The document discusses business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce. It defines B2B e-commerce as using the internet for business transactions between companies. It describes how B2B transactions can include procurement, supplies, and services. The size of the B2B market in the US was $11.5 trillion in 2000, with $336 billion in electronic transactions.

1. Business to Business eCommerce Dr. Mary Wolfinbarger Internet Marketing

2. Definition B2B e-commerce refers to the _________of _________ _____processing and Internet communications for ______ services in the production of economic transactions Many B2B businesses are____________

3. B2B Transactions Include: __________trade Purchases by businesses of _______, resources, technology, manufactured parts and components and capital equipment Services included __________ transactions including insurance, credit, bonds, securities

4. Size of Market Overall B2B transactions in US = $11.5T ( 2000 ) $336B are electronic ( Jupiter Communications ) (comparison to B2C -- $45B at most) 2005: Predict $6.3T out of $15.1T ( Jupiter, US only ) Or 4.5T worldwide? ( Goldman Sachs )

5. Why the growth? Anticipated productivity gains: _____ ________from automating transactions Economic advantages of ___ market intermediaries Consolidation of demand and supply through organized________ Changes in extent of _______integration

6. Cost Efficiencies Can reduce cost of __________before, during and after transaction “ At every stage e-commerce avoids the need to translate computer files into paper documents, a process that generally involves errors, delay and costly clerical personnel.” (Lucking-Reiley and Spulber 2000) Both websites and ____(electronic data interchange) are used

8. Cost Efficiencies Before: May lower cost of _________for suppliers or buyers and making _____and _______comparisons Sales personnel are freed from _______product availability and pricing; they can concentrate on account management and _________strategy

9. Cost Efficiencies During: Can ______communication regarding transaction details After: Lower cost of____________, monitor contractual performance, confirm_________, automatically ______ production and accounting records

10. Cost Efficiencies “ The potential cost savings in this area are substantial. Processing a purchase order manually, including paperwork, data entry, phone calls, faxes and approval requests, can be quite expensive, so online transactions might easily reduce costs by a factor of five or ten or more.” – Lucking-Reiley and Spulber 2000

11. Cost Efficiencies Examples: British Telecom has reduced external procurement costs from $113 to $8 per transaction Mastercard costs of processing purchase orders has fallen from $125 to 40, number of days from 4 to 1.25 days Lehman Brothers: financial transactions are $1.27 for teller, $.27 for ATM, $.01 online

12. Efficiency Gains from Intermediation Intermediairies can reduce __________ _____by Reducing cost of ______ Certifying product_______ Mitigating ______________ costs Providing ___________for buyer and seller commitments

13. Efficiency Gains from Intermediation Intermediairies can be “_______-_____” who create efficiencies by Creating institutions of________ Adjust and communicate_______ Clear_______ Allocate ______ Provide liquidity and immediacy

14. Efficiency Gains from Intermediation Intermediairies can be “market-makers” who create efficiencies by (continued) _________ markets Providing market __________ Offering an _________of goods and services (e.g. credit, supply chain management, appraisal, transportation, and storage, industry news on website) Bilateral negotiation is replaced w/ ______ bidding mechanisms

15. Efficiency Gains from Intermediation “ Online markets have been established for aircraft parts, agriculture, apparel automotive parts, chemicals, computers and electronics, energy, financial instruments, food and beverages, health care, intellectual property, freelance services, laboratory supplies, industrial machinery, advertising, metals, office supplies, plastics, paper, printing services, telecommunications, shipping, and travel services.” –Lucking-Reiley and Spulber, 2000

16. Terms for Intermediation _______ markets: a marketplace targeting a single industry _________ markets: target many industries e.g. maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) sells materials like belts, pumps and light fixtures www.verticalnet.com

17. Types of Intermediaries E-commerce intermediaries can be classified into four main categories: Brokers Auctioneers Dealers Exchanges Can skip the intermediaries and go direct through proprietary exchanges/networks or buy directly from the company (e.g. Intel.com)

18. Types of Intermediaries Brokers: Match buyers and sellers for a____ Some resemble yellow pages directories, but with more comprehensive _________ Brokers generally make money from ______ ___ paid by sellers Sellers can place product listings that resemble ______ ads Order fulfillment is typically up to the______

19. Types of Intermediaries Auctioneers: In addition to matchmaking, set up a mechanism to determine______ Internet tech. _______ ______of running an auction relative to using posted prices Auctions useful when there is _________ about market-clearing prices Some hold auctions of ______ inventory (e.g. One Media Place sells advertising space) Some hold _______ auctions where sellers compete for a buyer’s contract Example: www.FreeMarkets.com (largest reverse auctionneer)

20. Types of Intermediaries Dealers Take _______ of goods provided by suppliers and ______them to buyers Post ____ prices for buyers and ___ prices for sellers Early development has seen ____dealers as compared to brokers, auctions or exchanges Dealers are largely extensions of “___ economy” distributors Examples: Grainger.com, EnronOnline ( www.enron.com ) (the world’s largest e-commerce site for global commodities)

21. Types of Intermediaries Exchanges (also called marketplaces): ______sided markets (like commodity markets) Provide services: Rules of trading Price transparency Centralized Clearing Buyers and sellers observe the _____ of transactions as they ____ and expect to receive best available price Buyers settle their ___ position at end of day rather than settling each transaction individually Examples: Altra Energy (oil and gas), CheMatch ( www.chematch.com )(chemicals), e-Steel (steel)

22. Types of Intermediaries Exchanges Many exchanges are ______-sponsored Examples: 1) Sears, Carrefour and several other major retailers started GlobalNetExchange to organize purchases from over 50,000 vendors 2) Boeing, Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems and Raytheon formed an exchange for aerospace parts and services with potential for $70B with 37,000 suppliers 3) Covisint (auto industry exchange – GM, Ford, Daimler-Chrysler) Industry consortia have put many of the independents out of business (also called ISMs –_______ _________ __________)

23. Types of Intermediaries Exchanges By mid-2000, it was estimated that 60 buyer-dominated consortia, representing over 278 companies and $3 trillion in annual purchasing planned to establish their own electronic markets rather than relying on independent exchanges. (-Roberti 2000 ) Antitrust issues Competitors can more easily exchange _____ info and thus ______ B2B sites could ________ participation by competitors In industry-sponsored exchanges so far, ownership tends to be on the side of the market having greatest concentration of market power

24. Types of Intermediaries Exchanges: Challenges Competitors aren’t used to working together __________ Suppliers are _______to sign on (they don’t want to be “squeezed”) Transparency: posting ______ and contracts where competitors can see them Companies like buying from tried and true _______ Some companies don’t have the ________to participate (e.g. hotel supply exchange failed) Sensitizing managers to the notion of ________ ______ People hate_______

25. Private Networks _________exchanges between businesses More consistent with the way many businesses are already run

26. Private Networks “… many old-line manufacturers…view B2B sites as cost-effective tools to improve and cement [existing] business relationships… rather than as a way to attract an entirely new set of buyers…they have balked at aggressively participating in independent trading sites that also feature the wares of rival suppliers…Instead, [they] are focusing on building up their own, company-specific sales platforms and techniques, and then helping longstanding customers adapt smoothly to them.” --- Wall Street Journal, May 21, 2001

27. Types of Intermediaries Some firms fall into more than one of these categories PlasticNet runs auctions for some transactions and acts as a broker by allowing its users to place classified ads for products MetalSite runs single-sided auctions for some clients, but operates a double-sided exchange as well. Industry consortia tend to run exchanges with multiple functions and tools

28. Future of Intermediaries Many Observers predict substantial _______ and market _______as markets become established Comprehensive up-to-date lists of B2B exchanges appear at www.line56.com and www.nmm.com

29. What do buyers want? B2B buyers want many of the same qualities that B2C buyers desire Only 41% of B2B companies respond to email inquiries within 6 hours, only 65% in 24 hours (as in B2C, email responsiveness can be used to judge trustworthiness of a site) FAQ pages and search capabilities at many sites are poor 45% of B2B buyers say they don’t go online because they don’t trust suppliers ________ sites set expectations difficult to reach since B2B transactions are often more_______

30. What do buyers want? Over 4/5 companies said they would be more interested in buying online if “comprehensive services” were offered (e.g. collaborative product design or supply/inventory applications) -- Jupiter Media Metrix, May 2001

31. Value of Collaboration Supply Chain _______ Replenishment, Demand _________ Online Product _______ Advantages? Faster to Market Higher Quality/Fewer Mistakes Lower Inventories, less working capital Better, cheaper designs

32. What do buyers want? “ The early focus was transactions, but win-win business relationships are built from collaboration – not just transactions.” --Tim Clark, Jupiter Media Metrix As e-markets develop, supplier _____ and ______ will complement the present focus on price

33. What do buyers want? GEPolymerland.com lured enough customers online to make their venture worthwhile: How? Customers were involved in planning the site Site is easy to navigate, fast, customer service is high quality, website customization, access to technical information Not forcing customers online

34. Direct Marketing and B2B Internet direct marketing can be used in combination with mail and telephone Similar to direct mail, on web can combine ____ and_______ Microsegmentation ___________ direct marketing

35. Direct Marketing and B2B 5 strategies: Generate ____on the Internet Use Internet to provide_______/______ Execute instant _______ fulfillment Generate______ Enhance customer___________

36. Direct Marketing and B2B 1. Generating Leads Typical direct mail response is ___% Order generation below __% _______ ______seem to be declining

37. Direct Marketing and B2B The Internet can help in generating leads: Generate leads in first place Support use of __________ direct marketing media Track ______of efforts Support ______organization

38. Direct Marketing and B2B The Internet can help in generating leads: _______ (develop own list, rent for $250/300 per 1000 names) Emails give _______ ______/inside track on products Email can be used to ______ ___on inquiries or orders (follow-up generates more sales) Email can also be used to follow up on _______ meetings

39. Direct Marketing and B2B The Internet can help in generating leads: Email ________(opt-in) contain info. useful to recipient, but also marketing Email _______ Email _________/web _________ groups _________ banner ads

40. Direct Marketing and B2B 2. Using the Internet to Promote Products/Services Online _______(cheaper than offline) Can be ________ for partner/re-seller release Can use in conjunction with ______ ____ Can be live, pre-recorded or interactive

41. Direct Marketing and B2B 3. Executing Instant Information Fulfillment on the Net Fullfillment – responding to an information______ Differences online Dramatically closes need for ______ __________ Leads don’t “____” while waiting for information Customers can try online______ Fullfillment can be________/__________

42. Direct Marketing and B2B 4. Generating Orders Internet forms help _______leads so sales effort is better allocated Straight __________can be handled without using personnel

43. Direct Marketing and B2B 5. Enhancing Customer Relationships: Email ___________(as mentioned earlier) _____and _______on website are appreciated ________websites can be developed for specific businesses Occasionally, customer ___________ develop (e.g. Cisco)