The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 May;27(3):607-16.
Review: Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera)- an emerging plant in pharmacological research.
Mallhi TH1, Qadir MI2, Ali M2, Ahmad B3, Khan YH4, Rehman A1.
Author information
1College of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
3Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang Pulau, Malaysia.
Abstract
Date Fruits are consumed in Arab areas for a long time as a part of essential diet. Phoenix dactylifera belongs to family Arecaceae and its leaves, barks, pits, fruits and pollens have anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiulcertavie, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antidiarheal, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential. Besides these, Dates also increase level of estrogen, testosterone, RBCs, Hb, PCV, reticulocytes and platelet counts. It can also cure lead induced heamotoxicity, side effects of methylprednisolon, male and female infertility. It has also cerebroprotective, neuroprotective and haemopoietic activity. Phoenix dactylifera can be used for number of complications if further evaluated and isolated. The present paper is an overview of pharmacological properties of Phoenix dactylifera reported in literature.
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 μmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2014 May;27(3):607-16.
Review: Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera)- an emerging plant in pharmacological research.
Mallhi TH1, Qadir MI2, Ali M2, Ahmad B3, Khan YH4, Rehman A1.
Author information
1College of Pharmacy, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
3Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
4School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Penang Pulau, Malaysia.
Abstract
Date Fruits are consumed in Arab areas for a long time as a part of essential diet. Phoenix dactylifera belongs to family Arecaceae and its leaves, barks, pits, fruits and pollens have anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antiulcertavie, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimutagenic, antidiarheal, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential. Besides these, Dates also increase level of estrogen, testosterone, RBCs, Hb, PCV, reticulocytes and platelet counts. It can also cure lead induced heamotoxicity, side effects of methylprednisolon, male and female infertility. It has also cerebroprotective, neuroprotective and haemopoietic activity. Phoenix dactylifera can be used for number of complications if further evaluated and isolated. The present paper is an overview of pharmacological properties of Phoenix dactylifera reported in literature.
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 μmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Brazilian Red Propolis Attenuates Hypertension and Renal DamageBee Healthy Farms
Incorporating Brazilian Red Propolis in the diet of rats with reduced kidney function experienced a reduction of hypertension and renal damage. This scenario simulated Chronic Kidney Disease.and found the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Brazilian Red Propolis effective but requires additional studies to determine which mechanisms were prominent.
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (p≤0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
The current study sought to investigate the capacities of single and combinatorial herbal formulations of
leaf extracts of Acanthus montanus, Asystasia gangetica, Emilia coccinea, and Hibiscus rosasinensis to
reverse hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. Phytochemical composition
of the herbal extracts, fasting plasma glucose concentration (FPGC), and serum lipid profile (SLP) of
the rats were measured by standard methods. The relative abundance of phytochemicals in the four
experimental leaf extracts was in the following order: flavonoids > alkaloids > saponins > tannins.
Hyperglycemic rats (HyGR) treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence
of reduced FPGC compared with the untreated HyGR and were normoglycemic (FPGC < 110.0 mg/dL).
Similarly, HyGR treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence of readjustments
in their SLPs. Generally, HyGR treated with triple herbal formulations (THfs) exhibited the
highest atherogenic index compared with HyGR treated with single herbal formulations (SHfs), double
herbal formulations (DHfs), and quadruple herbal formulation (QHf). The display of synergy or antagonism
by the composite herbal extracts in ameliorating hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia depended on the
type and number of individual herbal extract used in constituting the experimental herbal formulations.
Furthermore, the capacities of the herbal formulations (SHfs, DHfs, THfs, and QHf) to exert glycemic
control and reverse dyslipidemia did not follow predictable patterns in the animal models.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract and Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaHakeem Zamano
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and
Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying
Mechanism
Protective Effect of Leaves of Ficus carica Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Indu...UKJPB Journal
The outcomes of histological study revealed that there was significant reversal of histological functional of liver. In conclusion, the findings of this study validated that the Ficus carica can improve CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Brazilian Red Propolis Attenuates Hypertension and Renal DamageBee Healthy Farms
Incorporating Brazilian Red Propolis in the diet of rats with reduced kidney function experienced a reduction of hypertension and renal damage. This scenario simulated Chronic Kidney Disease.and found the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Brazilian Red Propolis effective but requires additional studies to determine which mechanisms were prominent.
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (p≤0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
The current study sought to investigate the capacities of single and combinatorial herbal formulations of
leaf extracts of Acanthus montanus, Asystasia gangetica, Emilia coccinea, and Hibiscus rosasinensis to
reverse hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. Phytochemical composition
of the herbal extracts, fasting plasma glucose concentration (FPGC), and serum lipid profile (SLP) of
the rats were measured by standard methods. The relative abundance of phytochemicals in the four
experimental leaf extracts was in the following order: flavonoids > alkaloids > saponins > tannins.
Hyperglycemic rats (HyGR) treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence
of reduced FPGC compared with the untreated HyGR and were normoglycemic (FPGC < 110.0 mg/dL).
Similarly, HyGR treated with single and combinatorial herbal formulations showed evidence of readjustments
in their SLPs. Generally, HyGR treated with triple herbal formulations (THfs) exhibited the
highest atherogenic index compared with HyGR treated with single herbal formulations (SHfs), double
herbal formulations (DHfs), and quadruple herbal formulation (QHf). The display of synergy or antagonism
by the composite herbal extracts in ameliorating hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia depended on the
type and number of individual herbal extract used in constituting the experimental herbal formulations.
Furthermore, the capacities of the herbal formulations (SHfs, DHfs, THfs, and QHf) to exert glycemic
control and reverse dyslipidemia did not follow predictable patterns in the animal models.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
Objective:Many of the available therapies for diabetes have a number of serious adverse effects; therefore the search for more effective and safer hypoglycaemic agents becomes a paramount. This research was set to investigate the antidiabetic potential and cytoprotective effect of ethanolic root extract of Salacianitida on alloxan induced hyperglyceamic rats. Method:Acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were evaluated using standardized methods. The study lasted for a period of thirty days comprising of two phases: induction phase and treatment phase. Thirty animals were grouped into five groups of six rats each. Group 1 and 2 serve as normal and toxic control respectively while groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated with 750, 1500mg of S.nitidaand 5mg glibenclamide respectively. The BGL, food and fluid intake was monitored daily while the body weight was measured on weekly. The last day of the study after an overnight fast, the animals were loaded with glucose and the OGTT measured prior to and at 30minutes interval for two hours after which the animals were sacrificed under ether anaesthesia and the organs isolated for histological examination. Results/Conclusion:The results of the present study indicate that S.nitida possessantidiabetic potentials and cytoprotective effect noted in its significant percentage reduction in the glucose level, slight increase in body weight and restoration of the toxic organs to normal.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than al...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
BACKGROUND:
The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW) and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
RESULTS:
The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B-complex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
KEYWORDS:
Allicin; Astrocytes; GFAP; Myelin Figure; Oligodendrocyte; Purkinje cells
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract and Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaHakeem Zamano
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and
Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying
Mechanism
Protective Effect of Leaves of Ficus carica Against Carbon Tetrachloride-Indu...UKJPB Journal
The outcomes of histological study revealed that there was significant reversal of histological functional of liver. In conclusion, the findings of this study validated that the Ficus carica can improve CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Effect of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Aquilaria subintegra on aphrodi...Mohammed Muayad TA
Objective: To investigate the effects of Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts on the
aphrodisiac properties including sexual behaviour, testosterone level, percentage of pregnancy,
number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice.
Methods: In this experiment, each male cohabitated with one female in a polysulfone cage.
30 ICR male mice were divided into 6 groups that received normal saline (the control group),
50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1 000 mg/kg body weight of Aquilaria
subintegra leaf aqueous extracts orally for 21 days consecutively. Sexual behavior, percentage
of pregnancy, number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice were
measured according to the established methods. Testosterone level was measured by using
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: Mice that received Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts at 50 mg/kg body
weight (day 0) had significantly higher mount frequency as compared to the control group;
groups treated with 100, 500, 1 000 mg/kg body weight extracts produced a greater number
of offsprings when compared to the control group. All aphrodisiac parameters were similar
between the treatment groups and the control group, indicating that Aquilaria subintegra leaf
aqueous extract did not significantly alter the aphrodisiac parameters.
Conclusions: Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts have no effect on the aphrodisiac
properties, but could increase the breeding rate in mice.
Protective Effect of Musa paradisiaca Fruit.pdfgynomark
Abstract: Musa paradisiaca often refereed as Banana is an ancient herbaceous flowering plant and the most earlier crop to be cultivated. It is one the important component of diet for all classes of people worldwide. All the parts of the plant is believed to have beneficial effects in different ailments and an excellent nutritional element. The present study was aimed to find the protective effect of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract on acute pancreatitis in rats.
Male Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided in to 4 groups. Control group with normal saline; disease control group where acute pancreatitis was induced by using a single dose of L-arginine (2.5g/kg b.w); Musa paradisiacal fruit extract were prophylactically administered before the induction of acute pancreatitis at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w orally in normal saline for 7 days. At the end of the study, blood samples and isolated pancreas were subjected to different pancreatic, antioxidant and inflammatory biomarker analysis. The remaining tissue was subjected to histopathological studies and DNA fragmentation assay for assessing the damage and protection of the tissues.
The results of the study revealed that prophylactic administration of the extracts reduced the amylase and lipase levels when compared to disease control group as well as improved the overall antioxidant status in a dose dependent manner. Further, the extracts also showed a protective effect against apoptosis.
In conclusion, the present study suggest that administration of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract exhibited a protective effect on acute pancreatitis and further investigation is required for its molecular based mechanisms.
Keywords: Musa paradisiacal, acute pancreatitis, free radicals, apoptosis.
Hepato Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on ...ijtsrd
Malaria is a major concern in Nigeria, and stands as the second leading cause of death from all infectious disease in Africa. Several studies have reported the damaging effect of the parasite to various body organs especially the liver. Reports over time has shown the benefits of various plants extracts in ethno medicine. However, not much have been done on the effects of some of these extracts in combined form on its hepato protective assessment in comparison with any known ACT based anti malaria. The focus of this study was to explore the hepato protective properties of ethanoic extract of Carica papaya Linn, AzadirachtaIndica, CymbopogonCitratusagainst ACT based antimalarial therapy on plasmodium berghei parasitized wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts were done according to the method described by Treaseand Evans. Hepato protective assessment were done using the liver function tests and assay of the liver histology respectively. One hundred and ten 110 rats distributed into 11 groups, each group having 10rats were used for the experiment. Negative control received just feed and water, Positive control were induced with the malaria parasite and given feed and water only. The tests groups were induced with malaria, received feed and water and treated with 500mg kg, 250mg kg and 165mg kg doses of the extracts, both individually and in combined forms, as well as the standard ACT anti malaria. Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts possessed high concentration of Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids. Plasmodium berghei increased the activities of ALP, ASP and ALT when compared with the positive control group. This may be attributed to increase in functional capacity of the liver as a result of the presence of the infection for the tests groups. Treatment with the plant extracts decreased ALP and ALT levels significantly P 0.05 , as well as AST levels except for the Neem extract. Histological examination of the liver of test animals showed no extensive damage to the tissue by the individual extracts when compared to the negative control group. Nnyaha Anthonia E. | Igbokwe Ugochukwu V. | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Ajeka Prisca O. | Nwaissac Ikechukwu S. | Okpa Precious N. "Hepato-Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on Plasmodium Berghei Parasitized Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46292/hepatoprotective-assessment-of-pawpaw-leaves-neem-lemon-grass-and-acts-on-plasmodium-berghei-parasitized-wistar-rats/nnyaha-anthonia-e
Acute toxicity and anti-ulcerogenic activity of an aqueous extract from the s...Jing Zang
Terminalia superba is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses particularly gastro-intestinal disorders. This study was aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and gastric anti-ulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Terminalia superba (AETs). The LD50 was determined by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter (1944) and the calculation method of Dragsted and Lang (1957) in mice. The preventive anti-ulcerogenic action of the extract was assessed using four models of gastric ulcer induction namely HCl/Ethanol solution, indomethacin solution, pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress in rats. The LD50 obtained by the oral administration of AETs was 12.2 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. and 12.33 ± 0.87 g/kg b.w. by the graphic method and the calculation method respectively. The administration of AETs intraperitoneally gave 1.97 ± 0.29 g/kg b.w. (graphic method) and 1.93 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. (calculation method) as LD50s. The preventive gastric anti-ulcer study revealed that for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg body weight, EATs significantly (P<0.05)>< 0.05) increased mucus production and reduced gastric acid secretion. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia superba showed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, coumarines, saponins, reduced sugar, sterols and polyterpenes. These results suggested that the preventive anti-ulcer activity of AETs may be due to a cytoprotective effect. The LD50s found indicated that the extract was not toxic and that the phytochemical coumpounds present in EATs could be responsible for its effects. In conclusion, the preventive gastric anti-ulcer and the non toxic effects of the aqueous extract of Terminalia superba could justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine to treat abdominal disorder and pains.
Antiplasmodial activity of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis Lam ...Premier Publishers
The antiplasmodial effect of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis were evaluated in albino mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei (NK65) in order to justify or otherwise its use as antimalarial remedy in Nigeria folk medicine. Activities investigated were suppressive effect against early infection, curative effect against established infection and prophylactic effect against residual infection. Results showed a dose dependent blood schizontocidal activity at all the phases of malarial infection studied. The in vivo antiplasmodial effect of the extract (1000, 1200 and 1400 mg/kg body weight) against P. berghei showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent activity for suppressive, curative and prophylactic test. When the extract dose increased from 1000 to 1400 mg/kg/day, chemosuppressive activity of the extract increased from 66.47 % to 80.33 %. There was also an increase from 66.57 % to 75.41 % and from 64.90 % to 82.72 % for the repository and curative activities respectively. The schizontocidal activities were comparable to that of chloroquine -which had percentage suppression of parasitaemia as 87.03 %, 85.12 %, and 91.68 % for suppressive, prophylactic and curative activities respectively). It was thus concluded that the herbal extract possesses significant antimalarial potency which could be exploited in the formulation of antimalarial drugs.
Histological effects of pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfa drugs ...IOSR Journals
Health concerns over pre-exposure prophylactic abuse of drugs have been reported. However,
histological perspectives are not very common. This work is designed to investigate the morphological
alteration of visceral organs (kidney and liver) of albino Wister rats pre-exposed to prophylactic consumption of
sulfonamide based drugs. 30 albino rats of both sexes, with average weight of 198.50g were randomly selected
into 4 treatment cages (A, B, C & D) and a Control cage (E) making a total of 6 rats per cage. Graded dose of
Laridox(sp) were orally administered to the rats. Cages A-D received 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/kg body weight
respectively. Cage E serves as the control group and received no drug treatment. Commercially purchased
drinking water, standard top feed(R) was given ad libitum, for 21 days. The animals were weighed before and
after commencement of drug administration. Dullness and restlessness were observed and was carefully noted
on all treated animals, but were marked in high dose treated animals in (Cages C and D). On day 22, the
animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation; gross examination was done and was quickly fixed in 10%
buffered neutral formalin for routine histological study. Cut tissue at 3-5mm was processed according to
paraffin embedding technique while section was cut at 3-5microns using haematoxylin and eosin method for
light microscopy. Grossly, the organs of the high dose treatment animals in Cage C and D showed no apparent
changes while histological findings after H&E method indicated that the treatment sections showed
inflammatory cells, congested glomerulus, haematoma, thickening of the interstitial cells and vacuolation with
congestive and tubular necrosis as compared to the control group. Decrease in body weights of the rats at the
end of the study were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in the treatment groups B, C and D. Hence, this study
shows that pre-exposure prophylactic consumption of sulfonamide based drugs used at a higher doses may have
such cellular defects /adverse effects on the visceral organs of human in a similar circumstances.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
ABSTRACT- Cassava leaves (Mannihot esculenta Crantz) are largely consumed as vegetable in African, but contain a toxic compound, cyanide. The present study explored the assay for liver enzymes on adult Wistar rats. Twelve’s adult Wistar rats weighing 110-150g were distributed into three groups of four rats each. Groups 2 and 3 were administered orally with M. esculenta leaf aqueous extract at 0.2ml and 0.5ml respectively for 14 days. Group 1 was control and received 0.3ml of normal saline. The effect of aqueous extract of M. esculenta on the body weight, liver enzyme was evaluated. After the end of the administration (day 14), the weight were taken before sacrificed the next day. Rat’s liver were excised and fixed in 10% formal saline, then processed for rapid routine paraffin embedding. Our results showed significant difference (p<0.05)><0.05) in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in animals treated with 0.2ml and 0.5ml of the extract relative to the control. From the results of this study, it may be concluded that the administration of aqueous extract of Mannihot esculenta leaf is toxic to Wistar rats at the dose administered.
Key-words- Wistar rats, SEM, Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of Terminalia Chebula on Liver ...oyepata
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of
Terminalia Chebula on Liver of Wister Rat
Joseph Oyepata Simeon1*, Modupe Builders2, Wazis Chama Haruna3, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin4, Sabastine Aliyu
Zubairu5, Musa Tabitha Lubo6, Moh’d A. Sadiq
The Central and Peripheral effects of the methanol extract of Fadogia cienkow...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ2
This study investigated some Liver Markers and Lipid Peroxidation of Triton-X100-Fat-Induced Albino Rats Exposed to Water Extract of Desmodium velutinum Stem. A total of thirty (30) male albino rats weighing between 180g and 200g were obtained and randomized into six (6) groups of five (5) rats each. Group A was the negative control group and the rats were fed with grower’s mash and water for 3 days, groups B-F were fed with triton-X100 solution only on the first day to make them hyperlipidemic. Then, group B rats were also fed with grower’s mash and water for 3 days, but, without treatment. Group C rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered simvastatin drug for 3 days. Group D rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered 50mg/kg of aqueous extract of D. velutinum for 3 days. Group E rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered 100mg/kg of aqueous extract of D. velutinum for 3 days and Group F rats were fed with grower’s mash and water and were orally administered 200mg/kg of aqueous extract of D. velutinum for 3 days. At the end of the 3 days feeding period, the blood was collected by cardiac puncture after mild anaesthesia with chloroform, and the biochemical parameters were evaluated using standard methods. Statistical analysis of the results obtained were performed by using ANOVA tests to determine if significant difference exists between the mean of the test and the control group. The limit of significance was set at p<0.05. The results showed that in liver function test, D. velutinum did not increase the liver enzymes. Hence, its consumption could not have adverse effect on the liver. This result showed that there was a significant increase (p<0.05) in liver markers in hyperlipidemic untreated groups compared to normal control. Also, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) of hyperlipidemic treated with 200mg of D.velutinum compared to hyperlipidemic untreated.
Keywords: Liver Markers, Lipid Peroxidation, Triton-X100, Albino rats and Desmodium velutinum Stem.
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
Hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria and their correlation wi...iosrphr_editor
Malaria is a major health problem in India with 1.04 million cases reported in 2012 leading to 504 deaths. The clinical spectrum depends on the infecting species, level of parasitemia and the immune status of the host. Malaria pathogenesis is based on extensive changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. The objective of this study was to study the clinical features, hematological and biochemical parameters in malaria patients and correlate them with the parasitic index (PI). Material and methods: We conducted a study on 300 malaria patients. The frequency of various symptoms and signs of malaria caused by various plasmodium species were determined. The degree of anemia, WBC count, platelet count serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and serum creatinine levels were studied and their variation depending on the parasitic index was documented. Results: 197 patients had vivax malaria, 76 patients had falciparum malaria and 27 patients had mixed infection. 171 patients had a PI of less than 2%, 100 patients had PI between 2 to 5%, 23 patients had PI between 5 to 10% and only 6 patients had PI of more than 10%. 72.3% of patients had thrombocytopenia, 46.66% had anaemia, 25% had increased bilirubin 29.66% showed increased liver enzymes and 7.66% had increased creatinine levels. Conclusion: There was a correlation between degree of parasitemia and severity of malaria in majority of cases. Derangements in hematological and biochemical parameters were more frequently seen in patients with higher PI. Hence PI can be used as an indicator by the clinician to know the severity of infection and plan appropriate treatment.
Treatment of Uthiravatha Suronitham (Rheumatoid Arthritis) with a Siddha Comp...iosrphr_editor
Uthiravathasuronitham, a vatha disease described by Sage Yugi can be correlated to Rheumatoid arthritis. A 53 year old lady diagnosed as Uthiravathasuronitham was treated with Siddha medicines Karpoora Chindhamani Mathirai and MannennaiKalavaiThylam. A single case study of Uthiravathasuronitham is detailed in this article.The patient presented with pain and swelling in minor joints of hand, wrist, ankle, shoulder joints and morning stiffness. The RA factor, CRP was positive at the time of enrollment. She was admitted in the IPD of Sirappu Maruthuvam Department of National Institute of Siddha for 45 days. The treatment outcome was encouraging. Hence further clinical studies can be carried out.
An analysis of the incidence and causes of road traffic accident in Kisii, Ce...iosrphr_editor
Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are an emerging public health problem. It is estimated that more than 5 million people between 17-40 years of age die annually as a result of RTAs worldwide. Currently, RTA is the tenth leading cause of disease burden in the developing countries, especially in the Sub-Saharan African countries. The objective of the study was to analyze the proportion of accidents by vehicle, as well as investigate group of people vulnerable to RTA.
D-002 treatment attenuates esophagitis in a model of chronic gastro-esophagea...iosrphr_editor
To investigate the effects of D-002 (beeswax alcohols) on esophagitis induced by chronic gastroesophageal reflux (c-GER) in rats. Rats were randomized into a sham and five groups subjected to c-GER: a positive vehicle control, three D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), and one omeprazole (20 mg/kg) group, all treated orally for seven days. cGER was induced by ligation of the junction between the forestomach and the duodenal side of the pylorus. Esophageal lesions index (ELI), esophageal malondialdehyde (MDA) and sulfhydril groups (SHG) concentrations were assessed. The positive control group exhibited macroscopically signs of esophageal injury assessed in term of ELI, which was significantly higher than in the negative control. D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the ELI, showing 30.5, 72.9 and 76.4% protection, respectively; and also significantly attenuated the increased MDA (37.4, 63.6 and 94.2%, respectively) and SHG (16.6, 41.6 and 72.9%, respectively) esophageal concentrations versus the positive control. Omeprazole decreased the ELI (80.2%), MDA (99.3%) and SH (85.4%) esophageal concentrations. As conclusions, this study suggest that repeated oral administration with D-002 protects against reflux esophagitis and decreases esophageal lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation markers in rats with c-GER.
Reducing Uveitic Glaucoma: therapeutic judgement is the keyiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Background: Uveitic glaucoma (UG) due to disease and /or therapeutics is an important reason for reduced vision. Different therapeutic regimen employed in uveitis can alter the course of UG. Purpose: Evaluation of prevalence of UG with different commonly used therapy. Study design: Randomised prospective hospital based study Study Period: 2007-2012 Methods: Baseline IOP; Field and optic nerve head photographs were recorded. Three groups were randomised: 1.topical steroid 2.Systemic steroid +gr 1, 3.Topical synthetic steroids, cycloplegic and periorbital triamcinolone injection. Outcome measure: IOP more than 22 mm/4 mm increase from baseline is marker.
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The aqueous extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) were investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity at the doses of 2 , 5 , and 10 g/kg, of body weight. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan, dextran, histamine induced pedal edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma for anti-inflammatory activity, while hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods were used to assess analgesic activity. Yeast-induced hyperpyrexia was used to evaluate the antipyretic activity. In acute phase inflammation, a maximum inhibition 50.6% (P < 0.05), 51.1% (P < 0.05) and 52.3% (P < 0.05) were noted at the dose of 10 g/kg after 3 h of treatment with methanol extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) in carrageenan, dextran and histamine induced pedal edema , respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) , the parsley (10 g/kg) and standard drug (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg) showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 51.8% (P < 0.05) and 56.6% (P < 0.05) , respectively. The extract also produced significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in both paradigms. In addition, the aqueous extract of parsley potentiated the morphine and aspirin induced analgesia. A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in hyperpyrexia in rat was also produced by the extract. This study exhibits that methanol extracts of leaves of parsley possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.
Physician-Pharmacist Comanagement of Postoperative Pain in Egyptian Patients:...iosrphr_editor
Introduction:Patientcontrolled analgesia (PCA) is an interactive method of self drug administrationthat requires proper education to ensure safe and effective use. Morphine is the most popular opioid used for postoperative pain management using PCA; however it has many adverse effects. Nalbuphine, a mixed opioid agonist antagonist, is known to be safer than morphine. Ketorolac produce excellent analgesia when used alone or with opioids. Multimodal analgesicapproach using morphine or nalbuphine combined with ketorolac for PCA administration has not been compared before. The study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy, adverse effects of multimodal analgesia using PCA and the effect of patient education regarding PCA use on patients' outcomes. Patients and methods: AdultEgyptian patients ASA I and II whounderwent different surgical procedures were selected and randomized either to receive PCA of morphine or nalbuphine combined with ketorolac. Patients from each drug group were further randomly selected to receive additional preoperative PCA education beside the usual care for pain management. Visual analogue scale (VAS), hemodynamic parameters,adverse effects and patient satisfaction were compared between groups. Results: Of the total of 60 patients enrolled, 45 patients completed the study: 22 patients for morphine group(M) and 23 for nalbuphine group (N). VAS score was significantly lower in group(M)than group (N)at certain time points. Nalbuphineshowed a significant lower incidence of itching than morphine(P: 0.03*). Pain control and overall satisfactionswerebetter in the intervention groups (M2, N2) than in the control groups (M1, N1). Conclusion:Morphine coadministerd with ketorolac provides more potent analgesia than with nalbuphine. Preoperative patient education regarding PCA is crucial for proper postoperative pain control.
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Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
www.iosrphr.org Volume 4, Issue 3 (March 2014), PP. 06-14
6
Protective Potential of Aqueous Leaf Exract of Vernonia
amygdalina in Cyclophosphamide – Induced Myelotoxicity
Ikeh, Chibueze Kennedy1
, Ikeh, Patricia Erebi2
, Ezike, Chioma Adaobi3
,
1. Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island,
Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
2. Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island,
Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
3. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical sciences, University of Nigeria,
Nsukka.
Abstract: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is among the most widely used alkylating anti-cancer agents in
chemotherapy. Myelotoxicity is one of its dose-limiting adverse effects. The aim of the present study, therefore,
was to investigate the possible protective potential of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) aqueous leaf extract in CP-
induced myelotoxicity through evaluation of haematological parameters, glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation,
antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase(CAT)) as well as histopathological
examination of the kidney and liver sections of rats. Outcome was compared with that expressed by MESNA.
Administration of CP in a single dose (200 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (P<0.01) decreased RBCs, WBCs and
platelets counts. In addition, CP produced a significant (P<0.01) reduction of all biochemical parameters
assayed as well as observable disruption of liver and kidney tissue architectures. Pretreatment of animals with
VA (250 mg/kg, per os) daily for 10 consecutive days significantly (P<0.01) ameliorated the changes in
haematological and biochemical parameters as well as histopathological changes induced by CP when
compared to the CP-treated group. Conclusively, Vernonia amygdalina (VA) aqueous leaf extract could have
protective potential against CP-induced myelotoxicity.
Key-words: Cyclophosphamide; MESNA; Myelotoxicity, Vernonia amygdalina.
I. INTRODUCTION
It is a well-known fact that neoplasms are deleterious and reduce quality of life. Cyclophoshpamide
(CP) has been well documented to be effective in management of many human malignancies in order to improve
quality of life [1-4]. Many clinicians have continued to use CP either alone or in combination with other agents
in cancer chemotherapy due to its efficacy despite its notable adverse effects which include: myelotoxicity,
haemorrhagic cystitis, nausea, vomiting, alopaecia, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, mutagenicity,
carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. [5-6]
Considering the inevitable cytostatic toxicity of CP, numerous researches are being carried out to find methods
to abolish, or at least ameliorate the toxicity it presents [7-9]. The development of cytoprotection is the most
pharmacologically attractive method of diminishing the CP toxicity. The design of chemoprotectants
development has been proven to be essential during antineoplastic chemotherapy. Chemoprotectants are
compounds providing tissue-specific cytoprotection, without compromising the desired antitumour efficacy or
contributing an additional own toxicity that might jeopardise the effects of adequate chemotherapy [7].
A sulfhydryl-containing agent, MESNA (Sodium-2-mecarptoethane sulfonate), has long been used in
detoxifying and ameliorating specifically the urotoxic effects of CP and other oxazaphosphorines [10-11].
However, there is no evidence of myeloid protection by this agent. Again, its own side effects are equally
disturbing and needs to be addressed [12].
Natural products have recently gained acceptance and have continued to gain grounds in therapeutics due to
their acclaimed efficacy in management of many ailments with little or no side effects when used appropriately.
They are also readily available depending on the region and geographical distribution. Many natural products
have been widely reported to ameliorate at varying degrees the side effects of oxazophosphorines e.g.
cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide [9].
2. Protective Role of Aqueuos Leaf Exract of Vernonia amygdalina in Cyclophosphamide – Induced Myelotoxicity
7
Numerous studies have shown that Vernonia amygdalina is capable of detoxifying the body owing to its
antioxidant properties thereby protecting the essential organs like the liver, kidney, heart, etc [13-15]. V.
amygdalina Del, commonly called bitter leaf, is a perennial shrub of between 2-5m in height that is commonly
found in the tropics. It belongs to the family Asteraceae. The leaves are greenish and elliptic in shape with about
6 mm length. It characteristic odor and bitter taste [16]. The plant has been domesticated in many parts of West
Africa, [17]. It is known as ‘Chusar-doki’ in Hausa, ‘Ewuro’ in Yoruba, ‘Onugbu’ in Igbo, ‘Ityuna’ in Tiv,
‘Oriwo’ in Edo, ‘Etidot’ in Ibibio, and ‘Grawa’ in Amharic,[18]. V. amygdalina is drought tolerant though it
grows better in a humid environment.
The leaves have long been found useful in traditional folk medicine as antimalarial, antimicrobial, anthelmintics,
antidiabetic, and anticancer [19-20].
The present study investigated for the first time the protective potential of V. amygdalina in CP-induced
myelotoxicity in albino Sprague-Dawley rats.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Extract Preparation
Leaves of V. amygdalina were sourced from Abakpa Nike Enugu, and were identified at the
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa state, Nigeria. A known
weight of freshly collected V. amygdalina (552.5 g) was macerating for 12 hours in distilled water and blended
using electric blender, after which it was filtered properly. The filtrate was lyophilized using Yorco™
Lyophylizer (PVT Industries, China) to yield dry 23.87 g (4.32 %) of V. amygdalina extract.
2.2 Animals
Out-bred mature Sprague-Dawley albino male rats (130 g –200 g) were used. They were procured from
the animal house unit of the department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Niger Delta University,
Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa state and housed in a well ventilated room at the same environment at room
temperature of about 28 0C ± 3 using standard rat cages. The animals were allowed to acclimatize for two (2)
weeks and fed with standard rat chow (Vital feed Nigeria, Plc) and water provided ad libitum. They were placed
under 12:12 hr light dark cycle. The entire experimental protocols were performed in accordance with the
Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (IAEC) in line with the directions of the committee for the purpose of
control and supervision of experiments on animals (CPCSEA) in the Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island,
Bayelsa state, Nigeria.
2.3 Chemicals and Reagents
Cyclophosphamide (CYCLOXAN®
500mg) and Sodium – 2 – Mecarptoethane sulfonate (MESNA)
(BIOCHEM Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.,Mumbai, India), catalase, Supraoxide dismutase and glutathione
commercial kits (Sigma Aldrich St Louis, USA) were used for biochemical assay. All other reagents used were
of standard analytical grade.
2.4 Induction of CP-induced Toxicity
Cyclophosphamide (CYCLOXAN 500 mg) and MESNA were suspended in normal saline before
administering to the test animals at the dose of 200 mg/kg and 67 mg/kg body weight respectively.
The CP and MESNA were given intraperitoneally (i.p) whereas extract of V. amygdalina (VA) was given orally
(per os) using gavage. The same dose schedule of CP (200 mg/kg) was given to all the groups that received CP.
The animals were divided into five (5) equal groups of six (6) rats each, (n=6).
Group 1= CP group (non-treated control) rats received a single i.p administration of CP on the tenth day after
oral gavage of normal saline for ten consecutive days.
Group 2 = MESNA+CP group: received normal saline for ten consecutive days before a single i.p dose of
MESNA at 67 mg/kg on the tenth day after which single dose of CP was administered within five minutes
interval on the same day.
Group 3 = VA+CP group: received 250 mg/kg V. amygdalina orally for ten consecutive days followed by i.p
administration of CP on the tenth day.
Group 4 = VA alone group: received only 250 mg/kg V. amygdalina orally for ten consecutive days. Group 5 =
Naïve control rats received only normal saline orally for ten consecutive days. The dosing procedure was
performed in such a way that the entire rats in all the groups could be sacrificed on the 11th
day. The LD50 of V.
amygdalina extract was found to be 1500mg/kg based on our pilot study.
3. Protective Role of Aqueuos Leaf Exract of Vernonia amygdalina in Cyclophosphamide – Induced Myelotoxicity
8
2.5 Blood sample collection
Prior to death on the 11th
day, blood sample was collected through the ophthalmic venous plexus
located in the orbital sinus of the rats with the aid of micro-capillary pipette [21], as modified by Rilley (1960)
[22]. About 1ml of blood collected from each of the rats was introduced into a clean labeled sample bottle
containing 1mg Na-EDTA powder and mixed mildly to avoid clotting.
2.6 Haematological test
To determine the level of myelosuppression, the blood sample, immediately upon collection was
analyzed using an automated dialyzer machine. Model No: Sysmex kx-21n 3 – part differential analyzer
(Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan).
2.7 Biochemical analysis
After the ten days experimental period, animals were sacrificed by means of cervical dislocation on the eleventh
day (i.e. within 24hrs). The kidney and liver was harvested for onward biochemical investigation with some
parts preserved using 10% buffered formalin for histopathological studies.
2.7.1 Analysis of glutathione (GSH)
The serum glutathione was estimated according to the method described by Sedlak and Lindsay, 1968
[23]. To 1 ml of the sample suspension (1 mg protein/ml), 1 ml of 10 % TCA (Trichloroacetate) containing 1
mM EDTA was added. The protein precipitate was separated by high speed centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 10
min. About 1 ml of supernatant was treated with 0.5ml of Ellmans reagent and 3ml of phosphate buffer (0.2,
pH7.4). The absorbance was read at 412 nm using spectrophotometer.
2.7.2 Superoxide dismutase analysis
A method originally described by Misra and Fridovich, 1972, [24] as reported by Magwere, 1997 [25]
was employed. The homogenate was supplemented with 2.5 ml of carbonate buffer, followed by equilibration at
room temperature; 0.3ml of 0.3 nM adrenaline solution was then added to the reference and the test solution,
followed by mixing and reading of absorbance at 420 nm.
2.7.3 Catalase assay
Activity of catalase in urinary bladder was determined according to procedure of Sinha, (1972) [26].
This method is based on the reduction of dichromate in acetic acid to chromic acetate when heated in the
presence of H2O2, with the formation of perchromic acid as an unstable intermediate. The chromic acetate so
produced is measured. Absorbance was read at 480 nm within 30-60 seconds against distilled water.
2.7.4 Malondialdehyde (MDA) Assay
The MDA assay method of Hunter, 1963 [27] as modified by Gutteridge and Wilkins, 1982 [28] was adopted.
Malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of lipid peroxidation, when heated with 2- thiobarbituric acid (TBA) under acid
conditions forms a pink colored product which has a maximum absorbance of 532 nm. The urinary bladder homogenate was
supplemented with I g of TBA in 100 ml of 0.2 % NaOH and 3 ml of glacial acetic acid, thoroughly mixed and incubated in
boiling water bath for 15 minutes, then allowed to cool after which they were centrifuged. Absorbance was read at 532 nm
and the results expressed as nanomoles MDA/mg wet tissue.
2.8 Clinical Examination for Haematuria
Clinical examination for presence of haematuria was carried out by placing white clean cardboard paper on the
floor of the rat cages. Presence of frank blood mixed with urine was observed after 24hrs of CP administration.
2.9 Histopathological Examination
Small portions of kidney and liver was fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, processed and embedded in paraffin wax.
Sections of about 5 μm were made and stained with routine haematoxylin and eosin (H & E) for examination by light
microscopy.
2.10 Statistical Analysis
Data obtained were analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS version 15.0 and subjected
to LSD and Duncan post-hoc test. Significant difference between means of treated and control were accepted at P<0.01.
Data were expressed as Mean ±SEM.
4. Protective Role of Aqueuos Leaf Exract of Vernonia amygdalina in Cyclophosphamide – Induced Myelotoxicity
9
III. RESULTS
3.1 Effects of extracts on CP-induced urotoxicity
3.1.1 Effects of extract on glutathione
The CP (200 mg/kg) treated animals showed a significant (P<0.01) decrease in GSH content in the
serum compared to naive group. The GSH values for animals that received MESNA+CP and 250 mg/kg
VA+CP were significantly (P<0.01) higher than those of CP alone (TABLE 1).
3.1.2 Effects of extracts on SOD Activity.
Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly reduced (P<0.01) in CP treated animals when
compared with naïve (control) animals. Animals that were given MESNA+CP, VA+CP and VA only showed a
significant (P<0.01) increase in SOD activity than CP treated group (TABLE 1).
3.1.3 Effects on catalase activity
Catalase activity in the serum of CP-treated animals was significantly lower (P<0.01) than naïve
(control) animals that received only normal saline. Animals that were given MESNA+CP, VA+CP and VA only
showed a significant (P<0.01) increase in catalase activity than CP treated group (TABLE 1).
3.1.4 Effects of extracts on lipid peroxidation (LPO)
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was measured as the amount of thiobabituric acid reactive substances
(TBARS) in the urinary bladder. The results were expressed as malondialdehyde (MDA) formed using molar
extinction coefficient of 1.56x105
M/cm. TABLE 2 presented CP-treated animals showing significantly high
levels of LPO values (P<0.01) compared to naive (control). Animals treated with, MESNA+CP, VA+CP and
VA only, showed LPO values that were similar but significantly lower (P<0.01) than in CP treated animals.
3.2 Effect on haematological parameters.
The CP-treated rats depicted values of total RBCs count, leukocyte count, absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte
counts that were significantly (P<0.01) lower than those of naïve (control) rats. Animals that received MESNA+CP had
significantly (P<0.01) higher values than the CP treated animals. However, these values were significantly lower (P<0.01)
than the control group. Values of total RBCs count, leukocyte count, absolute neutrophil and lymphocytes for 250 mg/kg
VA+CP and 250 mg/kg VA alone groups were significantly (P<0.01) higher than in CP treated animals (TABLE 3).
3.3 Effect on platelet count, absolute basophils and eosinophils
Animals that received only CP had significantly (P<0.01) low values of platelet than those of control
animals. The groups that received MESNA+CP, 250 mg/kg VA+CP, 250 mg/kg VA alone indicated
significantly (P<0.01) higher platelet counts than CP-treated group.
The absolute basophils and eosinophils result depicted no significant change for all the groups (TABLE 3).
Table 1: Effects of V. amygdalina on GSH, SOD and Catalase Activities in CP-induced Toxicity
Treatment Dose mg/kg Reduced glutathione & antioxidant enzymes
GSH nM/g tissue SODµM/mg tissue Catalase nM/mg tissue
CP Alone 200 1.00±0.10 b
2.42±0.31 b
3.01±0.31 b
MESNA+CP 67 4.77±0.38*a
9.49±0.65*a
13.67±0.51*a
VA + CP 250 5.16±0.29 *a
10.26±0.33*a
15.27±0.54*a
VA Alone 250 5.78±0.46*a
10.38±0.58*a
15.31±0.81*a
Naïve Control 0.2ml/100g 5.28±0.45*a
9.79±0.32*a
14.92±0.33*a
(Normal Saline)
One-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc LSD and Duncan was adopted.
LSD= Means in the same column with asterisks (*) indicate significant different P<0.01, compared to CP
treated animals. Duncan= Means in the same column with different superscript letter(s) indicates significant
difference, P<0.01 comparing all the groups.
Data are Mean ±SEM (n = 6)
Key: - CP: cyclophosphamide; MESNA: sodium-2-mecaptorethane sulphonate; VA: V. amygdalina.
5. Protective Role of Aqueuos Leaf Exract of Vernonia amygdalina in Cyclophosphamide – Induced Myelotoxicity
10
Table 2: Effects of V. amygdalina on lipid peroxidation (LPO) induced by CP.
Treatment Dose mg/kg LPO nM MDA/mg wet tissue
CP Alone 200 50.39±3.52 b
MESNA+CP 67 37.43±3.62 a b
VA + CP 250 22.69±0.88* a
VA Alone 250 21.00±1.14* a
Naïve Control (Normal Saline) 0.2ml/100g 25.04±0.61* a
One-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc LSD and Duncan was adopted.
LSD= Means in the same column with asterisks (*) indicate significant different P<0.01, compared to CP
treated animals. Duncan= Means in the same column with different superscript letter(s) indicates significant
difference, P<0.01 comparing all the groups.
Data are Mean ±SEM (n = 6).
Table 3: Effects of V. amygdalina on Haematuria induced by CP.
Treatment Dose mg/kg Presence of Haematuria
Naïve Control (Normal Saline) 0.2ml/100g Negative
CP Alone 200 Positive
MESNA+CP 67 Negative
VA + CP 250 Negative
VA alone 250 Negative
Table 4: Effects of V. amygdalina on hematological parameters of peripheral blood in CP-induced toxicities
Parameter Naïve Control CP Alone MESNA VA+CP VA Alone
(Normal Saline)
Dose (mg/kg) 0.2ml/100g 200 67 250 250
RBC count 9.57±0.24*a
3.49±0.62 b
6.97±0.45*a c
9.27±0.48 *a
9.81±0.53 *a
(x106
µl)
WBC count 12.02±0.76*a
3.17±0.27 b
6.94±0.57*c
11.42±0.59 *a
10.29±0.61 *a
(x103
µl)
Neutrophil 2.86±0.22*a
0.17±0.07 b
1.37±.33 b c
2.60±0.32 *a
2.70±0.43 *a
Lymphocyte 8.38±0.37*a
1.50±0.24 b
5.72±0.91*a c
7.72±0.42*a
8.92±0.47 *a
Platelet 803.00±62.32*a
221.20±71.44 b
725.60±46.39*a
787.20±56.17 *a
813.80±38.38 *a
Basophil 0.05±0.00* a
0.03±0.00*a
0.04±0.00*a
0.03±0.01*a
0.03±0.01*a
Eosinophil 0.25±0.03* a
0.23±0.02*a
0.24±0.04*a
0.29±0.07*a
0.28±0.04*a
Data are Mean ±SEM (n = 5). One-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc LSD and Duncan was adopted.
LSD= Means in the same column with asterisks (*) indicate significant different P<0.01, compared to CP
treated animals.
Duncan= Means in the same column with different superscript letter(s) indicates significant difference, P<0.01
comparing all the groups.
6. Protective Role of Aqueuos Leaf Exract of Vernonia amygdalina in Cyclophosphamide – Induced Myelotoxicity
11
3.4 Histopathological Studies
3.4.1 Kidney
The photomicrograph showed intact renal corpuscles of the kidney and tubules of the control animal
(Fig. 1A) unlike those of the animals that received only CP (Fig. 2A). The kidney of the animals that received
only CP presented with mild cellularity and congestion of the glomerulus. MESNA+CP animals (Fig. 3A)
presented mild congestion of the glomerulus which is comparable to those that received CP alone. However,
photomicrograph of kidney of animals that received 250 mg/kg VA+CP (Fig. 4A) and 250 mg/kg VA alone
(Fig. 5A) depicted intact tubules and glomerular tufts with no observable histological changes as seen in normal
group that received only saline.
3.4.2 Liver: Histopathological sections of the liver of the control animal showed normal plates of hepatocytes
separated by sinusoids (Fig. 1B) unlike those of test animals that received only CP. The liver tissue of the
animals that received only CP in presented with apoptotic cells (Fig. 2B). Liver photomicrographs of animals
that received MESNA+CP (Fig. 3B), 250 mg/kg VA+CP (Fig. 4B), 250mg/kg VA alone (Fig. 5B) were
presented with normal plates of hepatocytes with no observable histological change comparable to normal group
that received only saline without any treatment.
Figure 1: Photomicograph of organ sections from control rats given normal saline showing: A – the
kidney showing normal renal corpuscules (R) and tubules (dark arrow); B – the liver showing the central
vein (CV) and normal plates of hepatocytes separated by the sinusoids (arrow).
Figure 2: Photomicrograph of sections of organs from rats given 200mg/kg of CP showing: A- Kidney
showing mild congestion of the glomerulus(G), B- Liver showing the central vein(CV) and apoptotic cells
(arrow). H&E ×400
7. Protective Role of Aqueuos Leaf Exract of Vernonia amygdalina in Cyclophosphamide – Induced Myelotoxicity
12
Figure 3: Histologic sections of organs from rats treated with 67mg/kg of MESNA and 200mg/kg of CP showing:
A- kidney showing mild cellularity of the glomerulus(G); B-liver showing central vein(CV) and normal hepatocytes.
H&E ×400.
Fig.4. Photomicrograph of sections of organs from rats treated with 250mg/kg of VA and 200mg/kg of CP showing:
A- kidney with normal tubules and glomerular tufts (T); B-liver showing the portal area (PA). H&E ×400.
Figure 5: Photomicrograph of sections of organs from rats given 250mg/kg of VA Alone showing: A- the kidney with
no observable histologic changes (see the glomerulus (G) and renal tubules ‘arrow’), B- liver with decreased nuclear
chromatin density of the hepatocytes (arrows).H&E ×400
IV. 5.DISCUSSION
The present study investigated the possible protective and ameliorative potential of V. amagdalina in
preventing the undesirable myelotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in rats.
The use of natural products as alternative medicine has been encouraged especially because they are relatively
cheap and with minimal side effects when compared to modern medicine [29].
There is increased demand regarding the scientific proof and justification of the use of herbs for
medicinal purpose. Consequently, attempt was made to investigate the protective role of aqueous leaf extracts of
V. amygdalina against CP-induced myelotoxicity using biochemical, haematological and histological parameters
as well as clinical examination.
Myelotoxicity or bone marrow suppression is associated with reduction below normal values of all blood cells
which are produced primarily in the bone marrow. Many chemotherpuetic agents including CP have been implicated in
short-term damage of the bone marrow which results in abnormally low numbers of leukocytes, erythrocytes and platelets
regarded as bone marrow suppression or myelosuppression [30].
In the present study, administration of CP depleted significantly the essential antioxidants as well as glutathione
levels in the serum. There was also reduction below normal values of total leukocyte count (TLC), total erythrocyte count
(TEC), platelets, nuetrophils and lymphocytes. Free radical generation is one of the mechanisms by which CP and its
derivatives exert their toxic effects in different tissues as well as the bone marrow [31]. Again, an overall decrease in the
reduced glutathione (GSH) content has often been reported in various tissues as a result of CP treatment [31-32].
8. Protective Role of Aqueuos Leaf Exract of Vernonia amygdalina in Cyclophosphamide – Induced Myelotoxicity
13
The CP-induced depletion of GSH is essentially mediated by the interaction of its reactive metabolite, acrolein with GSH
[33]. It is also reported that cysteine which is one of the amino acid constituents of GSH interacts with acrolein in a similar
way as GSH itself [33]. Consequently, a number of antioxidants and sulfhydryl (-SH) containing compounds such as
sodium-2-mecarptoethane sulphonate (MESNA), amifostine, disulphiram, L-cysteine, N-acetylcysteine, S-carboxy-methyl –
L – cysteine, D-penicillamine, GSH, glutathione esters etc. have been reported to protect the animals from toxic effects of
CP,[34-38]. Although several antioxidants have been reported in clinical and experimental studies to offer protection to the
kidneys, liver and urinary bladder [10, 34], yet more attention has been given to the possible roles of dietary antioxidants in
protecting these organs against CP-induced toxicity possibly because they are cheaper and tend to have minimal side effects
[9]. Reports on various plant extracts and their phytochemical constituents including flavonoids which are naturally
occurring antioxidants that possess pharmacological actions and therapeutic application are still accumulating [39].
The ten (10) days pretreatment with VA completely ameliorated the CP-induced oxidative stress as evidenced by
the increased GSH, SOD and catalase with decreased LPO levels comparable to MESNA. There was also sparing of the
blood cells indicating protection of the myeloid tissue. Findings on examination of the histopathological slides further
authenticates these results as par intact architectural integrity of kidney and liver tissues of the animals that received VA+CP
and VA alone compared to those of CP-treated animals which showed active congestion of the capillaries with
polymorphonuclear cell infilteration and oedema of lamina propria.
In terms of haematological parameters evaluated, MESNA may not have protected the myeloid system from CP-
induced myelosuppression as evidenced by significant (P<0.01) reduction below normal values of all the blood cells, except
platelets, basophils and eosinophils.. The animals given MESNA+CP showed high levels of leucopenia, neutropenia and
lymphocytopenia. This appears to be in agreement with the report of Berrigan et. al., (1982) [40] who reported that MESNA
lacked the ability to protect from CP-induced myelosuppression. In contrast, V. amygdalina may have protected the myeloid
system from CP-induced myelotoxicity. This may be through another mechanism probably by prevention of lipid
peroxidation and nutrient supplementation as earlier reported[41].
V. amygdalina has been widely reported to contain high levels of nutrients including proteins with high essential amino
acids, carbohydrates and fiber [42-44]. The plant has also have been shown to contain appreciable quantities of ascorbic acid
and caroteinoids [42-44]. Calcium, iron, potassium, phosphorous, manganese, copper and cobalt have also been found in
significant quantities in V. amygdalina [42-44]. In addition the phytochemical screening of aqueous leaf extract of V.
amygdalina has shown that it also contains flavonoids, saponins and sesquiterpene lactones [45-46].
Flavoniods have been widely reported to possess antioxidant activity and are effective scavengers of reactive oxygen species
[47]. The molecular mechanism of V. amygdalina activity against the CP-induced urotoxicity might have been directly
related to its ability to scavenge ROS attributable to flavonoids [47].
CONCLUSION
The present study investigated for the first time the potential detoxifying efficacy of V. amygdalina focusing on its
antioxidants activity, reduced LPO and absence of haematuria.
The findings established that V. amygdalina is endowed with properties of a detoxifier and adjuvant therapeutic agent for
cancer patients. Again considering the fact that MESNA is relatively more expensive and has its own side effects, V.
amygdalina may be an alternative replacement.
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