This study analyzed the microbial loads of air samples collected from dumpsites in three towns in Delta State, Nigeria over a 6-month period. Bacterial and fungal counts were highest near the dumpsites and decreased with distance. Bacterial counts were generally higher in July-September while fungal counts increased in October-December. Common bacteria isolated included Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, E. coli, and Klebsiella. Fungi isolated included Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Mucor, Curvularia, Rhizopus and Cladosporium. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in microbial loads between dumpsites, distances from dump
A Review of Occurrence, Quantification and Abatement of Legionella in Wastewa...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review of Legionella occurrence, quantification, and abatement in wastewater treatment plants. Investigations in Taiwan, Sweden, and France found conditions suitable for Legionella growth. In Taiwan and Sweden, Legionella was detected in wastewater samples from treatment plants using PCR methods. In France, high Legionella levels were found in cooling tower air samples, with transmission up to 6 km. Common Legionella species identified included L. pneumophila and L. donaldsonii. Treatment measures like chlorination and cooling tower maintenance were found to reduce Legionella concentrations.
Evaluation of biological and physicochemical risk of hospital liquid waste in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying concentrations of water soluble fractions of rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) on the survival of fingerlings of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) over 96 hours under laboratory conditions. Observations of moribund swimming, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, and depigmentation were seen in fish exposed to the rubber extract. The lethal concentration that killed 50% of the fish (LC50) was estimated to be 50.12 mg/L. No significant differences in mortality were found between replicate test groups. The study concluded that the water soluble fraction of rubber extract had toxic effects on the catfish in a concentration-dependent manner.
Sulphate and Hardness_Elphick et al_ET&CGuy Gilron
This document presents the results of a study evaluating the chronic toxicity of sulfate in various aquatic organisms. A variety of test species, including invertebrates, fish, algae, moss, and an amphibian, were exposed to sulfate under different water hardness conditions. The results show that sulfate toxicity decreases with increasing water hardness. Based on these findings, the authors calculated water quality guidelines for sulfate separately for soft, moderately hard, and hard water. The guidelines ranged from 75 to 725 mg/L sulfate depending on the water hardness and calculation method. The study provides a robust dataset that can be used to establish scientifically defensible sulfate guidelines that account for the modifying effect of water hardness.
Domagoj šegregur, croatia, fishes as bioindicators of water pollution of riverMohd Subri
This document summarizes a study on using fish as bioindicators of water pollution in the Drava River in Croatia. Specifically:
- Water and fish samples were taken from upstream and downstream of a potential pollution source, the Županijski Canal, which flows into the Drava River.
- Biometric parameters, liver enzymes, metal levels, and metallothionein levels in fish livers were analyzed and compared between the two sites.
- Results found water quality was the same at both sites but downstream fish had higher metal and metallothionein levels and lower condition indices, indicating the canal contributes to metal exposure impacting the fish.
- The study confirms selected fish
Lichens are useful as bio-indicators of pollution levels because they absorb nutrients and pollutants from the air. Different lichen species show varying sensitivities and abilities to accumulate pollutants. They can survive in almost all environments and seasons. Indicator species found in water can also indicate pollution levels, with mayfly nymphs and caddis fly larvae found in cleaner water, and water lice and sludgeworms found in more polluted water, allowing conclusions about water quality to be drawn. Samples should be taken at the same time each year for valid comparisons, and other factors like oxygen, pH, metals or chemicals can also act as non-biological pollution indicators.
Quality assessment of some groundwater samples in ogbomosoAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of groundwater samples from 10 boreholes in Ogbomoso, Nigeria over a 5 month period. Key findings include:
- Several water quality parameters like total alkalinity, total hardness, BOD and COD exceeded permissible levels in some samples.
- Microbial analysis found all samples contaminated with heterotrophic bacteria and coliforms. Some also contained Salmonella-Shigella, staphylococci and molds/yeasts.
- Isolated bacteria exhibited multiple drug resistance.
- The study provides baseline data on underground water quality in Ogbomoso and suggests regular borehole cleaning
A Review of Occurrence, Quantification and Abatement of Legionella in Wastewa...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review of Legionella occurrence, quantification, and abatement in wastewater treatment plants. Investigations in Taiwan, Sweden, and France found conditions suitable for Legionella growth. In Taiwan and Sweden, Legionella was detected in wastewater samples from treatment plants using PCR methods. In France, high Legionella levels were found in cooling tower air samples, with transmission up to 6 km. Common Legionella species identified included L. pneumophila and L. donaldsonii. Treatment measures like chlorination and cooling tower maintenance were found to reduce Legionella concentrations.
Evaluation of biological and physicochemical risk of hospital liquid waste in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
Effect of lethal concentrations of rubber extract (hevea brasiliensis) on the...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that tested the effects of varying concentrations of water soluble fractions of rubber extract (Hevea brasiliensis) on the survival of fingerlings of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) over 96 hours under laboratory conditions. Observations of moribund swimming, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, and depigmentation were seen in fish exposed to the rubber extract. The lethal concentration that killed 50% of the fish (LC50) was estimated to be 50.12 mg/L. No significant differences in mortality were found between replicate test groups. The study concluded that the water soluble fraction of rubber extract had toxic effects on the catfish in a concentration-dependent manner.
Sulphate and Hardness_Elphick et al_ET&CGuy Gilron
This document presents the results of a study evaluating the chronic toxicity of sulfate in various aquatic organisms. A variety of test species, including invertebrates, fish, algae, moss, and an amphibian, were exposed to sulfate under different water hardness conditions. The results show that sulfate toxicity decreases with increasing water hardness. Based on these findings, the authors calculated water quality guidelines for sulfate separately for soft, moderately hard, and hard water. The guidelines ranged from 75 to 725 mg/L sulfate depending on the water hardness and calculation method. The study provides a robust dataset that can be used to establish scientifically defensible sulfate guidelines that account for the modifying effect of water hardness.
Domagoj šegregur, croatia, fishes as bioindicators of water pollution of riverMohd Subri
This document summarizes a study on using fish as bioindicators of water pollution in the Drava River in Croatia. Specifically:
- Water and fish samples were taken from upstream and downstream of a potential pollution source, the Županijski Canal, which flows into the Drava River.
- Biometric parameters, liver enzymes, metal levels, and metallothionein levels in fish livers were analyzed and compared between the two sites.
- Results found water quality was the same at both sites but downstream fish had higher metal and metallothionein levels and lower condition indices, indicating the canal contributes to metal exposure impacting the fish.
- The study confirms selected fish
Lichens are useful as bio-indicators of pollution levels because they absorb nutrients and pollutants from the air. Different lichen species show varying sensitivities and abilities to accumulate pollutants. They can survive in almost all environments and seasons. Indicator species found in water can also indicate pollution levels, with mayfly nymphs and caddis fly larvae found in cleaner water, and water lice and sludgeworms found in more polluted water, allowing conclusions about water quality to be drawn. Samples should be taken at the same time each year for valid comparisons, and other factors like oxygen, pH, metals or chemicals can also act as non-biological pollution indicators.
Quality assessment of some groundwater samples in ogbomosoAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that assessed the physico-chemical and microbiological quality of groundwater samples from 10 boreholes in Ogbomoso, Nigeria over a 5 month period. Key findings include:
- Several water quality parameters like total alkalinity, total hardness, BOD and COD exceeded permissible levels in some samples.
- Microbial analysis found all samples contaminated with heterotrophic bacteria and coliforms. Some also contained Salmonella-Shigella, staphylococci and molds/yeasts.
- Isolated bacteria exhibited multiple drug resistance.
- The study provides baseline data on underground water quality in Ogbomoso and suggests regular borehole cleaning
Estimation of validity tigris river water for swimming in baghdad cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the validity of water from the Tigris River in Baghdad for swimming. Water samples were collected from four swim areas during the swim season and tested for chemical, physical, and bacterial parameters. The results showed that temperature, pH, and dissolved solids met EPA standards, while turbidity, chlorophyll, and bacteria levels exceeded standards at some sites. A total of 77 enteric bacteria isolates were identified, with E. coli found in all samples. The study concluded that water quality varies between sites and some sites have bacterial levels that could pose health risks for swimmers.
Environmental Indicators: Measuring Urban Development in Mountains of India. Presented by Kashinath Vajpai at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
This study analyzed the prevalence of Escherichia coli in surface waters of Southeast Asian cities. Water samples were collected from rivers in Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, and Thailand during wet and dry seasons. E. coli levels were higher during the dry season and in more urban areas compared to rural areas. Further analysis identified pathogenic strains of E. coli present, including Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). The high levels of E. coli found, including pathogenic strains, suggest the surface waters pose a health risk if used for recreational or drinking purposes without treatment. Improved sanitation is needed,
This study found high concentrations of viruses in water samples from the Chesapeake Bay. Virus counts ranged from 2.6 x 106 to 1.4 x 108 viruses per ml and averaged 2.5 x 107 viruses per ml. Virus counts were usually at least three times higher than bacterial counts from the same samples. Virus concentrations were highest in August and October and lowest in April and September. The high virus counts suggest that viruses may be an important factor influencing bacterial populations in the Chesapeake Bay through infection.
Role of Bio Markers In Water MonitoringMOHTISHIM CH
Biological monitoring uses organisms to assess environmental changes, especially those caused by human activity. Biomarkers are species that indicate ecosystem status through physiological or behavioral responses. Biomonitoring involves using indicator species like benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, algae, and plants to monitor water quality at individual, population, and community levels. Common biomonitoring techniques sample organisms or their tissues to detect genetic, reproductive, or other biological impacts from pollution.
IRJET - Studies on Algal Flora in Fox Sagar Lake, Jeedimetla, HyderabadIRJET Journal
1. The document studied the algal flora in Fox Sagar Lake in Hyderabad, India over a two year period.
2. Four groups of algae were observed - Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Euglenophyceae. Cyanophyceae dominated all groups, making up around 80% of algae.
3. The abundance and distribution of different algal groups varied seasonally and was influenced by environmental factors like temperature, organic matter, nutrients. Cyanophyceae blooms indicated eutrophic conditions in the lake.
Final Report Daad13 02 C 0015 Part5 App L Pinscore
1) The document describes methods for detecting chemical agents like nerve agents, mustard, and cyanide in water using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
2) Two SERS substrates are tested: electrochemically roughened silver foils and silver- or gold-doped sol-gels. Samples of various chemical agents are prepared and their SERS spectra are collected and analyzed.
3) For sulfur mustard (HD) detected with both substrates, broad peaks are observed around 600-800 cm-1 assigned to C-S and C-Cl stretching modes, along with additional peaks around 1000-1300 cm-1 assigned to C-C stretching and CH2 bending modes. Peak shifts are consistent
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based herbicide to freshwater ...Taqprimer institute
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based
herbicide to freshwater fishChanna punctatus(Bloch) using
micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis
Isolation and identification of bacteria in the rotifer mass culture mediumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria in the culture medium for rotifers. 97 bacterial isolates were identified as Halococcus sp., which are chemoheterotrophic bacteria that use organic compounds as an energy source. The dominant species able to survive the rotifer culture cycle was H. saccharolyticus, comprising 54.6% of isolates. Bacterial abundance increased from 3.5x102 CFU/mL initially to 2.7x104 CFU/mL as the raw fish substrate was decomposed, indicating bacteria played an important role in decomposing the organic materials provided.
Bacterial and heavy metals analyses in fish at shawaka area ofAlexander Decker
This study analyzed bacteria and heavy metal levels in fish from the Shawaka area of the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq from October to December 2012. Bacteria counts on fish guts, gills and skin ranged from 1.9x103 to 35.35x103 cfu/g. A total of 151 bacterial isolates from fish organs were identified, with E. coli being the most common. Heavy metal analyses found lead, zinc, cadmium, copper and mercury levels in fish tissues exceeded international limits. The highest metal concentrations were found for zinc in Barbus luteus and mercury in Heteropneustes fossilis. The results indicate fish from this area face pollution risks from bacteria and heavy metals
This study isolated and evaluated antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal coliform bacteria from the Wudil River in Kano, Nigeria. Samples were collected from four sites along the river and analyzed physically, chemically, and microbiologically. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter sp., and Klebsiella pneumoneae were isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found that Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Levofloxacin were 80-90% effective, while isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin and 80% resistant to Rifampicin. The river water poses health risks if used for drinking without treatment
Invitro Assessment of the Growth and Biomass Level of Chlorella in Textile an...ijtsrd
Chlorella has the capacity to sustain in both fresh water and wastewater. The present study deals with a comparison of the growth and yield of Chlorella in fresh water and textile and tannery wastewaters. The wastewaters used in the study were collected from textile and tannery dyeing units. The wastewater was diluted with tap water in different dilutions 60 , 70 and 80 . Higher dilution yields better biomass parallel to tap water. The result of present study confirms that Chlorella can sustain in almost all wastewaters but gives the maximum yield in textile wastewater. P. S. Subashini | Dr. P. Rajiv "Invitro Assessment of the Growth and Biomass Level of Chlorella in Textile and Tannery Wastewater" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20291.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/20291/invitro-assessment-of-the-growth-and-biomass-level-of-chlorella-in-textile-and-tannery-wastewater/p-s-subashini
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging challenges in water quality. It outlines key water quality parameters and indicators, including physiochemical factors and bio-indicators like E. coli. Emerging challenges include polluted runoff transporting pathogens, combined sewer overflows during storms, and rapid urbanization overwhelming sanitation systems. Re-emerging pathogens are also discussed, driven by new environments, technologies, and intensive livestock practices. Recommendations focus on improved sanitation, integrated water management, wastewater treatment, and monitoring to address these challenges.
11.variation of water quality across cooum river in chennai cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the water quality of the Cooum River in Chennai, India. Water samples were collected from 5 locations along the river and analyzed for pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and microbial content. The results showed that water quality deteriorated significantly as the river passed through more urban areas due to discharges of industrial and domestic waste. Upstream samples had good water quality but downstream samples had high acidity, low dissolved oxygen, and bacterial contamination making the water unfit for domestic or agricultural use. The study concludes effective management is needed to protect this important water resource.
Simultaneous Quantitation of Manganese (II) and Iron (III) In An Industrial E...IOSRJAC
In the present study, a successful attempt has been made to develop a simple method for the simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in an industrial effluent using differential pulse polarography (DPP) technique. Quantification of manganese (II) and iron (III) was done in Triethanolamine and KOH as a supporting electrolyte. The polarogram recorded for the industrial effluent in triethanolamine and KOH showed two peaks at -0.3V and -0.82V vs. saturated calomel electrode which were confirmed to be of manganese (II) and iron (III) respectively by the method of standard addition. The linear working range for manganese (II) and iron (III) both was 1.408 µg/mL to 4.977 µg/mL. The proposed method was found to be simple, precise, and accurate and can be successfully applied for the analysis and simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in industrial effluents.
Microbiological quality of drinking water Mirko Rossi
Lecture on microbiological quality methods for drinking water for the faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki; Course in Environmental Health
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. Different types of bioindicators like plants, animals, and microbes indicate different types of pollution or environmental changes. Scientists observe changes in bioindicator populations to assess environmental conditions. This document provides examples of various bioindicator species and how they are used, including lichens for air quality, earthworms for soil toxicity, and diatoms for water acidity. It also outlines classifications of bioindicators and criteria for selecting effective bioindicator species.
The document discusses bacteriological analysis of water. It describes how contamination can occur through fecal matter and outlines diseases spread through contaminated water. Various methods for analyzing water samples are covered, including membrane filtration and multiple tube methods. Indicator organisms like coliform bacteria are used to detect potential pathogens. Molecular methods like PCR are also discussed along with their benefits and limitations in identifying bacteria and viruses in water. The overall aim of the analysis is to evaluate water quality and safety.
This document discusses using coliform bacteria as indicators of faecal pollution in water samples. It describes how coliform bacteria are commonly used as indicators because they are abundant in faeces and easy to detect, though they are not a perfect indicator. The document outlines the different groups of coliform bacteria and how the multiple tube technique is used to test for total and faecal coliforms. It also provides examples of how the Most Probable Number of coliforms is estimated from the number of positive test tubes using tables or a calculation formula.
This document provides information on using the Coriolis μ air sampler for monitoring biocontamination in veterinary environments. It includes two application notes summarizing studies that used the Coriolis μ to: 1) assess fungal contamination in Portuguese poultry facilities using cultural and molecular methods, finding some toxigenic strains not detected by culture; and 2) demonstrate airborne transmission of swine influenza virus between pigs in an experimental setting, detecting the virus in air samples before infected pigs showed symptoms. It also lists two publications using the Coriolis μ to study Streptococcus suis in swine confinement buildings and Coxiella burnetii in sheep farms. The document encourages joining an online community for sharing Coriolis application
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Estimation of validity tigris river water for swimming in baghdad cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the validity of water from the Tigris River in Baghdad for swimming. Water samples were collected from four swim areas during the swim season and tested for chemical, physical, and bacterial parameters. The results showed that temperature, pH, and dissolved solids met EPA standards, while turbidity, chlorophyll, and bacteria levels exceeded standards at some sites. A total of 77 enteric bacteria isolates were identified, with E. coli found in all samples. The study concluded that water quality varies between sites and some sites have bacterial levels that could pose health risks for swimmers.
Environmental Indicators: Measuring Urban Development in Mountains of India. Presented by Kashinath Vajpai at the "Perth II: Global Change and the World's Mountains" conference in Perth, Scotland in September 2010.
This study analyzed the prevalence of Escherichia coli in surface waters of Southeast Asian cities. Water samples were collected from rivers in Vietnam, Indonesia, Cambodia, and Thailand during wet and dry seasons. E. coli levels were higher during the dry season and in more urban areas compared to rural areas. Further analysis identified pathogenic strains of E. coli present, including Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). The high levels of E. coli found, including pathogenic strains, suggest the surface waters pose a health risk if used for recreational or drinking purposes without treatment. Improved sanitation is needed,
This study found high concentrations of viruses in water samples from the Chesapeake Bay. Virus counts ranged from 2.6 x 106 to 1.4 x 108 viruses per ml and averaged 2.5 x 107 viruses per ml. Virus counts were usually at least three times higher than bacterial counts from the same samples. Virus concentrations were highest in August and October and lowest in April and September. The high virus counts suggest that viruses may be an important factor influencing bacterial populations in the Chesapeake Bay through infection.
Role of Bio Markers In Water MonitoringMOHTISHIM CH
Biological monitoring uses organisms to assess environmental changes, especially those caused by human activity. Biomarkers are species that indicate ecosystem status through physiological or behavioral responses. Biomonitoring involves using indicator species like benthic macroinvertebrates, fish, algae, and plants to monitor water quality at individual, population, and community levels. Common biomonitoring techniques sample organisms or their tissues to detect genetic, reproductive, or other biological impacts from pollution.
IRJET - Studies on Algal Flora in Fox Sagar Lake, Jeedimetla, HyderabadIRJET Journal
1. The document studied the algal flora in Fox Sagar Lake in Hyderabad, India over a two year period.
2. Four groups of algae were observed - Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, and Euglenophyceae. Cyanophyceae dominated all groups, making up around 80% of algae.
3. The abundance and distribution of different algal groups varied seasonally and was influenced by environmental factors like temperature, organic matter, nutrients. Cyanophyceae blooms indicated eutrophic conditions in the lake.
Final Report Daad13 02 C 0015 Part5 App L Pinscore
1) The document describes methods for detecting chemical agents like nerve agents, mustard, and cyanide in water using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).
2) Two SERS substrates are tested: electrochemically roughened silver foils and silver- or gold-doped sol-gels. Samples of various chemical agents are prepared and their SERS spectra are collected and analyzed.
3) For sulfur mustard (HD) detected with both substrates, broad peaks are observed around 600-800 cm-1 assigned to C-S and C-Cl stretching modes, along with additional peaks around 1000-1300 cm-1 assigned to C-C stretching and CH2 bending modes. Peak shifts are consistent
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based herbicide to freshwater ...Taqprimer institute
Mutagenic and genotoxic assessment of atrazine-based
herbicide to freshwater fishChanna punctatus(Bloch) using
micronucleus test and single cell gel electrophoresis
Isolation and identification of bacteria in the rotifer mass culture mediumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified bacteria in the culture medium for rotifers. 97 bacterial isolates were identified as Halococcus sp., which are chemoheterotrophic bacteria that use organic compounds as an energy source. The dominant species able to survive the rotifer culture cycle was H. saccharolyticus, comprising 54.6% of isolates. Bacterial abundance increased from 3.5x102 CFU/mL initially to 2.7x104 CFU/mL as the raw fish substrate was decomposed, indicating bacteria played an important role in decomposing the organic materials provided.
Bacterial and heavy metals analyses in fish at shawaka area ofAlexander Decker
This study analyzed bacteria and heavy metal levels in fish from the Shawaka area of the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq from October to December 2012. Bacteria counts on fish guts, gills and skin ranged from 1.9x103 to 35.35x103 cfu/g. A total of 151 bacterial isolates from fish organs were identified, with E. coli being the most common. Heavy metal analyses found lead, zinc, cadmium, copper and mercury levels in fish tissues exceeded international limits. The highest metal concentrations were found for zinc in Barbus luteus and mercury in Heteropneustes fossilis. The results indicate fish from this area face pollution risks from bacteria and heavy metals
This study isolated and evaluated antibiotic resistance patterns of fecal coliform bacteria from the Wudil River in Kano, Nigeria. Samples were collected from four sites along the river and analyzed physically, chemically, and microbiologically. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter sp., and Klebsiella pneumoneae were isolated. Antibiotic sensitivity testing found that Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Levofloxacin were 80-90% effective, while isolates were 100% resistant to Ampicillin and 80% resistant to Rifampicin. The river water poses health risks if used for drinking without treatment
Invitro Assessment of the Growth and Biomass Level of Chlorella in Textile an...ijtsrd
Chlorella has the capacity to sustain in both fresh water and wastewater. The present study deals with a comparison of the growth and yield of Chlorella in fresh water and textile and tannery wastewaters. The wastewaters used in the study were collected from textile and tannery dyeing units. The wastewater was diluted with tap water in different dilutions 60 , 70 and 80 . Higher dilution yields better biomass parallel to tap water. The result of present study confirms that Chlorella can sustain in almost all wastewaters but gives the maximum yield in textile wastewater. P. S. Subashini | Dr. P. Rajiv "Invitro Assessment of the Growth and Biomass Level of Chlorella in Textile and Tannery Wastewater" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20291.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/20291/invitro-assessment-of-the-growth-and-biomass-level-of-chlorella-in-textile-and-tannery-wastewater/p-s-subashini
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging challenges in water quality. It outlines key water quality parameters and indicators, including physiochemical factors and bio-indicators like E. coli. Emerging challenges include polluted runoff transporting pathogens, combined sewer overflows during storms, and rapid urbanization overwhelming sanitation systems. Re-emerging pathogens are also discussed, driven by new environments, technologies, and intensive livestock practices. Recommendations focus on improved sanitation, integrated water management, wastewater treatment, and monitoring to address these challenges.
11.variation of water quality across cooum river in chennai cityAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the water quality of the Cooum River in Chennai, India. Water samples were collected from 5 locations along the river and analyzed for pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and microbial content. The results showed that water quality deteriorated significantly as the river passed through more urban areas due to discharges of industrial and domestic waste. Upstream samples had good water quality but downstream samples had high acidity, low dissolved oxygen, and bacterial contamination making the water unfit for domestic or agricultural use. The study concludes effective management is needed to protect this important water resource.
Simultaneous Quantitation of Manganese (II) and Iron (III) In An Industrial E...IOSRJAC
In the present study, a successful attempt has been made to develop a simple method for the simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in an industrial effluent using differential pulse polarography (DPP) technique. Quantification of manganese (II) and iron (III) was done in Triethanolamine and KOH as a supporting electrolyte. The polarogram recorded for the industrial effluent in triethanolamine and KOH showed two peaks at -0.3V and -0.82V vs. saturated calomel electrode which were confirmed to be of manganese (II) and iron (III) respectively by the method of standard addition. The linear working range for manganese (II) and iron (III) both was 1.408 µg/mL to 4.977 µg/mL. The proposed method was found to be simple, precise, and accurate and can be successfully applied for the analysis and simultaneous determination of manganese (II) and iron (III) in industrial effluents.
Microbiological quality of drinking water Mirko Rossi
Lecture on microbiological quality methods for drinking water for the faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki; Course in Environmental Health
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. Different types of bioindicators like plants, animals, and microbes indicate different types of pollution or environmental changes. Scientists observe changes in bioindicator populations to assess environmental conditions. This document provides examples of various bioindicator species and how they are used, including lichens for air quality, earthworms for soil toxicity, and diatoms for water acidity. It also outlines classifications of bioindicators and criteria for selecting effective bioindicator species.
The document discusses bacteriological analysis of water. It describes how contamination can occur through fecal matter and outlines diseases spread through contaminated water. Various methods for analyzing water samples are covered, including membrane filtration and multiple tube methods. Indicator organisms like coliform bacteria are used to detect potential pathogens. Molecular methods like PCR are also discussed along with their benefits and limitations in identifying bacteria and viruses in water. The overall aim of the analysis is to evaluate water quality and safety.
This document discusses using coliform bacteria as indicators of faecal pollution in water samples. It describes how coliform bacteria are commonly used as indicators because they are abundant in faeces and easy to detect, though they are not a perfect indicator. The document outlines the different groups of coliform bacteria and how the multiple tube technique is used to test for total and faecal coliforms. It also provides examples of how the Most Probable Number of coliforms is estimated from the number of positive test tubes using tables or a calculation formula.
This document provides information on using the Coriolis μ air sampler for monitoring biocontamination in veterinary environments. It includes two application notes summarizing studies that used the Coriolis μ to: 1) assess fungal contamination in Portuguese poultry facilities using cultural and molecular methods, finding some toxigenic strains not detected by culture; and 2) demonstrate airborne transmission of swine influenza virus between pigs in an experimental setting, detecting the virus in air samples before infected pigs showed symptoms. It also lists two publications using the Coriolis μ to study Streptococcus suis in swine confinement buildings and Coxiella burnetii in sheep farms. The document encourages joining an online community for sharing Coriolis application
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
47.Aerobiology of Mulberry fields in Vellore districtAnnadurai B
This document discusses an investigation into the aerobiology of mulberry fields in Vellore District, India. It aims to identify airborne microflora and causative organisms involved in mulberry diseases. Samples were collected from mulberry fields using an Andersen sampler and cultured on growth media to identify organisms. Weather data on rainfall, humidity and temperature was also collected, as these factors influence microflora growth. A variety of fungi, bacteria and other microbes were identified from the samples. The results provide information on mulberry pathogens and environmental conditions supporting their growth in Vellore District. This data can help with managing mulberry diseases and improving silk production.
Activity Relatedness of Environment and Distribution of Air borne Biocontamin...Premier Publishers
Airborne indoor and outdoor bacteria and fungi were assessed during the spring season using conventional methods to investigate the enumeration and identification of airborne micro-organisms taking into consideration anthropogenic variation of the environment. This was determined through air quality sampling using microbial air sampler (M.A.Q.S.II-90, OXOID, UK). The air samples were collected during the onset of harmattan in Nov 2017. four different zones located in Owerri local Govt, were chosen for the collection of airborne bacteria and fungi. These zones were Owerri downtown (Zone A), Imo State University (Zone B), Naze building material layout (Zone C) and the Open unoccupied area along Obinze Port Harcourt road (Zone D). were selected for air bio-pollutant measurement. Cultivation and total microscopic enumeration methods were employed for the sample analysis. Identification of isolates was done using conventional biochemical test and 16S Rrna. Twenty-six groups of bacteria and fungi, either of human or environmental origin were detected. Microbial count ranges from 20-2056 CFU/m-3 of air, with statistical significant variation (P<0.05) across locations which is proportional to human, other biological and physical activities. Environmental agents generally predominated while significantly higher counts were detected as the level of anthropogenic activities increases. Seven genera of fungi, mainly members of the genus Aspergillum, were isolated from all locations. Results correlated with data obtained from treatment centres establishes a link between the presence of these airborne bacteria and fungi and development of respiratory diseases.
This study evaluated the indoor air quality of seven wards at Daeyang Luke Hospital in Malawi. Air samples were collected from the wards using settle plates exposed for 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The samples were incubated to determine bacterial and fungal colony-forming units per cubic meter (CFU/m3) of air. Bacterial CFU/m3 ranged from 366 to 3495 across wards, while fungal CFU/m3 ranged from 786 to 3993. The emergency ward and female surgical ward had the highest bacterial and fungal levels respectively. Most wards exceeded recommended indoor air quality guidelines. The results indicate that indoor environmental factors at the hospital favor bacterial and fungal growth,
Shraddha Patel1*, Varsha Aglawe2, Sushma Jaget1, Parnavi Arya1, Megha Tiwari1
1Research Scholar (Ph.D), Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College,
Affiliated to R.D.V.V. Jabalpur, India
2Asst. Prof, Department of Zoology & Biotechnology, Govt. (Autonomous) Model Science College, Affiliated to R.D.V.V.
Jabalpur, India
ABSTRACT- Fungi are ubiquitous in our environment, only a few people realize how intimately our lives are related to
these fungi. Mycotic diseases of men are an emerging public health problem which receives growing alternate from the
health authorities. The inter-human, man- animal and man- environment relationship constitute the prime factors that
explain the presence or absence of the infection. Special human activities and changes in human behavior are responsible
for different susceptibilities in individual populations. Noscomial infections are transmitted in hospital through three main
environmental routes-air, surface contact and water. This study reports the result of environmental surveillance of fungi in
specific areas of Private Hospital of Jabalpur (M.P.). The air samples in the hospital yielded Aspergillus, Alternaria,
Candida, Fusarium, Rhizopus, Penicillium, Tricophyton, and Microsporum. The dust samples were positive for
Aspergillus, Alternaria and Fusarium. The sample of drinking water of the hospital no fungi was isolated.
Key-words- Ubiquitous, Susceptibilities, Nosocomial infection, Surveillance
Combined effect of solar drying and gamma radiation on the microbiological qu...Nii Korley Kortei
This study evaluated the combined effect of solar drying and gamma irradiation on the microbiological quality of dried oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) stored at room temperature. Mushrooms were dried using a solar dryer to 12-14% moisture content. Samples were then gamma irradiated at doses from 0-2 kGy. Initial microbial counts for total viable count, Bacillus cereus, yeasts and molds ranged from 1.2-5.3, 0.95-1.4, 0-1.39, and 0-0.8 log CFU/g, respectively. Solar drying and irradiation resulted in an average 0.55 and 0.38 log reduction of total viable count
Microbiological Investigations on Gryllotalpa Africana [Orthoptera: Gryllotal...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bacterial distribution on different external structures of the edible mole cricket Gryllotalpa africana in Nigeria. Ten bacterial genera were isolated including Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Proteus, Micrococcus, and Corynebacterium. Proteus was the most prevalent bacteria overall. Some Bacillus and Staphylococcus strains isolated from the cricket's skin including B. cereus and S. aureus present public health concerns as these bacteria can cause foodborne illness. While crickets are eaten in parts of Nigeria, the presence of potential pathogens indicates cooking is needed to eliminate health risks from consuming this insect.
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that assessed the bacteriological profile of borehole water from nine student hostels in relation to sewage disposal units. Water samples were tested for total bacteria counts and fecal coliform counts. Higher counts were found in samples from hostels closer to sewage units and from older boreholes. Bacteria isolated included E. coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholerae. Total bacteria counts correlated with fecal coliform counts and negatively correlated with distance from sewage units. The study concludes that boreholes should be farther from sewage units and older boreholes require treatment to improve water quality.
This document reports on a study that assessed the microbiological quality and safety of fresh and dried mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) that were gamma irradiated and stored. Fresh mushrooms were irradiated at doses of 0, 1, and 2 kGy and stored for 5 days, while dried mushrooms were irradiated at doses of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 kGy and stored for 12 months. Microbial analysis found that gamma irradiation effectively reduced aerobic mesophiles, Bacillus cereus, and yeast/mold counts in both fresh and dried mushrooms. No Salmonella, coliforms, or Staphylococcus aureus were detected. Decimal reduction doses
Microbiological Environmental Monitoring in Pharmaceutical Facilitydelli_intralab
Merupakan jurnal tentang microbiological environment monitoring in pharma facility
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut atau diskusi mengenai environment monitoring, silahkan hubungi delli.intralab@gmail.com
Indoor and outdoor air quality in hospital environmentAlexander Decker
This study measured indoor and outdoor particulate matter concentrations at five locations in a Nigerian hospital between December 2010 and February 2011. The indoor particulate matter ranged from 243.05-451.39 micrograms per cubic meter, while outdoor particulate matter ranged from 451.39-625 micrograms per cubic meter. There was a positive correlation between indoor and outdoor particulate levels. Both indoor and outdoor particulate matter showed significant spatial variation between locations. Indoor particulate levels exceeded WHO and Nigerian standards in most locations, likely due to sources such as burning waste, cooking fires, photocopiers, vehicles, carpets and printers.
This document discusses research on the lung mycobiota (fungal microbiota) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Deep sequencing was used to analyze fungal and bacterial communities in sputum samples from CF patients. 24 fungal species/genera were identified, only 4 of which had been previously isolated by culture. Fungal and bacterial diversity were found to be statistically associated with clinical status measures like lung function. A pilot study on 8 samples found that lower diversity was linked to poorer clinical status. Further research aims to better characterize lung microbial communities in CF and understand how they relate to disease exacerbation and response to treatment.
Assessment of the Coliform Bacterial Load of Some Drinking Water Sources in D...Scientific Review SR
Drinking water samples from 5 sachet water companies, 3 boreholes and 2 taps, collected from different locations of Dutse Metropolis of Jigawa State, Nigeria were analysed for coliform bacterial counts using the Membrane Filtration Technique. All the samples contained some amounts of total coliforms, but mostly within permissible levels. Thirty three percent (33%) of the samples from borehole, 60% from sachet water and 100% from the taps contained faecal coliforms, which indicates contamination. Cultures of the faecal coliforms obtained were morphologically identified using the gram-staining procedure and some series of biochemical tests were carried out in order to identify the organisms. The identified organisms were Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. Presence of coliforms above the regulatory set standards indicates contamination and un-safeness of the water for drinking. Presence of organisms such as E. coli, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter sp. necessitates improvement in monitoring and water hygiene practices to improve the quality of drinking water in the study area.
ABSTRACT This research paper presents the microbial and hydrobiological indicators and the physicochemical quality of water samples from a lentic ecosystem in Ibeno LGA, Nigeria, after sixteen (16) years of an aviation fuel spill. Using culture-dependent methodologies, the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial and fungal counts (HBC & HFC) ranged from 3.4 x 104 to 1.2 x 105cfu/l and 4.7 x 103 to 1.8 x 104 cfu/l, respectively with the ratios of total heterotrophic bacterial counts to HBC and total fungal counts to HFC ranging from 8 to 12% and 15 to 22%, respectively. Predominant bacterial indicators included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus varians and Enterobacter aerogenes while predominant fungal indicators included Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, Candida sp, Saccharomyces sp, Phoma sp. and Botrytis sp. Predominant zooplanktons in the sampled area were rotatoria while the least were nematodes and followed the trend: Rotatoria > Copepoda > Cladocera > Nematoda. Water samples from the area showed evidence of oil sheen when disturbed; with pH values (6.2 to 7.8) tending generally towards neutral. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) from this aviation fuel-contaminated lentic system ranged from 81.5 mg/l to 505.2 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen (DO) were generally low with high BOD and COD of 46.3 mg/l and 321.1mg/l, respectively. Other physicochemical parameters were typical of lentic ecosystems in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria. The impact of this and many other spills are enormous. This confirms that it takes a long time for recovery once the environment is polluted.
Key-words: Aquatic pollution, Aviation fuel, Hydrobiological parameters, Hydrocarbonoclastic Microorganisms, Lentic ecosystem, Physicochemical characteristics
Virulence Phenotype, Physicochemical Properties and Biofilm Formation of Pseu...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study characterizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from drinking water distribution systems in Morocco. The study examined the virulence phenotypes, biofilm formation ability, and physicochemical properties of the P. aeruginosa isolates.
The results showed that the isolates expressed a range of virulence factors including proteases, lipases, and hemolysins. Most isolates were motile and able to form biofilms on polyethylene surfaces within 8-12 hours. Physicochemical characterization found the isolates possessed a range of surface properties like hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity that influence their ability to adhere to surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy images showed cell adhesion and biofilm formation on polyethylene over time.
In summary, the study
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of various antiseptics on nosocomial fungi isolated from a hospital in Iraq. Eighteen fungal species were tested against Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, Asl-slidex, and Clorox solution at different concentrations using a gradient plate technique. The study found that 0.5% Celavex-c and 2% Povidine-iodine were the most effective at inhibiting fungal growth. Asl-slidex showed the least effectiveness against the fungi even at high concentrations. In conclusion, Celavex-c, Povidine-iodine, and Clorox solution were found to be effective antise
Isolation and Identification of E Coli and V Cholerae from Street Fruits and ...ijtsrd
Microbial contamination of ready to eat foods and beverages sold by street vendors and hawkers has become a global health problem. The study aims to evaluate microbial status in street vended food samples in Bangladesh and identify the presence of common food borne pathogens such as E coli and Vibrio cholerae by conventional cultural, microscopic and biochemical tests. A total of twenty samples hog plum, guava and sugarcane and lemon juices were collected from mobile vendors from five different locations in Dhaka city. The total viable count TVC in all food samples was ranged from 8×103 to 2.1×108 cfu ml. The total coliform count TCC varied between 1.5×104 to 2.2×108 cfu ml. In addition, 8 E coli and 8 V cholerae strains were identified in 8 40 different samples out of 20 samples tested. They were found highest in sugarcane juice 50 and lowest in lemon juice 12.5 among different food samples. Our results demonstrated the non hygienic quality of most popular types of street vended foods suggesting the urgent need for government participation in developing suitable intervention measures to improve microbial quality. Monika Sultana | Sharmin Limu | Kazi Md Kamrul Hosin | Aysha Siddiqua | Ariful Islam "Isolation and Identification of E Coli and V Cholerae from Street Fruits and Juices from Different Areas in Dhaka City, Bangladesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38534/isolation-and-identification-of-e-coli-and-v-cholerae-from-street-fruits-and-juices-from-different-areas-in-dhaka-city-bangladesh/monika-sultana
This document proposes methods for generating electricity from speed breakers. It discusses 5 classifications of speed breaker power generators that use different mechanisms: 1) a chain drive mechanism, 2) a rack and pinion system, 3) direct use of the load through a reciprocating device, 4) a translator and stator topology, and 5) a pressure lever mechanism. The document also outlines the advantages of using speed breakers for power generation such as low cost and maintenance and being a renewable source. Some challenges are also noted such as selecting a suitable generator and dealing with rain damage.
Cassava waste water was used as an admixture to replace distilled water in ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% for producing sandcrete blocks. 60 sandcrete blocks of size 450mm x 150mm x 225mm were produced with different admixture ratios and a control with 0% admixture. The blocks were cured for 7, 14, 21, and 28 days and then tested for moisture content, specific gravity, water absorption, and compressive strength. Test results showed that blocks with 20% cassava waste water admixture met the minimum compressive strength requirement of 3.30 N/mm2 set by Nigerian standards, indicating the potential of cassava waste water to improve sandcrete block quality and
The document presents a theorem on random fixed points in metric spaces. It begins with introductions to fixed point theory, random fixed point theory, and relevant definitions. The main result is Theorem 3.1, which proves that if a self-mapping E on a complete metric space X satisfies certain contraction conditions involving parameters between 0 and 1, then E has a unique fixed point. The proof constructs a Cauchy sequence that converges to the unique fixed point. The document contributes to the study of random equations and random fixed point theory, which has applications in nonlinear analysis, probability theory, and other fields.
1. The document discusses applying multi-curve reconstruction technology to seismic inversion to improve accuracy and reliability. It focuses on reconstructing SP and RMN curves from well logs that are affected by various distortions.
2. The process of reconstructing the curves involves removing baseline drift, standardizing values, applying linear filtering, and fitting the curves. This removes interference and retains valid lithological information.
3. Reconstructing high quality curves improves the resolution and credibility of seismic inversion results. The method is shown to effectively predict sand distribution with little error.
This document compares the performance of a Minimum-Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) adaptive receiver and a conventional Rake receiver for receiving Ultra-Wideband (UWB) signals over a multipath fading channel. It first describes the UWB pulse shapes and channel model used, including the 6th derivative of the Gaussian pulse and the IEEE 802.15.3a modified Saleh-Valenzuela channel model. It then discusses the Direct-Sequence and Time-Hopping transmission and multiple access schemes for UWB. The document presents the receiver structures for the MMSE adaptive receiver and Rake receiver and compares their performance using MATLAB simulations.
This document summarizes a study on establishing logging interpretation models for reservoir parameters like porosity, permeability, oil saturation, and gas saturation in the Gaotaizi Reservoir of the L Oilfield. Models were developed using core data from 4 wells and include:
1) A porosity model relating acoustic travel time to porosity with an error of 0.92%
2) A permeability model relating permeability to porosity with an error of 0.31%
3) An oil saturation model using resistivity data with empirically determined parameters
4) A method to determine original gas saturation from mercury injection data.
Application of the models improved interpretation precision and allowed recalculation of oil and gas reserves for the
This document discusses predicting spam videos on social media platforms using machine learning. It proposes using attributes like number of likes, comments, and view count to classify videos as spam or not spam. A predictive algorithm is developed that uses threshold values for attributes and natural language processing of comments to classify videos. Testing of the algorithm on a dataset achieved a spam prediction precision of 93.6%. Issues with small datasets decreasing accuracy are also discussed, along with continuing work to address this issue.
1) The study experimentally evaluated the compatibility relationship between polymer solutions and oil layers through core flooding tests with different permeability cores.
2) The results showed that injection rate decreased with increasing polymer concentration and molecular weight, and increased with permeability.
3) Based on the results, boundaries for injection capability were established and a compatibility chart was proposed to guide polymer solution selection for different sedimentary microfacies in the field based on permeability and pore size.
1. The document discusses the identification of lithologic traps in the D3 Member of the Gaonan Region using seismic attribute analysis, acoustic impedance inversion, and sedimentary microfacies analysis.
2. Several lithologic traps were identified in the I and II oil groups of the D3 Member, with the largest trap located between wells G46 and G146X1 covering an area of about 2.35 km2.
3. Impedance inversion, seismic attribute analysis, and sedimentary microfacies characterization using 3D seismic data helped determine the location and development of effective lithologic traps in the thin sandstone-shale interbeds of the target stratum.
This document examines using coal ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Coal ash was substituted for cement at rates of 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight. Testing found that concrete with a 5% substitution of coal ash exhibited only a slight decrease in compressive strength of 2% at 28 days while gaining improved workability. Higher substitution rates of 10% and 15% coal ash led to greater decreases in compressive and tensile strength. The study concludes that a 5% substitution of coal ash for cement provides benefits of reduced cost and improved workability with minimal strength impacts, representing an effective use of a waste material that addresses sustainability.
Accounting professional judgment involves handling accounting events and compiling financial reports according to regulations and standards. However, professional judgment is sometimes manipulated to distort accounting information. The document discusses three ways manipulation occurs: 1) abandoning accounting principles, 2) optional changes to accounting policies, and 3) abuse of accounting estimates. The causes of manipulation include distorted motivations from corporate governance issues and catering to various stakeholder interests. Strengthening supervision and improving the accounting system are proposed to manage manipulation of professional judgment.
The document discusses research on the distribution of oil and water in the eastern block of the Chao202-2 area in China. It establishes standards for identifying oil, poor oil, dry, and water layers using well logging data. Analysis shows structural reservoirs are dominant and fault and sand body configuration control oil-water distribution. Oil-water distribution varies between fault blocks from "up oil, bottom water" to "up water, bottom oil" depending on structure and sand body development.
The document describes an intelligent fault diagnosis system for reciprocating pumps that uses pressure and flow signals as inputs. It consists of hardware for data acquisition and a software system for signal processing, feature extraction, and fault diagnosis using wavelet neural networks. The system was able to accurately diagnose three main fault types - seal ring faults, valve damage, and spring faults - based on differences observed in the pressure curves. Testing on over 12 samples of each fault type achieved a correct diagnosis rate of over 94%. The system provides a fast and effective means of remotely monitoring reciprocating pumps and identifying faults.
This document discusses the application of meta-learning algorithms in banking sector data mining for fraud detection. It proposes using Classification and Regression Tree (CART), AdaBoost, LogitBoost, Bagging and Dagging algorithms for classification of banking transaction data. The experimental results show that Bagging algorithm has the best performance with the lowest misclassification rate, making it effective for banking fraud detection through data mining. Data mining can help banks detect patterns for applications like credit scoring, payment default prediction, fraud detection and risk management by analyzing customer transaction history and loan details.
This document presents a numerical solution for unsteady heat and mass transfer flow past an infinite vertical plate with variable thermal conductivity, taking into account Dufour number and heat source effects. The governing equations are non-linear and coupled, and were solved numerically using an implicit finite difference scheme. Various parameters, including Dufour number and heat source, were found to influence the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. Skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number were also calculated.
The document discusses methods for obtaining a background image using depth information from a depth camera to more accurately extract foreground objects. It finds that accumulating depth images and taking the median value at each pixel provides the most accurate background image. The accuracy of three methods - average, median, and mode - are evaluated using simulated depth data of a captured plane. The median method provides the best results, followed by average, while mode performs worst. More accumulated images provide a more accurate background image across all methods.
This document presents a mathematical model for determining the minimum overtaking sight distance (OSDm) required for an ascending vehicle to safely pass another slower vehicle on a single lane highway with an incline. It defines sight distance, stopping sight distance, perception-reaction time and derives equations to calculate the reaction distance (d1), overtaking distance (d2), vehicle travel distance during overtaking (d3), and total minimum OSDm based on vehicle characteristics, road geometry, and coefficients of friction. The safe overtaking zone is defined as 3 times the minimum OSDm. The model accounts for effects of slope angle and aims to satisfy laws of mechanics for overtaking maneuvers on inclined two-way single lane highways.
This document discusses a novel technique for better analysis of ice properties using Kalman filtering. It summarizes previous research on sea ice segmentation using SAR imagery and dual polarization techniques. It proposes using an automated SAR algorithm along with Kalman filtering to more accurately detect sea ice properties from RADARSAT1 and RADARSAT2 imagery data. The document reviews techniques for image segmentation, dual polarization, PMA detection, and related work on sea ice classification using statistical ice properties, edge preserving region models, and object extraction methods.
This document summarizes a study on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in bass fish (Morone Saxatilis) caught at Rodoni Cape in the Adriatic Sea in Albania. Samples of bass fish were collected from five sites and analyzed for mercury, lead, and cadmium levels in their muscles. The concentrations of heavy metals varied between fish and sites but were below international limits for human consumption. While the fish were found to be safe for eating, the study recommends continuous monitoring of metal levels in fish from the area due to various factors that can influence metal uptake over time.
This document discusses optimal maintenance policies for repairable systems with linearly increasing hazard rates. It considers a system with a constant repair rate and predetermined availability requirement. There are two maintenance policies: corrective maintenance only, and preventive maintenance at set time intervals. The goal is to determine the preventive maintenance interval that guarantees the availability requirement at minimum cost. Equations are developed to calculate the availability under each policy and the optimal preventive maintenance interval based on both availability and cost. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the decision process in determining the optimal policy.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
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1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 05, Issue 01 (January 2015), ||V2|| PP 07-15
International organization of Scientific Research 7 | P a g e
Microbial Assessment of Air In The Vicinity Of Some Dump Sites
in Delta State
Jude C. Igborgbor1
*, Gideon I. Ogu2
1
Department of Biology, College of Education Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria
Abstract: - The microbial loads of air in the vicinity of various dumpsites in Delta State, Nigeria, were
conducted for a period of 6 months (July - December, 2012) using standard pour plate and spread plate
microbiological techniques. Results showed that all the tested parameters decreased with distance away from the
dumpsites and the microbial loads were higher than regulatory limits. The heterotrophic bacteria count ranged
from 1.41 x 108
to 29.2 x 1014
cfu/ml, while fungal counts ranged from 1.12 x 108
to 1.39 x 1014
cfu/ml.
Bacterial counts were higher in the months of July, August and September, while fungi were more in the months
of October to December. The bacterial genera isolated were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus,
Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species, while the fungal isolates were Penicillium,
Aspergillus, Alternaria, Mucor, Curvularia, Rhizopus and Cladosporium sp. Statistical analysis showed that
there were significant differences (P<0.05) between the microbial load of the various dumpsites, periods and
distance of sampling sites. This study showed that potential airborne pathogens not only abound in the vicinity
of waste dumpsites but also decreased with increasing distance from the dump sites. It is therefore
recommended that dumpsites be located at a minimum 1km distance away from residential quarters.
Keywords: - Microbial loads, dumpsites, heterotrophic bacteria count, residential quarters
I. INTRODUCTION
Indiscriminate dumping of waste has become a common practice in Nigeria and other African
countries. In fact, virtually every available space close to residential areas, roads, farms, markets, hospital and
churches in many Nigerian communities now serve as waste dump sites [1]. The lack of proper refuse disposal
and waste treatment facilities in these areas, therefore, makes the populace to be at risk of infections from
pathogens that are airborne in the dumpsite areas.The World Health Organization estimates that about two
million people die prematurely every yearas a result of air pollution, while many more suffer from breathing
ailments, heart disease, lung infections and even cancer [2].
Over the years, studies have been extensively carried out on the microbial qualities of air in hospital
environments [3-11]. In order to develop appropriate air quality management plans, however, it is necessary first
to have reliable information about the state of airborne bacteria and fungi especially in the vicinity of waste
dumpsites. Therefore, this study was undertaken to determine the microbial load of air in the vicinity of some
waste dumpsites in selected towns (Warri, Agbarho and Agbor,) in Delta State, Nigeria.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Study Area
The study area is located within Nigeria Delta in the Southern portion of Nigeria (Fig. 1). Warri is between
latitude 50
32’N and 50
40’ N and longitude 50
42’E and 5’50’E, while Agbor is situated between latitude 6.00’N
and longitude 60
05’ E and 60
25’N and longitude 60
05’E and 60
25’ E. Agbarho is between latitude 50
34’N and
50
40’ N and longitude 542’E and 5’50’E. All the communities are in Delta State, Nigeria.
2. Microbial Assessment of Air In The Vicinity Of Some Dump Sites in Delta State
International organization of Scientific Research 8 | P a g e
Fig. 1: Map of Delta State Showing Warri, Agbarho and Agbor.
2.2 Sample Collection
Air samples were collected monthly for period of 6 months (July – December) from the various
dumpsites in Agbor, Warri and Agbarho. At each sampling area, wide mouth bottles containing sterile peptone
water was exposed for 15 minutes in the dumpsite and at distances of 100m, 200m, 300m, 400m and 500m
away from the dumpsite. In all ninety air samples were collected during the period and the sample bottles were
corked and taken to the laboratory for analysis.
2.3 Culturing and Enumeration of Bacteria in Air Samples
Each sterile peptone water exposed to air was thoroughly shaken to obtain a homogenous sample. An
aliquot (1.0 ml) was diluted serially to 10-15
dilution [12]. From the dilution of 10-8
, 10-12
and 10-14
of each
sample, 0.1 ml aliquot was transferred aseptically onto freshly prepared Nutrient agar plates. The inoculated
plates were inverted and incubated at 37 o
C for 24 hrs after which the plates were examined for growth. The
discrete colonies which developed were counted and the average counts for duplicate cultures were recorded as
aerobic heterotrophic bacteria in the sample.
2.4 Isolation, characterization and identification of bacteria in the air samples
Pure cultures of bacteria were obtained by aseptically streaking representative colonies of different
morphological types, which appeared on the cultured plates onto freshly prepared Nutrient agar plates and
MacConkey agar plates and incubated at 37 o
C for 24 hrs. Discrete bacteria colonies which developed were sub-
cultured onto Nutrient agar slopes and incubated at 28 o
C for 24 hrs. These served as pure stock cultures for
subsequent characterization and identification via physiological and biochemical tests [13].
2.5 Culturing and enumeration of fungi in air samples
Each air sample was shaken thoroughly to obtain a homogenous sample. Aliquot (1.0 ml) of it was
diluted serially to 10-15
dilution. From the dilution of 10–8
, 10-12
and 10-14
of each air sample, 0.1 ml aliquot was
transferred aseptically onto freshly prepared Potato dextrose agar plates containing 0.2 ml of 0.5 % Ampicillin
to inhibit the growth of bacteria [14]. The inoculum was spread with a sterile bent glass rod. The inoculated
plates were inverted and incubated at (room temperature) 28 ± 2 0
C for 5 days. The colonies which developed
were counted and the average counts for duplicate cultures were recorded as viable fungal counts in the sample.
3. Microbial Assessment of Air In The Vicinity Of Some Dump Sites in Delta State
International organization of Scientific Research 9 | P a g e
2.6 Isolation, characterization and identification of fungi in air samples.
Pure cultures of fungi were obtained by subculturing discrete colonies onto freshly prepared Potato
Dextrose Agar plates and inoculated at room temperature (28± 2 0
C) for 5 days. The fungal isolates which
developed were further sub cultured onto agar slopes and incubated at room temperature. The isolates which
developed were pure cultures which were stored in the refrigerator (4 o
C) as stock cultures for subsequent
characterization via macroscopic and microscopic examination. The identification of fungal isolates was done
by comparing the result of their cultural and morphological characteristics with those of known taxa [14].
2.7 Statistical Analysis
Data obtained was analysed using Microsoft 2003 excel programme. Analysis of variance ANOVA (F-
test) was done to determine the statistical difference in microbial count between the sampling stations while
seasonal variation in bacterial and fungal counts for the air samples at 95 % confidence level was determined
using student’s t - test.
III. RESULTS
3.1 Bacterial Load for Air Samples
The bacterial load for the air samples from the dumpsites in Warri, Agbarho and Agbor are presented in
Figs 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 respectively. It was observed that the bacterial counts decreased with distance from the
dumpsite and were higher in the months of July, August and September, but decreased slightly in the months of
October to December. The bacterial counts in the air samples from the dumpsite in July - September ranged
from 15.47 to 14.22 log10 cfu/ml while the bacterial counts in the air samples from the dumpsite in October-
December ranged from 14.37 to 12.37 log10 cfu/ml. Similarly the bacterial counts in the air samples taken from
the various distances ranged from 13.58 to 8.44 log10cfu/ml in July - September while the value ranged from
14.37 to 7.44 log10 cfu/ml in October-December. Statistical analysis showed that there were significant
differences (P<0.05) between the bacteria load of the various sampling stations and seasonal variations
Fig 2: Bacterial Counts for Warri Air Samples
Key: DS = dumpsite, ST1 = station 1 (100m from dumpsite), ST2 = station 2 (200m away from dumpsite), ST3
= station 3 (300m away from dumpsite), ST4 = station 4 (400m away from dumpsite), ST5 = station 5 (500m
away from dumpsite).
Fig 3: Bacterial Counts for Agbarho Air Samples.
4. Microbial Assessment of Air In The Vicinity Of Some Dump Sites in Delta State
International organization of Scientific Research 10 | P a g e
Key: DS = dumpsite, ST1 = station 1 (100m from dumpsite), ST2 = station 2 (200m away from dumpsite), ST3
= station 3 (300m away from dumpsite), ST4 = station 4 (400m away from dumpsite), ST5 = station 5 (500m
away from dumpsite).
Fig. 4: Bacterial counts for Agbor Air Samples.
Key: DS = dumpsite, ST1 = station 1 (100m from dumpsite), ST2 = station 2 (200m away from dumpsite), ST3
= station 3 (300m away from dumpsite), ST4 = station 4 (400m away from dumpsite), ST5 = station 5 (500m
away from dumpsite).
3.2 Fungal Count for Air Samples
The fungal counts of the air samples from the dumpsites in Warri, Agbarho and Agbor are presented in
Figs 5, 6 and 7. It was observed that the fungal counts decreased with distance from the dumpsite and the fungal
counts increased in the months of November and December. The fugal counts in the ambient air of the dumpsite
in July - September ranged from 12.58 to 10.58 log10 cfu/ml and the fungal load in the air samples from the
dumpsite in October-December ranged from 13.67 to 12.57 log10 cfu/ml. Similarly the total fungal counts in the
air samples taken from the various distances ranged from 11.78 to 8.04 log10 cfu/ml in July - September while
the value ranged from 13.49 to 8.48 log10 cfu/ml in October-December. Statistical analysis showed that there
were significant differences (P<0.05) between the fungal loads of the various sampling stations and during the
different seasons.
Fig 5: Fungal Counts for Warri Air Samples
Key: DS = dumpsite, ST1 = station 1 (100m from dumpsite), ST2 = station 2 (200m away from dumpsite), ST3
= station 3 (300m away from dumpsite), ST4 = station 4 (400m away from dumpsite), ST5 = station 5 (500m
away from dumpsite).
Fig 6: Fungal Counts for Agbarho Air Samples
5. Microbial Assessment of Air In The Vicinity Of Some Dump Sites in Delta State
International organization of Scientific Research 11 | P a g e
Key: DS = dumpsite, ST1 = station 1 (100m from dumpsite), ST2 = station 2 (200m away from dumpsite), ST3
= station 3 (300m away from dumpsite), ST4 = station 4 (400m away from dumpsite), ST5 = station 5 (500m
away from dumpsite).
Fig 7: Fungal Counts for Agbor Air Sample
Key: DS = dumpsite, ST1 = station 1 (100m from dumpsite), ST2 = station 2 (200m away from dumpsite), ST3
= station 3 (300m away from dumpsite), ST4 = station 4 (400m away from dumpsite), ST5 = station 5 (500m
away from dumpsite).
3.3 Bacterial Isolates from Air Samples
The bacterial genera isolated from the air sample were Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus sp, Micrococcus sp,
Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella sp were isolated from the air samples (Table 1)
Table 1:Identification and characterization of bacteria from air samples
Isolate A B C D E F G
Cultural
characteristics
Creamy
converse
colonies with
smooth edges
Cocci clusters Round clusters
dented
white flat
& smooth
colonies
Dented and
raised
colonies
Pink
convex
Smooth
colonies
Flat
yellow
swarming
colonies
Pigmentation Cream Cream Yellow Cream Green Pink cream
Cellular
morphology
Cocci Cocci Cocci Rods Rods Rods Rods
Gram Stain + + + + _ _ _
Aerobic growth + + + + + + +
Anaerobic growth + + _ _ _ _ +
Motility Test _ _ _ + + + +
CatalaseTest + _ + + + + +
OxidaseTest _ _ + _ + _ _
Urease Test + _ + _ + _ +
Endospore Test _ _ _ + _ _ _
IndoleTest + _ _ _ _ + _
6. Microbial Assessment of Air In The Vicinity Of Some Dump Sites in Delta State
International organization of Scientific Research 12 | P a g e
Key: + =positive, – =negative
3.4 Distribution of Bacterial Isolates in Air Samples
The distribution of the bacterial isolates obtained from the air samples in wet and dry seasons are presented in
Tables 2 and 3 respectively. It was observed that Streptococcus sp, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus sp,
Pseudomonas sp, Micrococcus sp, Klebsiella sp and Bacillus sp were more abundant in the air in the dumpsite
and decreased with distanceaway from the dumpsites in the wet season while Micrococcus sp and Bacillus sp
were abundant in both wet and dry seasons.
Table 2:Distribution of air bacterial isolates in wet season
Organism Dumpsite ST1 ST 2 ST3 ST 4 ST 5
Streptococcus sp +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Bacillus sp +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Escherichia coli +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Micrococcus sp +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Staphylococcus sp +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Pseudomonas sp. +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Klebsiella sp +++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Key: – Absent, + Rare, ++ Intermediate, +++ large in number
Table 3:Distribution of air bacterial isolates in dry season
Key: – Absent, + Rare, ++Intermediate, +++large in number
3.5 Fungal Isolates from Air Samples
The fungal isolates from the air, samples are presented in Table 4. The fungal genera isolated were Alternaria
sp, Aspergillus sp, Cladosporium sp, Curvularia sp, Mucor sp, Penicillium sp and Rhizopus sp.
Citrate Test + + + + + + _
Glucose
Fermentation test
+ _ + + + + +
Lactose
Fermentation test
_ _ _ _ _ + +
H2S
production test
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Organism
identified
Staphylococcus
sp
Streptococcus
sp
Micrococcus
sp
Bacillus
sp
Pseudomo
nas sp
E. coli. Klebsiella
sp
Organism Dumpsite ST1 ST 2 ST3 ST 4 ST 5
Streptococcus sp
++ ++ ++ ++ + +
Bacillus sp. +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ ++
Escherichia coli
++ ++ ++ ++ + +
Micrococcus sp +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +
Staphylococcus sp ++ ++ ++ ++ + +
Pseudomonas sp. ++ ++ ++ + + +
Klebsiella sp ++ ++ ++ + + -
7. Microbial Assessment of Air In The Vicinity Of Some Dump Sites in Delta State
International organization of Scientific Research 13 | P a g e
3.6 Distribution of Fungal Isolates in Air Samples
The distribution of the fungal isolates obtained from the air samples in wet and dry seasons are presented in
Tables 5 and 6 respectively. It was observed that all the fungal isolates were abundant in the dry season while
Aspergillus sp and Mucor sp were abundant in both wet and dry seasons.
Table 5:Distribution of air fungal isolates in wet season
Organism Dumpsite ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST 5
Aspergillus sp +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Cladosporium sp ++ + + + + +
Curvularia sp ++ + + + + +
Mucor sp +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Rhizopus sp ++ + + + + +
Penicillium sp ++ + + + + _
Alternaria sp ++ + + + + +
Key: – Absent, + Rare, ++Intermediate, +++large in number
Table 6:Distribution of air fungal isolates in dry season
Organism Dumpsite ST1 ST2 ST3 ST4 ST 5
Aspergillus sp +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Cladosporium sp +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Curvularia sp +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
8. Microbial Assessment of Air In The Vicinity Of Some Dump Sites in Delta State
International organization of Scientific Research 14 | P a g e
Mucor sp +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Rhizopus sp +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Penicillium sp +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Alternaria sp +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
Key: – Absent, + Rare, ++Intermediate, +++large in number
IV. DISCUSSION
The microbial loads of the air samples taken from the dumpsites were higher than the normal
atmospheric concentration of the microorganisms as the reported average level of the microbes in the ambient
air is 3.0 log10cfu/ml [15]. This is an indication of the extent of microbial pollution of waste dump sites in the
study sites
The microorganisms isolated from the air samples taken from the various locations (Warri, Agbarho and
Agbor), and distances sampled were similar in composition and distribution with those isolated from the air
samples taken from the dumpsite. Generally the microbial load decreased with distances away from the
dumpsite. The bacterial load for the air samples from Warri, Agbarho and Agbor presented in Figs 2- 4 showed
that the bacteria counts decreased with distance from the dumpsite. It was equally observed that the bacterial
counts were higher in the months of July August and September (wet season) and decreased slightly in the
months of October, November and December (dry season). The decreasing bacterial counts with distance away
from the dumpsite could be due to increased microbial activity in the dumpsite as a result of putrefaction and
increased decomposition of organic matter in the vicinity of the dumpsite. It could also be as a result of
household and industrial wastes deposited in the waste dumpsites as well as contaminants generated naturally
that were propelled through the air, such as particles of dust and soil microbial spores in the air within the
dumpsites. These results agree with the report of McCarthy [16], who listed these amongst others as possible
sources of air contaminants.
The observed increased trend in the bacterial counts in wet season could be as a result of increased rainfall in the
months of July, August and September and decreased rainfall in the months of October, November and
December leading to reduced water activity. These results agree with the reports of Obire et al. [17], who stated
that seasonal variations favour physiological types.
The fungal load for the air samples from Warri, Agbarho and Agbor as presented in Figs 5-7 showed that the
fungal counts decreased with distance away from the dumpsites. It was equally observed that the fungal counts
were lower in the months of July August and September (wet season) and increased slightly in the months of
October, November and December (dry season). The decreasing fungal count with distance away from the
dumpsite could be due to same reasons propounded for bacterial counts above. These results agreed with the
report of McCarthy [16], who reported similar suggestions
The observed trend in the fungal counts could be due to spore formation due to increased rainfall in the months
of July, August and September and decreased rainfall in the months of October, November and December.
These findings also agree with the reports of earlier researchers [17] who opined that seasonal variations favour
physiological types.
The bacterial and fungal genera encountered in this study had been reported by previous workers [18-
20], as the possible microbial isolates from the air. The isolated bacteria were more abundant in wet season than
in the dry season. This could possibly be due to the atmospheric particles to which the microbes are attached
being deposited by the process of rainfall. The increased water activity therein provides favourable conditions
for bacteria to thrive and multiply. Bacillus sp and Micrococcus sp were more abundant in the air sample both in
wet and dry seasons. The presence and prevalence of some of these species of bacteria in the dumpsite could be
as a result of the presence of damp organic materials, materials impregnated with water, food and food products
and spores of microorganisms propelled through the air. These results agree with the report of Osha [21] and
Sola [22], who reported these as possible sources of air microflora. These bacteria, according to Douwes [23]
can cause different forms of bacterial pneumonia, influenza and gastrointestinal diseases.
The general trend of the isolated fungi showed that they were more abundant in dry season than in the wet
season. This could be as a result of various climatic and local topographic factors including reduced rainfall
leading to reduced water activity which favour germination of spores.It could also be as a result of the wind
action and harsh weather conditions experienced during the dry season. Cladosporium sp, Penicillium sp, Mucor
sp, Alternaria sp, Aspergillus sp, Rhizopus sp and Curvularia sp were observed to be predominant in the air
samples during the dry season while Aspergillus sp and Mucor sp species were predominant in both the wet and
9. Microbial Assessment of Air In The Vicinity Of Some Dump Sites in Delta State
International organization of Scientific Research 15 | P a g e
dry season. These results agree with the report of Prescott et al. [24], who listed these amongst the most
common allergenic moulds associated with man and live stocks. Obire et al. [17] also identified Aspergillus sp
as one of the most common fungi.
The present study has revealed that the dumpsite had impact on both the microbial load and quality of
such environment. Also, the microbial load of air in dumpsites decreases with increase in distance from the
dump sites. Airborne bacteria at dumpsites are more prevalent in wet seasons than in the dry seasons, the reverse
being the case for airborne fungi. It is therefore recommended that dumpsites should be located at about I km
away from residential areas to avoid contamination of the air. Additionally, educational programmes should be
organized for public awareness of impact of indiscriminate dumping of refuse.
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