemela district. The specific objectives were to assess the impact of taxpayers’ attitude on tax compliance, to assess the effect of tax education, the effect of tax rate and the effect of tax penalties on tax compliance. The study employed quantitative research approach, the study targets Small and Medium Enterprises (SMES) taxpayers, sample size was 175 among populace size 322 who were selected random at Buswelu ward. Data collected through questionnaires and analyzed through SPPS system version 20 were used in the analysis of the data collected. The study finding shows that tax payers perceived that there is no fairness in tax estimation and they do not trust that their tax contributions are used properly by the government. Also finding shows that tax education provides awareness to tax payers on the importance of paying tax, provides information to tax payers about guidelines and laws related to tax payments and services results into higher compliance levels, thus more of funds through revenue collection. This study concludes that tax payer’s attitude, tax education and tax rate are the significant predictors of tax compliance. Tax compliance can be improved if tax payers have positive attitude towards paying tax; perceptions that there is fairness in tax administration, The study recommends that the government should ensure equity in government spending, to ensure fairness in tax rate estimation, to ensure transparency and overcome the problem of corruptions and misuse of fund, also the study emphasized in provide education to tax payers through different means through trainings, seminars, workshops and programs through radio, television and social media, because it increases awareness of tax payers on tax payments. This brought trust to the government which in turn contributed in creating positive attitude of taxpayers to comply with tax filing, reporting and payments.
Similar to Effect of Tax Reforms on Corporate on Nigerian Economic Development (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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development needs and funding of the desires
(Federal Inland Revenue Handbook, 2012).
Instructively, some of the reforms that have been
embarked upon by the Nigerian authorities in view
that the inauguration of Nigeria‘s tax system
according to Peci (2018) include, the introduction of
earnings tax in Nigeria between 1904 and 1926, (ii)
granting of autonomy to Nigeria inland income in
1945, the Raisman Fiscal Commission of 1957, (iv)
The creation of the Inland Revenue Board in 1958,
the promulgation of the Petroleum Profit Tax
Ordinance No.15 of 1959, the issuance of the Income
Tax Management Act of 1961, and the promulgation
of the Companies Income Tax Act of 1979, and (viii)
Tax Policy and Administration Reforms Amendment
2001 and 2004. The tax reform of the 90s was
preceded via the inauguration of two find out about
groups. One learn about group examined the direct
tax regime, whilst the 2d examined oblique tax. A
essential consequence of the 2d study crew was the
introduction of value introduced tax (VAT) in the 12
months 1993. VAT marked a shift from tax on
overseas exchange related things to do to
consumption- primarily based tax (Oriakhi & Rolle,
2014). Prior to this, the share of central, kingdom and
neighborhood government of VAT was once 20%,
50% and 30% respectively (Ogbonna & Ebimobowei,
2012). However, by the year 1995, the sharing
components used to be revised in favour of central
authorities for this reason (Central government, 35%;
State government, 40% and Local government 25%).
Agitations from sub-national government provoked
every other revision of VAT, so that presently the
sharing method for Central, State and Local
governments is respectively, 15%, 50% and 25%
(Oriakhi & Rolle, 2014). The tax reform of 2004 was
the consequence of tips made by using the study crew
(2002). This tax reform used to be section of the
National Economic Empowerment and Development
Strategies (NEEDs). Essentially, the find out about
crew recommended that Nigeria needed a
countrywide tax coverage that will be principally
directed closer to national development. On April 7,
2012 the countrywide tax policy record was launched
via President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan.
Most common instance is the (aggregate) labour
productiveness measure, e.g., such as GDP per
worker (Sickles & Zelenyuk, 2019). Productivity is a
fundamental element in production performance of
corporations and nations. Increasing national
productiveness can increase dwelling standards due to
the fact greater actual profits improves people's
capacity to purchase goods and services, enjoy
leisure, improve housing and training and make
contributions to social and environmental programs.
Productivity boom can also help businesses to be
more profitable (Zelenyuk, 2018). Productivityboom
is a essential supply of increase in living standards.
Productivity boom skill greater cost is introduced in
manufacturing and this means extra income is
reachable to be distributed. The introduction of
productive jobs is the key to financial growth, social
development and enhancements in residing standards.
The riding factor behind the fast boom in productivity
in the Western world has been the symbiotic
aggregate of investment in human and physical
capital and technological progress, which has pushed
per capita income for the giant majority of the
populations in these economies a long way past
subsistence ranges (World Bank, 2017a). Hence, the
want to empirically take a look at the effect of tax
reforms on productiveness in Nigeria.
Tax reform in developing countries involves broad
issues of economic policy as well as specific
problems of tax structure design and administration
(Desislava, 2017). First, there are the central
problems of revenue requirements and how to fit the
revenue structure into development policy. This area
of concern includes the impact of alternative taxes on
saving and investment and their implications for the
macro balance (domestic and foreign) of the
economy. Second, there is the important goal of
securing a fair distribution of the tax burden. Among
the more specific tax issues, attention needs to be
given to the composition of the tax structure as well
as to the design of its major components. The trouble
is not without a doubt to decide what would be
applicable but also to determine what is
administratively workable and inside the ballpark of
political feasibility. A common function of the tax
constructions in most creating countries is that they
are complex (difficult to administer and comply
with), inelastic (non-responsive to boom and
discretionary coverage measures), inefficient (raise
little revenue but introduce serious economic
distortions), inequitable (treat people and groups in
comparable circumstances differently), and unfair
(tax administration and enforcement are selective and
skewed in favour of those with the assets to defeat the
system) (Eze, 2020).
In Nigeria, tax administration has been encumbered
by way of numerous factors ranging from insufficient
and unreliable data, paucity of administrative
capacity, scarcity of expert manpower, corrupt tax
officials, high incidence of tax avoidance and
evasion, complicated tax codes and the hydra-headed
monster of multiple taxations (Herbert, Nwaorgu &
Nwaiwu, 2017). Nigerian authorities have embarked
on various tax reforms, since the 12 months 1991.
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Prior to tax reforms, tax administration reflected
inefficiencies, characterized by means of deficiencies
in the tax administration and collection system,
complex legislations and apathy on the phase of those
backyard the tax nets. The divergence of theoretical
views on the link between tax reforms and
productiveness is manifested in empirical literature.
(Feng & Eko, 2014; Saima, Tariq, Muhammad, Sofia
& Amir, 2014; Asaolu, Olabisi, Akinbode &Alebiosu,
2018) reported negative relationship between tax
reforms and economic growth. While Adeyemi &
Disu, 2018; Yahaya & Bakare 2018; Okeke, Mbonu
&Amahalu, 2018; Omondi, 2019) documented that
effect on of tax reforms have a positive effect on
economic growth. These conflicting empirical
outcomes can also be defined by means of differences
in goal populations with admire to country, sector,
company and economic periods, this thereby created a
growing gap in literature that this study is tried to
address. Addressing the gap in literature, the
structured variable of this study would be focused on
productiveness (variable gap), as prior research
targeted on economic boom or development. This
study examined the effect of Tax Reforms on
Productivity of Nigeria. The specific objectives were
to:
1. Determined the significant effect of the Value
Added Tax on Nigeria's GDP per capita.
2. Ascertained the significant effect of corporate
income tax on Nigeria's GDP per capita.
Review of Related Literature
Tax Reform
Tax reform is the process of modifying how the
government collects and manages taxes, with the goal
of improving tax administration or providing
economic or social advantages. (Institute of
Development Studies (2020).
Tax reform is commonly undertaken to improve the
efficiency of tax administration and to maximize the
financial and social advantages that can be executed
thru the tax system. Tax can be described as a
economic charge or different levy imposed upon a
taxpayer (an character or legal entity) by means of a
state, or the useful equivalent of a country (Granger,
2013). Taxes can include direct taxes on profits and
wealth (e.g. personal and corporate earnings taxes,
property tax), and indirect taxes on consumption (e.g.
Value Added Tax (VAT), excise duties). (Granger,
2013). Tax reform can decrease tax evasion and
avoidance, and enable for greater environment
friendly and truthful tax collection that can finance
public items and services. It can make income stages
extra sustainable, and promote future independence
from overseas resource and herbal aid revenues
(Fjeldstad, 2014). It can enhance monetary increase
(Mascagni, Moore & McCluskey, 2014). Akitoby,
(2018) address issues of inequality through
redistribution and behaviour alternate.
A value-added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax placed
on a product whenever value is added at each stage of
the supply chain, from production to the point of sale.
The amount of VAT that the user will pay is on the
fee of the product, much less any of the charges of
substances used in the product that have already been
taxed. VAT is surely a regressive tax that places an
multiplied financial pressure on lower-income
taxpayers, and also adds bureaucratic burdens for
businesses. Value-added taxation is based on a
taxpayer's consumption as a substitute than their
income. In distinction to a progressive income tax,
which levies larger taxes on higher-level earners,
VAT applies equally to each buy (Kagan, 2019). A
value-added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax levied
on products at each point of sale where price has been
added, beginning from uncooked materials and going
all the way to final retail purchase. Ultimately, the
purchaser can pay the VAT; buyers at until now
degrees of manufacturing receive reimbursements for
the preceding VAT they've paid. Value Added Tax
(VAT) in Nigeria is a consumption tax that used to be
instated with the aid of the Value Added Tax Act of
1993. It is a Federal Tax which is managed by using
the Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS). VAT is
charged on most items and services affords in Nigeria
and additionally on goods imported into Nigeria.
Businesses add VAT to the income price of the goods
or services they provide in Nigeria. Some VAT paid
by corporations can be used to offset VAT collected
before remittance to the FIRS (Deloitte, 2019).
Company earnings tax is a tax imposed by using the
Government on the earnings and income of
companies working in the country. The regulation
governing the administration of Companies Income
Tax is the Companies Income Tax Act. The
regulation which used to be first enacted in 1961 has
gone through so many amendments; the today's being
that of April, 2007. Companies Income Tax (CIT) is a
tax on the earnings of registered companies in
Nigeria. It additionally includes the tax on the profits
of overseas corporations carrying on enterprise in
Nigeria. The tax is paid by constrained legal
responsibility groups inclusive of the public
restrained liability companies. It is therefore
frequently referred to as the company tax (Onyeyiri,
2019). All public restricted legal responsibility
agencies in Nigeria backyard the Petroleum sector of
the economic system are required to pay profits and
education tax. The charge is 30% of total earnings for
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income tax and 2% of assessable earnings for training
tax. Total earnings are earnings after deducting
previous 12 months losses carried forward and capital
allowances. Assessable income is got prior to
deducting capital allowances. Resident groups are
incorporated beneath the Companies and Allied
Matters Act (CAMA) 2004. The administration of the
Companies Income Tax is vested on the Federal
Inland Revenue Service which used to be recognized
as the Federal Board of Inland Revenue (FBIR) until
the enactment of the Federal Inland Revenue
Establishment Act in April, 2007 which scrapped the
FBIR and changed it with Federal Inland Revenue
Service (Pwc, 2019). The modern-day Tax fee in any
yr of assessment for a organization in Nigeria is 30%.
The tax is payable on the profits accruing in, derived
from, introduced into or obtained in Nigeria. These
income are in relation to the following activities: Any
alternate or enterprise carried out; Rent or any
premium arising from a proper granted any character
for the use or occupation of any property; Dividends,
interest, discounts, royalties, charges or annuities;
Any source of annual income now not falling beneath
any of the fore-goings; Fees, dues, and allowances for
offerings rendered; Any quantity of profits or
beneficial properties springing up from obtaining or
disposing momentary money devices like the federal
government securities, Treasury Bills and Savings
Certificates, Debenture Certificates and Treasury
Bonds. Any quantity deemed to be earnings or profit
with recognize to any advantage arising from a
pension or provident fund underneath the Personal
earnings tax act (Olumuyiwa, 2019).
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Productivity is a measure of the effectively with
which a us of a combines capital and labour to
produce greater with the identical level of element
inputs (Reenen, 2020). Productivity is the key supply
of economic boom and competitiveness. A country’s
capability to enhance its standard of living depends
nearly completely on its ability to raise its output per
worker, i.e., producing extra goods and offerings for a
given quantity of hours of work. Economists use
productivity growth to mannequin the productive
capacity of economies and determine their ability
utilization rates. This, in turn, is used to forecast
business cycles and predict future tiers of gross home
product (GDP) growth. In addition, production
potential and utilization are used to assess demand
and inflationary pressures (Riley, 2020). Productivity
is an necessary determinant of residing standards, it
quantifies how an financial system makes use of the
assets it has available, by using pertaining to the
quantity of inputs to output (Kenton, 2019).
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita is a
measure of a country's economic output that accounts
for its entire population. It uses the country's entire
population to divide the country's gross domestic
product. As a result, it's a good indicator of a
country's preferred standard of living. It indicates
how prosperous you are a U. S. A. feels to every of its
citizens (Chappelow, 2019). Per capita gross domestic
product (GDP) is a metric that breaks down a
country's GDP per person. It is calculated by way of
dividing GDP over a country’s population. GDP per
capita is a established measure globally for gauging
the prosperity of nations (Tushar, 2020). GDP per
capita indicates how an awful lot financial
manufacturing value can be attributed to every
individual citizen. Alternatively, this interprets to a
measure of country wide wealth since GDP market
fee per man or woman additionally effectively serves
as a prosperity measure (Seth, 2020). GDP per capita
is a nation's gross home product divided via its
population. The GDP is the whole output of items and
services produced in a yr via all of us inside the
country's borders (World Bank, 2019). GDP is the
main measure of a country's economic productivity.
A country's financial GDP shows the market price of
items and services it produces. GDP per capita is an
necessary indicator of monetary performance and a
beneficial unit to make cross-country comparisons of
average dwelling standards and financial wellbeing
(Amadeo, 2020).
Empirical Review
Okoye and Ezejiofor (2014) determined whether
electronic taxation can alleviate the problem of tax
evasion and prevent tax officers in Nigeria from
engaging in corrupt acts. The data was examined
using means and standard deviation, and the three
hypotheses were put to the test using the Z-test
statistical tool. It found that e-taxation increased IGR
and prevent tax authorities from being corrupt.in
Enugu state. Salami, Apelogun, Omidiya and Ojoye
(2015) determined the effect of taxation on the boom
of the economy structure 1993-2013. The Nigerian
government has embarked on monitoring its series
however the financial system has failed to experience
the preferred increase that will lead to the targeted
economic development. The chosen financial growth
indicator, the actual Gross Domestic Product
(RGDP), is exact to depend on the taxation warning
signs which are the petroleum profit tax (PPT),
employer income tax (CIT), customs and excise
duties (CED), price delivered tax (VAT). It was
discovered that if all the exogenous variables had
been tested individually on the economic growth, they
showed a sizable have an effect on of the man or
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woman variables on economic growth. The F-statistic
showed that the universal mannequin is statistically
significant. Ezejiofor, Adigwe and Echekoba (2015)
ascertained whether taxes, as a fiscal policy tool, have
an impact on the performance of Nigeria's selected
industrial enterprises. The descriptive technique was
used using the Statistical Program for Social Sciences
(SPSS) version 20.0 software package, the study's
hypothesis was tested using ANOVA. Finding
revealed that taxation, as a fiscal policy tool, has a
considerable impact on the performance of Nigerian
manufacturing firms, according to the study. Nur-
Arifah, Abdul and Sahibzada (2016) examined the
effect tax reform in economic growth. The studyused
27 chosen Asian countries for 5 yr time length (panel
data). The relationship between the based variables
(GDP per capita and FDI rate) and independent
variables (individual earnings tax, company tax, and
consumption tax) Descriptive analysis and regression
analysis was adopted to analyze the data. The data
were accumulated based totally on GDP per capita,
FDI rate, corporate tax, character earnings tax and
consumption tax. The accessibility of information of
the selected countries have been extracted from the
information that has been published in the World
Bank professional websites. E-Views software
program was once adopted to analyze descriptive
correlation and regression analysis. A substantial nice
relationship was located between GDP per capita,
FDI rate, company tax, man or woman income tax
and consumption tax. Etale and Bingilar (2016)
examined the influence of companies’ profits tax,
value-added tax on financial increase (proxy by way
of gross domestic product) in Nigeria. Secondary time
sequence panel statistics were accrued for the
duration 2005 to 2014 from the Statistical Bulletin of
the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN). The study
employed Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) approach
based on the computer software Windows SPSS 20
version for the evaluation of data, the place gross
Domestic product (GDP), the dependent variable and
proxy for financial growth, used to be regressed as a
function of enterprise profits tax (CIT) and value-
added tax (VAT), the impartial variables. The effects
of the analysis confirmed that each enterprise income
tax and value-added tax have appreciably fantastic
impact on economic growth. Ofoegbu, Akwu, and
Oliver (2016) examined the effect of tax revenue on
the monetary development of Nigerian, and to
confirm whether there is any distinction in the use of
HDI and GDP in setting up the relationship. The
method adopted in this study was that of using annual
time collection statistics for the length 2005 to 2014
to estimate a linear model of tax income and human
development index using everyday least square (OLS)
regression technique. Findings confirmed a positively
and drastically relationship between tax income and
economic development. The result additionally
exhibits that measuring the impact of tax revenue on
monetary improvement the use of HDI offers lower
relationship than measuring the relationship with
GDP as a result suggesting that the usage of gross
domestic product (GDP) offers a painted picture of
the relationship between tax revenue and monetary
development in Nigeria. Arodoye and Adegboye
(2016) investigated tax structure in Nigeria and how it
relates to productiveness boom and usual monetary
performance. The changing structure of the Nigerian
financial system was once regarded in terms of the
tax structure evolution. Three troubles have been
considered, namely, responses of government
spending to tax changes, tax-spending results of
growth of output per man, and the structural effects of
taxes on growth over time. Using gorgeous strategies
and information for the duration 1981 to 2013, the
effects indicated that organization earnings taxes
performs exceptional in explaining modifications in
authorities spending whilst VAT carried out worst.
Cornelius, Ogar and Oka (2016) examined the impact
of tax income on the Nigerian economy from 1990-
2014. Data have been sourced from Central Bank
Statistical Bulletin and extracted through desk survey
method. Ordinary least square of more than one
regression models used to be used to establish the
relationship between dependent and independent
variables. The finding revealed that there is a
substantial relationship between petroleum income
tax and the increase of the Nigeria economy. Oraka,
Okegbe, and Ezejiofor (2017) investigated the impact
of the value added tax on the Nigerian economy This
study used an ex post facto research design. The study
used Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Per Capital
Income (PCI), and Total Revenue (TR) to measure
the Nigerian economy from 2003 to 2015. The CBN
statistical bulletin, the Federal Inland Revenue
Service of the federal ministry of finance, and
periodicals were used to compile the data. Simple
regression analysis was used to analyze the data. The
findings revealed that the value added tax has had no
major impact on the Nigerian economy's Gross
Domestic Product. VAT has also been found to have
a detrimental association with Nigerian economy's
Gross Domestic Product. Matallah and Matallah
(2017) investigated the have an effect on of fiscal
coverage on economic growth in Algeria over the
duration 1970-2015, via the use of Johansen
cointegration take a look at and vector error
correction mannequin (VECM). The predominant
effects revealed that each oblique taxes and
productive modern-day expenses have a widespread
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD46398 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 213
long-term high-quality impact on actual GDP, while
direct taxes, capital and unproductive recurrent
expenses negatively and substantially affect monetary
boom in the lengthy run. Based on these findings, it
may want to be concluded that sustainable economic
growth requires serious policy measures aimed at
diversifying the Algerian economy. Kalaš, Mirović
and Andrašić (2017) provided an empirical approach
to taxes and economic growth in the United States in
the duration 1996-2016. The problem of the lookup
was measuring the outcomes of tax revenue boom and
tax form as a non-public income tax, company
earnings tax and social safety contributions on gross
home product as a proxy for economic growth.
Methodology framework protected several tests to
clear the viable problem of heteroscedasticity,
autocorrelation, multicollinearity and specification of
the model. Based on diagnostic tests, a regression
model the study revealed that private income tax and
social security contributions are weakly associated to
gross home product growth. The model showed a
great impact of tax revenue growth and social safety
contributions, while private profits tax and corporate
earnings tax do now not have a considerable impact
on gross home product growth. Gbegi, Adebisi and
Bodunde (2017) examined the effect of petroleum
profit tax (PPT) on Profitability of oil and fuel
companies in Nigeria, in line with the objectives of
the study, secondary facts were obtained from
economic announcement of ten (10) selected oil and
fuel company protecting the duration of 2011 to 2015.
Panel statistics have been deployed and both
descriptive records and multiple regressions method
employed to establish the effect of PPT rate on
Profitability oil and gasoline firms. Petroleum profit
tax used to be determined to have good sized results
on the Profitability of oil and gasoline companies
with the adjusted R2of 95%. The study revealed that
taxes paid through oil and gasoline industries have a
downward impact on profitability of oil and gas
industries. Miftahu, Tunku and Tunku (2017)
evaluated the influence of tax income on the
macroeconomic management of the Nigerian
economy using a conceptual approach. A
comprehensive evaluation of the literature as well as
in-depth analysis of tax structure used to be severely
conducted. The find out about explored the income
trend in Nigeria for over three a long time in relation
to its results on GDP growth. As proven via the
literature, the existence of causal relationship between
tax revenue and economic increase suggests the fine
influence of taxation as a fiscal coverage device in
enhancing macroeconomic growth. Erhirhie, Oraka,
and Ezejiofor (2018) investigated the effects of
corporate tax on financing decisions of manufacturing
firms (NSE). Using chosen manufacturing enterprises
listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange, data were
taken from the annual reports and accounts of three
selected manufacturing enterprises and evaluated
using the linear regression model in an ex post facto
study methodology. Their findings revealed that there
is no substantial association between corporation tax
and dividends paid by Nigerian Breweries Plc,
Dangote Cement Plc, and PZ Cussons Plc, as well as
new ordinary share issuance, retained earnings, and
long-term debt. Odum, Odum and Egbunike (2018)
examined the impact of direct earnings tax on gross
home product with the key focal point on the
Nigerian fiscal policy framework and adopting time
sequence records dating from 2007 to 2016 and
amassed from Budget Office of the Federation,
Federal Inland Service publications, Central Bank of
Nigeria statistical bulletin and the National Bureau of
Statistics. The statistics set was once analyzed using,
Pearson Coefficient Correlation, Granger Causality
test, Ordinary Least Square method of regression,
Johansen Cointegration test and Error Correction
Model. In order to set up the stationarity of the
variables, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root take
a look at was employed. Findings from this learn
about expose that direct profits tax has giant high
quality effect on gross domestic product at 5% level.
The learn about recommended that government need
to supply a strong fiscal responsible and transparent
device the place tax reforms ought to be such that
would encourage make bigger in investment tended
closer to combat corruption on account of the good
sized and profound effect of fiscal policies on
monetary boom in Nigeria. Udeh and. Ezejiofor
(2018) looked at the impact of accounting
information on deferred taxation in Nigerian deposit
money banks. The data was acquired from yearly
reports and accounts of Nigerian deposit money
institutions using an ex post facto research design. To
evaluate the hypotheses, a pooled multiple regression
analysis was used. According to the findings,
earnings per share (EPS) and cash flow (CASHFL)
have a negative impact on our dependent variable,
deferred tax, but book value of equity has a
statistically significant impact whereas earnings per
share (EPS) and cash flow (CASHFL) do not. Yahaya
and Bakare (2018) evaluated the effect of petroleum
earnings tax and business enterprise income tax on
Nigerian financial system growth. Fully Modified
Least Square (FMOLS) Regression Technique was
used to estimate the mannequin over a 34 yr period
(1981-2014) while Augmented Dickey Fuller Unit
Root Test and Single Equation Co-integration Test
were carried out. It was located that petroleum profit
tax (PPT) and organization income tax (CIT) have
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD46398 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 214
superb considerable affect on gross domestic product
(GDP) in Nigeria with the Adjusted R² of 87.6%
which without delay enhanced growth in Nigeria. The
study concluded that PPT and CIT served as the
principal source of income to the Nigeria economy,
and make contributions to the increase of Nigeria
economy. Adeyemi and Disu (2018) reviewed
cutting-edge issues in corporate profits tax practices
in Nigeria against the historical past of Nigeria’s
financial system being typically characterized through
low tax compliance and enforcement. There is no
gainsaying the reality that tax enforcement has end up
an indispensable issue of tax administration in view
of the ingenious ways corporate taxpayers undermine
the revenue generation procedure by means of no
longer remitting what is due to government. The
study reviewed extant provisions on tax reliefs and
incentives relevant to corporate entities to facilitate
voluntary compliance and pointers were made on
enhancing the successful implementation of the
voluntary belongings and earnings assertion scheme
(VAIDS) and improve the corporate profits tax
culture in order to enhance the gross home product.
Asaolu, Olabisi, Akinbode and Alebiosu (2018)
examined the relationship between tax income and
financial growth in Nigeria. The find out about
adopted a descriptive and historical lookup design;
secondary information for twenty-two years (1994 -
2015) have been collected from a variety of issues of
the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin
and annual reports. Analysis was carried out on
information collected using Auto Regressive
Distributed Lag (ARDL) Regression and other put up
estimations (Jarque-Bera test; Breusch-Godfrey LM
and Ramsey Reset Test) to decide the existence of
relationship between the variables. The consequences
of the study showed that VAT and CED had a
considerable relationships with financial increase
(p<0.05), whilst CIT has bad substantial relationship
with financial growth (P<0.05). However, PPT had
no massive relationship with economic growth.
Olaoye and Ayeni (2019) examined price introduced
tax and customs duties on revenue generation in
Nigeria. Secondary data had been sourced from
Federal Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) ranging from
2000 to 2016. Autoregressive Distributed Lag
(ARDL) and Granger causality exams were used as
the estimation techniques. The study about concluded
that value-added tax and customs duties have no
considerable effect on revenue era and there is no
long-run relationship among value-added tax,
customs responsibilities and revenue era in Nigeria
for the duration of the learn about period. Ironkwe
and Agu (2019) analyzed the relationship between
complete tax income and monetary growth in Nigeria.
Time sequence information on exclusive sorts of
complete tax revenue and economic improvement
from 1986-2016 were accrued from Central Bank of
Nigeria statistical bulletin, Federal Inland Revenue
Service and National Bureau of Statistics. Multiple
regression analysis was once used in analyzing the
facts with the useful resource of STATA version
thirteen The effects indicated that there exists a
sizeable high-quality relationship between whole tax
revenue and unemployment in Nigeria; agency
earnings tax has no widespread relationship with
monetary growth The find out about concluded that
total tax revenue relate positively to unemployment.
Ezejiofor, Oranefo and Ndum (2021) ascertained
effect of Nigerian tax revenue based on per capita
income. The study used an ex-post facto research
design. The Nigerian economy was made up of the
population, and data for this study came from the
Statistical Bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria
(CBN) and the Federal Inland Revenue Service
(FIRS). Per Capita Income (PCI), as well as customs
and excise charges were retrieved as variables. This
study's data analysis was based on information
gathered from CBN, FIRS, and NBS publications and
statistical bulletins. The hypothesis was tested using
correlation and Ordinary Least Square (OLS)
regressions. Customs and excise duties have a non-
significant beneficial influence on per capita income,
according to data analysis. The study concluded that
total tax revenue relate positively to unemployment
and recommends that government distribute its social
welfare programmes in such a way to supply direct
benefit to tax payers.
To apprehend the importance of tax coverage
reforms, one desires to come to phrases with the
urgency for such reforms. Firstly, there is an pressing
want to diversify the revenue portfolio of the country
in order to protect towards the volatility of crude oil
expenses and to promote fiscal sustainability and
economic viability at decrease tiers of government.
Second, Nigeria operates on a money finances
system; the place proposals for expenditure are
usually channeled towards revenue projections. This
permits the capability to decide the most desirable tax
price for a given degree of expenditure. Therefore,
accuracy in revenue projection is of utmost
significance for imposing an fantastic framework for
sustainable fiscal policy management. This can then
again be completed when reforms are undertaken on
present tax policies in order to gain some
improvement. Thirdly, Nigerian tax device is focused
on petroleum and exchange taxes while direct and
oblique taxes like the value-added (VAT) are ignored.
This is a structural problem for the country’s tax
system. Although direct taxes and VAT possess the
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capacity for expansion, their affect is restricted
because of the domineering casual sector in the
country. Finally, the widening fiscal deficit over the
years has threatened macroeconomic steadiness and
prospects for financial boom makes the thought of a
tax reform very appealing (Luthans & Stajkovic,
2015; Fuller, 2016). Nigeria’s fiscal coverage
measures have been by and large pushed by using the
want to promote some macroeconomic goals in
promotion speedy boom of the economy, producing
employment, keeping rate degrees and enhancing the
balance-of charge stipulations of the United States
(Borowiecki, 2015).
Methodology
Research Design
This study focused on ascertaining the effect of tax
reforms on productivity of Nigeria. This study
employed Ex-post facto research design. The
adoption of this research design is based on the fact
that the study relied on historic data obtained from the
relevant publications and as such the data are already
in existence.
Data were obtained from the publications of Federal
Inland Revenue Service (FIRS) bulletin of various
years, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) publications,
like Statistical Bulletin various years, Annual Reports
for various years; National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)
and the World Bank Publications for twenty eight
years (1992-2019) period. The variables for which
data were sourced include; value added tax,
petroleum profit tax, personal income tax, company
income tax and GDP for the study period.
Model Specification
Representing the equations with the variables of the
construct, hence the models below were formulated
based on the stated hypotheses:
GDPt = β0 + β1VATt + β2CITt + µt - - i
Where:
GDPt = Gross Domestic Product for period t
VATt = Value Added Tax for period t
CITt = Company Income Tax for period t
µt = Error term for period t
β0= Constant term
β1= Coefficient of Tax Reforms
t denotes the annual time‐period
Method of Data Analysis
Descriptive and Inferential statistics of the study data
were conducted via the aid of E-View 9. Descriptive
statistics were employed to determine the mean,
median standard deviation, minimum and maximum
values during the study period. While, the inferential
statistics of the hypothesis would be tested with the
application of coefficient of correlation: which is a
good measure of relationship between two variables,
tells us about the strength of relationship and the
direction of relationship as well, Regression analysis
predicts the value of the independent variable based
on the value of the independent variable. Ordinary
Least Square regression analysis would be used for
this study.
Decision Rule
The decision was based on 5% (0.05) level of
significance. The null hypothesis (Ho) will be
accepted, if probability value (ie. Pvalue or Sig.)
Calculated is greater than (>) the stated 5% level of
significance, otherwise reject.
Data Presentation and Analysis
Data Analysis
Table 1: Descriptive Statistics
GDP VAT CIT
Mean 3.0489 11.3493 11.4393
Median 3.1600 11.3250 11.4550
Maximum 3.5100 11.9300 12.2400
Minimum 2.4300 10.7500 10.6500
Std. Dev. 0.3458 0.4585 0.5518
Skewness -0.2566 -0.0064 0.0243
Kurtosis 1.5248 1.3023 1.4615
Jarque-Bera 11.8464 8.5627 8.7641
Probability 0.0009 0.0341 0.0211
Sum 85.3700 317.7800 320.3000
Sum Sq. Dev. 3.2295 5.6762 8.2212
Observations 28 28 28
Source: Descriptive Output, 2021
Interpretation
As indicated in table 1, the mean serves as a tool for
setting benchmark, while, the maximum and
minimum values help in detecting problem in a data.
The standard deviation shows the
deviation/dispersion/variation from the mean. It is a
measure of risk. The higher the standard deviation,
the higher the risk. In a dataset with a normal
distribution, most of the values are clustered around
the mean, while relatively few values tend to be
extremely high or extremely low. Many natural
phenomena display a normal distribution (Azuka,
2011). The standard deviations in this study for the
period 1992-2019 are 0.3458, 0.4585, and 0.5518 for
GDP, VAT, and CIT respectively. For such
distributions, it is the case that 34.58%, 52.317%, and
55.18% of values are less than one standard deviation
(1SD) away from the mean values of GDP, VAT, and
CIT respectively. Skewness and Kurtosis are
contained in Jarque-Bera. Positively skewed is an
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD46398 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 216
indication of a rise in profit while negatively skewed
is an indication of loss or backwardness. Jarque-bera
is used to test for normality; to know whether data are
normally distributed.
Test of Hypotheses
Ho1: tax reform has no significant effect on GDP per Capita of Nigeria
Table 2: Ordinary Least Square regression (OLS) analysis showing the effect of VAT, and CIT on
GDP
Dependent Variable: GDP
Method: Least Squares
Date: 11/08/21 Time: 10:40
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C 0.003857 0.017988 6.955718 0.0000
DVAT -0.367736 0.256076 -4.699543 0.0001
DCIT -0.453571 0.066215 -2.470444 0.0207
R-squared 0.838705 Mean dependent var 0.024815
Adjusted R-squared 0.825264 S.D. dependent var 0.078367
S.E. of regression 0.077717 Akaike info criterion -2.105912
Sum squared resid 0.132878 Schwarz criterion -1.865942
Log likelihood 33.42982 Hannan-Quinn criter. -2.034557
F-statistic 62.39778 Durbin-Watson stat 1.732524
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
Source: Regression Output, 2021
The drawn inference from the model implies that one
unit increase in VAT will cause GDP to decrease by
36.77%; one naira in increase CIT made GDP to
reduce by 45.36%. From table 2, VAT with a
negative co-efficient of 0.367736 has a significant
effect on GDP as indicated by the t-statistic of -
4.699543 and its associated probability value of
0.0001 < 0.05; an inverse relationship exists between
CIT and GDP at t-statistic = -2.470444, however,
significant with the p-value = 0.0207 < 0.005.
The adjusted R squared which examines the extent to
which the predictors (VAT, and CIT) explain the
variations in the dependent variable (GDP) shows that
the adjusted R Squared figure of 0.825264 indicates
that, reliance on this model will account for 82.53%
of the variations in the dependent variable (GDP),
while the remaining 17.47% is accounted by other
factors outside the scope of this model The Durbin-
Watson value of 1.732524 buttressed the fact that the
model does not contain auto-correlation, since the
value1.732524 is not more than 2 approximately,
thereby, making the regression fit for prediction
purpose. The analysis resulted in F-value of 62.39778
with corresponding p-value of 0.000000. This
confirms that, the model is significantly reliable.
Decision
Since the p-value of the test = 0.000000 is less than
the critical significant value of 5%, thus H1 is
accepted and Ho rejected. Therefore, this study
upholds that VAT has a significant negative effect on
GDP; CIT has a significant negative effect on GDP at
5% level of significance.
Discussion of Findings
The regression result demonstrated that one unit
increase in VAT will cause GDP per Capita to
decrease by 36.77%; one naira in increase CIT made
GDP per Capita to reduce by 45.36%. From the table,
VAT with a negative co-efficient of 0.367736 has a
significant effect on GDP per Capita as indicated by
the t-statistic of -4.699543 and its associated
probability value of 0.0001 < 0.05; an inverse
relationship exists between CIT and GDP per Capita
at t-statistic = -2.470444, however, significant with
the p-value = 0.0207 < 0.005. The adjusted R squared
which examines the extent to which the predictors
(VAT and CIT) explain the variations in the
dependent variable (GDP) shows that the adjusted R
Squared figure of 0.825264 indicates that, reliance on
this model account for 82.53% of the variations in the
dependent variable (GDP).
The regression results is in line with Okeke, Mbonu
and Amahalu (2018); Adeyrmi and Disu (2018);
Apere and Durojaiye (2016Adeyemi and Disu (2018);
Yahaya and Bakare (2018) ; Kalac, Mirovic and
Andrasic (2017); Onakoya, Babatunde and Afintinni
(2016); Etale and Binglar (2016); Salami, Apelogun,
Omidiya and Ojoye (2015) but negates the findings of
Ironkwe and Agu (2019).
Conclusion and Recommendations
Conclusion
This study explored the effect of Tax Reforms on
Nigerian economic growth. The data set used for this
analysis is the annual series of the selected relevant
macroeconomic variables. Tax reform factors
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD46398 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 6 | Sep-Oct 2021 Page 218
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