This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a proprietary fruit and berry juice blend (JB) containing acai as the predominant ingredient. In vitro tests found the JB protected cells from oxidative damage and reduced reactive oxygen species formation and cell migration toward pro-inflammatory signals. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial with 12 subjects found drinking the JB, compared to placebo, significantly increased serum antioxidants at 1 and 2 hours and inhibited lipid peroxidation, a measure of oxidative damage, at 2 hours. The study demonstrates the JB's potential to provide in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.
The document summarizes research examining the antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) fruit pulp/skin powder. Several assays found it to have exceptional superoxide scavenging ability, high oxygen radical absorbance capacity against peroxyl radicals, and mild activity against peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. It also inhibited reactive oxygen species formation in human neutrophils. Additional assays showed acai has potential anti-inflammatory properties as a weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor and no effect on immune cell functions. Overall, the research suggests acai has significant antioxidant effects and may provide health benefits.
The document analyzes the antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) fruit pulp/skin powder through a series of assays. It was found to have exceptionally high superoxide scavenging capacity, the highest antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals measured by ORACFL, and mild activity against peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. Acai also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties as a potential COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor and an effect on LPS-induced nitric oxide production, but no effect on lymphocyte proliferation or phagocytic capacity. Total phenolic content and differentiation of antioxidants into slow-acting and fast-acting components were also
Bioactivity-guided Fractionation of Selected Botanticalsnaturessunshine
This document summarizes research on bioactivity-guided fractionation of selected botanicals, including black chokeberry, maqui berry, mangosteen, and noni. Key findings include:
- Isolates from black chokeberry and maqui berry showed potent antioxidant and quinone reductase induction activities.
- Compounds isolated from mangosteen, including xanthones, exhibited antioxidant and anti-cancer activities. α-Mangostin in particular showed aromatase inhibition.
- The presentation outlined the application of bioactivity-guided fractionation to identify potential cancer chemopreventive compounds from these botanicals.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are involved in deleterious/beneficial biological processes.
The present study sought to investigate the capacity of single and combinatorial herbal formulations of
Acanthus montanus, Emilia coccinea, Hibiscus rosasinensis, and Asystasia gangetica to act as superoxide
radicals (SOR), hydrogen peroxide (HP), nitric oxide radical (NOR), hydroxyl radical (HR), and 2,2-
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical antagonists using in vitro models. The herbal extracts were
single herbal formulations (SHfs), double herbal formulations (DHfs), triple herbal formulations (THfs),
and a quadruple herbal formulation (QHf). The phytochemical composition and radical scavenging capacity
index (SCI) of the herbal formulations were measured using standard methods. The flavonoids
were the most abundant phytochemicals present in the herbal extracts. The SCI50 defined the concentration
(mg/mL) of herbal formulation required to scavenge 50% of the investigated radicals. The SHfs,
DHfs, THfs, and QHf SCI50 against the radicals followed the order HR > SOR > DPPH radical > HP > NOR.
Although the various herbal formulations exhibited ambivalent antioxidant activities in terms of their
radical scavenging capabilities, a broad survey of the results of the present study showed that combinatorial
herbal formulations (DHfs, THfs, and QHf) appeared to exhibit lower radical scavenging capacities
than those of the SHfs in vitro.
Bio assay guided isolation identification active constituents of walnut leav...Debanjan Chatterjee
This Presentation revolves round about the isolation and the characterization of the active molecule megastimene which has a power full activity as anti hyperglycemic ..and they have furthur processed it for formulation
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
Development and evaluation of long circulating nanoparticles loaded with betu...Debanjan Chatterjee
The document describes the development and evaluation of betulinic acid-loaded PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Betulinic acid is a natural compound that has shown anti-tumor effects. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a double emulsion solvent evaporation method. They were spherical and around 150 nm in size. In vitro studies showed the nanoparticles had higher cytotoxicity against cancer cells, better intracellular uptake, and increased reactive oxygen species generation compared to free betulinic acid. In vivo tests in mice found the nanoparticles remained in circulation longer, inhibited tumor growth more, and were less toxic than the free drug. The results suggest betulinic acid-loaded PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles have potential as an improved anti-cancer therapeutic
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
The document summarizes research examining the antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) fruit pulp/skin powder. Several assays found it to have exceptional superoxide scavenging ability, high oxygen radical absorbance capacity against peroxyl radicals, and mild activity against peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. It also inhibited reactive oxygen species formation in human neutrophils. Additional assays showed acai has potential anti-inflammatory properties as a weak cyclooxygenase inhibitor and no effect on immune cell functions. Overall, the research suggests acai has significant antioxidant effects and may provide health benefits.
The document analyzes the antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) fruit pulp/skin powder through a series of assays. It was found to have exceptionally high superoxide scavenging capacity, the highest antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals measured by ORACFL, and mild activity against peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radicals. Acai also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties as a potential COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor and an effect on LPS-induced nitric oxide production, but no effect on lymphocyte proliferation or phagocytic capacity. Total phenolic content and differentiation of antioxidants into slow-acting and fast-acting components were also
Bioactivity-guided Fractionation of Selected Botanticalsnaturessunshine
This document summarizes research on bioactivity-guided fractionation of selected botanicals, including black chokeberry, maqui berry, mangosteen, and noni. Key findings include:
- Isolates from black chokeberry and maqui berry showed potent antioxidant and quinone reductase induction activities.
- Compounds isolated from mangosteen, including xanthones, exhibited antioxidant and anti-cancer activities. α-Mangostin in particular showed aromatase inhibition.
- The presentation outlined the application of bioactivity-guided fractionation to identify potential cancer chemopreventive compounds from these botanicals.
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are involved in deleterious/beneficial biological processes.
The present study sought to investigate the capacity of single and combinatorial herbal formulations of
Acanthus montanus, Emilia coccinea, Hibiscus rosasinensis, and Asystasia gangetica to act as superoxide
radicals (SOR), hydrogen peroxide (HP), nitric oxide radical (NOR), hydroxyl radical (HR), and 2,2-
diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical antagonists using in vitro models. The herbal extracts were
single herbal formulations (SHfs), double herbal formulations (DHfs), triple herbal formulations (THfs),
and a quadruple herbal formulation (QHf). The phytochemical composition and radical scavenging capacity
index (SCI) of the herbal formulations were measured using standard methods. The flavonoids
were the most abundant phytochemicals present in the herbal extracts. The SCI50 defined the concentration
(mg/mL) of herbal formulation required to scavenge 50% of the investigated radicals. The SHfs,
DHfs, THfs, and QHf SCI50 against the radicals followed the order HR > SOR > DPPH radical > HP > NOR.
Although the various herbal formulations exhibited ambivalent antioxidant activities in terms of their
radical scavenging capabilities, a broad survey of the results of the present study showed that combinatorial
herbal formulations (DHfs, THfs, and QHf) appeared to exhibit lower radical scavenging capacities
than those of the SHfs in vitro.
Bio assay guided isolation identification active constituents of walnut leav...Debanjan Chatterjee
This Presentation revolves round about the isolation and the characterization of the active molecule megastimene which has a power full activity as anti hyperglycemic ..and they have furthur processed it for formulation
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
Development and evaluation of long circulating nanoparticles loaded with betu...Debanjan Chatterjee
The document describes the development and evaluation of betulinic acid-loaded PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Betulinic acid is a natural compound that has shown anti-tumor effects. The nanoparticles were synthesized using a double emulsion solvent evaporation method. They were spherical and around 150 nm in size. In vitro studies showed the nanoparticles had higher cytotoxicity against cancer cells, better intracellular uptake, and increased reactive oxygen species generation compared to free betulinic acid. In vivo tests in mice found the nanoparticles remained in circulation longer, inhibited tumor growth more, and were less toxic than the free drug. The results suggest betulinic acid-loaded PLGA-mPEG nanoparticles have potential as an improved anti-cancer therapeutic
Background: Dennentia tripetalla (Pepper Fruit) belongs to the Annonaceae family and is abundant in Nigeria. Its
fruit in folklore medicine is used for treatment of varying ailments. While ample research evidence exists on the
plants fruit and seed, no current study exists on the toxicological profile of the plant leaves.
Methods: qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals and In vitro antioxidant assays were carried out using
standard methods. The acute toxicity study indicates that the LD50 was higher than 2000 mg/Kg body weight. Subchronic
toxicity studies was carried out using five groups of rats. Group 1 served as control, 2–5 received 100 mg/
Kg, 200 mg/Kg, 500 mg/Kg and 1000 mg/Kg body weight orally for 28 days.
Results: Post-administration biochemical analysis indicates there was increased weight in rats administered 100
mg/kg and 200 mg/kg while it reduced in the 500 mg/kg group. Significant elevations of liver function markers
were reported for 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg respectively. Serum and hepatic protein profiles remained unaltered.
Renal function analysis revealed elevated serum urea and creatinine for 200 and 500 mg/kg groups, elevated serum
Na+ and Ca+ and reduced serum Cl− for the 500 mg/Kg group. Elevated Kidney K+ and Ca+ levels, reduced Cl−
were significantly observed in 500 mg/Kg group. Significant rise in hepatic and renal lipid peroxidation was
observed in 200 and 500 mg/Kg groups. There were observed disarmament of the antioxidant defense systems
occasioned by rise and drop in tissue (hepatic, renal, testes, heart) Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (Cat),
Glutathione-s-transferase (GST), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the test groups relative to control.
Histopathological examination indicated architectural aberrations at 500 and 1000 mg/kg.
Conclusions: It concluded that the plant had significant phytochemical and antioxidant properties of medical
interest and possessed toxic properties in rats when administered at a dose above 200 mg/Kg over a prolonged
period of time.
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
1) The study investigated the effects of ethanol/potash extract of sorghum bicolor leaf sheath on serum electrolytes, liver, and kidney function in albino rats.
2) The extract significantly increased serum sodium and chloride ions but decreased potassium ion levels in a dose-dependent manner. It also increased serum creatinine and urea levels indicating potential kidney damage.
3) The extract decreased total protein and cholesterol levels but increased bilirubin at the highest dose, suggesting effects on liver function. There was also a progressive decrease in body weight with increasing extract doses.
Hypoglycemic effect of gongronema latifolia extracts in ratsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of water and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolia leaves in rats. Phytochemical analysis found both extracts contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and high levels of polyphenols. Rats treated with various doses of both extracts for 21 days had significantly reduced blood glucose levels compared to controls, in a dose-dependent manner. The polyphenol content may cause insulin-like effects by binding insulin receptors or stimulating insulin release, reducing blood glucose similarly to insulin and justifying G. latifolia's traditional use for treating diabetes.
Antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts of african mistletoes (loranthus ...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from the African mistletoe Loranthus begwensis L. harvested from kolanut and breadfruit trees.
2) The results showed that mistletoe from the kolanut tree had higher total phenol and ferric reducing content than mistletoe from the breadfruit tree.
3) Both mistletoe extracts demonstrated antioxidant effects, including scavenging of free radicals and chelating of iron ions. However, the antioxidant capacity was dependent on the host tree, with mistletoe from the kolanut tree generally showing higher antioxidant activity.
Sub chronic toxicity potential of the alcoholic extract of biophytum reinward...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the sub-chronic toxicity potential of the alcoholic extract of Biophytum reinwardtii, a whole plant used ethnobotanically to treat various ailments. Key findings from the study include:
1) The median acute toxicity value (LD50) of the B. reinwardtii extract in mice was determined to be 588.88 mg/kg body weight when administered intraperitoneally.
2) In a 30-day sub-chronic toxicity study in rats, doses of 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg of the extract did not significantly affect food/fluid intake, body weight, organ weights, or liver/hematological
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract and Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaHakeem Zamano
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and
Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying
Mechanism
Aamir Javed Mimosa pudica in oxidative stress Aamir Javed
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in biochemical and pathological changes associated with myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI).The need to specify agents with a potential for preventing such damage with therapeutic importance. In the present study, chronic oral.
International Journal of Medicinal Plants. Photon 107 (2014) 572-579
https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/international-journal-of-medicinal-plants
Original Research Article. ISJN: 6672-4384: Impact Index: 3.12
The effectS of Brassica oleracea plant extracts on tow type of leukemia cells...IOSR Journals
1. Brassica oleracea plant extracts were prepared using cold water, hot water, and ethanol and tested for antioxidant activity and effects on leukemia cells.
2. All extracts showed significant antioxidant effects in a DPPH radical scavenging assay.
3. The extracts were able to kill 50-75% of abnormal cells from patients with acute lympho-blastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after 24 hours of treatment. DNA fragmentation indicated the extracts induced apoptosis or programmed cell death.
This article summarizes a study on the safety of an acai-fortified fruit and berry juice called MonaVie Active. The study found the beverage was not mutagenic, clastogenic, cytotoxic, or genotoxic based on several assays. An acute oral toxicity study in rats found the single dose LD50 to be greater than 20,000 mg/kg body weight. A 90-day subchronic oral toxicity study in rats found no treatment-related adverse effects up to the highest dose tested of 40 g/kg body weight per day. The no observed adverse effect level was determined to be 40 g/kg body weight/day. The beverage was also found to contain comparable amounts of vitamin K
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antisickling Potentials of Archidium ohio...IOSRJPBS
The study investigated the possible anti-inflammatory and antisickling potential of a moss plant A. ohioense.The phytoconstituents of acetone, chloroform and ethylacetate extracts of the plant were analysed using standard methods. Membrane stabilizing, antisickling, xanthine oxidase and lipooxygenase inhibitory activities of the extracts of the plants on sickle and normal erythrocytes were conducted. Phytochemically, the ethylacetate, acetone and chloroform extracts of A. ohioense showed the presence of cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, saponin, steroid, alkaloids and triterpenes. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant stabilized red blood cell membrane of normal and sickle erythrocytes at various concentrations except at 2.0 mg/ml while the chloroform extract exhibits profound protective effect on both normal and sickle erythrocytes at highest concentration used (2.0 mg/ml).All the A. ohioense extracts showed mild anti-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. As the concentrations of the A. ohioense chloroform and acetone extracts increased, the percentage inhibition of sickling significantly increased and compared favorably with Parahydroxybenzoic acid. These two extracts also demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.0001) dose dependent increase in antisickling reversal activity. This study indicates that A. ohioense could be valuable source of anti-inflammatory and antisickling agents.
LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN FOODNutraLima
To characterize the antioxidants in food, it is necessary to know:
-How much antioxidant is contained in the food.
-Are the antioxidants absorbed from the food to the blood?
-If the antioxidants in the blood make their way to the intended body cells.
-Do the antioxidants help the cells to defend themselves against oxygen radicals? May it be given by increasing the production of the cell's own defense enzymes or by direct chemical neutralization of the radicals?
For all these above-mentioned steps different measurement techniques exist.
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kid...oyepata
1) The study investigated the potential protective effects of the ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats.
2) Rats were treated with various doses of the H. letestui extract along with gentamicin, and kidney function was assessed by measuring serum biomarkers and histopathology.
3) The results showed that the H. letestui extract significantly reduced serum levels of urea and creatinine in a dose-dependent manner compared to gentamicin alone, indicating a protective effect on the kidneys.
This document summarizes the isolation and identification of flavonoids from acai (Euterpe oleracea) pulp and evaluation of their antioxidant capacities. Seven flavonoids were isolated from freeze-dried acai pulp using chromatographic methods. Their structures were determined by NMR, MS and comparison to literature. Two compounds (vitexin and quercetin) were reported from acai pulp for the first time. The antioxidant capacities of the flavonoids were evaluated using ORAC, CAP-e, and ROS PMN assays. ORAC values varied significantly among compounds. CAP-e and ROS PMN assays provided information on cellular antioxidant effects and potential biological relevance.
This document analyzes the phytochemical and nutrient composition of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.), a fruit from the Amazon region. The major phytochemicals found were anthocyanins (ACNs), proanthocyanidins (PACs), and other flavonoids. ACNs, fatty acids, amino acids, sterols, minerals, and other nutrients were also analyzed and quantified. Microbiological analysis was performed on the freeze-dried acai powder to evaluate safety. The analysis provides a more complete profile of the phytochemical and nutrient composition of acai than previous studies.
8 range of motion after daily consumption of açai fortified polyphenolic juic...Antonio Rodríguez
This document describes a study that evaluated the effects of daily consumption of an acai pulp-fortified fruit and berry juice blend on pain and range of motion (ROM) over 12 weeks. The study found that consuming 120mL of the juice blend daily resulted in significant reductions in pain, improved ROM, and improved activities of daily living. The juice also improved serum antioxidant status and decreased the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein. The antioxidant effects of the juice showed the best correlation with improvements in physical well-being.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as economic activities slowed. However, the impacts on greenhouse gases and long-term air quality improvements remain uncertain without permanent behavior and economic changes.
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
Cytoprotective and DNA Protective Activity of Carica Papaya Leaf Extractsinventionjournals
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. These curative properties are based on the presence of phytochemical nutrients with antioxidant effect in different parts of the plant. It is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant due to its biological activity and medicinal application.The present study was designed to determine the Cytoprotective and DNA protective activities of different fractions (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol and Ethyl acetate extracts) of Carica papaya leaves. Cytoprotective capacity was assessed using erythrocytes, where ferrous sulphate was used to induce stress and the ability of the extracts to combat the induced stress was evaluated. The DNA protective potential against free radical-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated by a DNA damage inhibition assay involving agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometric analysis. All the four fractions displayed significant cytoprotective effect on erythrocytes and prevented oxidative damage to DNA in presence of DNA damaging agent. Altogether, the results of our study lend pharmacological credence to the anti-cancerous and ethno medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine and these resultscould be used to develop antimutagenic compounds for cancer therapy.
1) The study investigated the effects of ethanol/potash extract of sorghum bicolor leaf sheath on serum electrolytes, liver, and kidney function in albino rats.
2) The extract significantly increased serum sodium and chloride ions but decreased potassium ion levels in a dose-dependent manner. It also increased serum creatinine and urea levels indicating potential kidney damage.
3) The extract decreased total protein and cholesterol levels but increased bilirubin at the highest dose, suggesting effects on liver function. There was also a progressive decrease in body weight with increasing extract doses.
Hypoglycemic effect of gongronema latifolia extracts in ratsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of water and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolia leaves in rats. Phytochemical analysis found both extracts contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and high levels of polyphenols. Rats treated with various doses of both extracts for 21 days had significantly reduced blood glucose levels compared to controls, in a dose-dependent manner. The polyphenol content may cause insulin-like effects by binding insulin receptors or stimulating insulin release, reducing blood glucose similarly to insulin and justifying G. latifolia's traditional use for treating diabetes.
Antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts of african mistletoes (loranthus ...Alexander Decker
1) The study investigated the antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from the African mistletoe Loranthus begwensis L. harvested from kolanut and breadfruit trees.
2) The results showed that mistletoe from the kolanut tree had higher total phenol and ferric reducing content than mistletoe from the breadfruit tree.
3) Both mistletoe extracts demonstrated antioxidant effects, including scavenging of free radicals and chelating of iron ions. However, the antioxidant capacity was dependent on the host tree, with mistletoe from the kolanut tree generally showing higher antioxidant activity.
Sub chronic toxicity potential of the alcoholic extract of biophytum reinward...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the sub-chronic toxicity potential of the alcoholic extract of Biophytum reinwardtii, a whole plant used ethnobotanically to treat various ailments. Key findings from the study include:
1) The median acute toxicity value (LD50) of the B. reinwardtii extract in mice was determined to be 588.88 mg/kg body weight when administered intraperitoneally.
2) In a 30-day sub-chronic toxicity study in rats, doses of 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg of the extract did not significantly affect food/fluid intake, body weight, organ weights, or liver/hematological
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract and Chronic Myelogenous LeukemiaHakeem Zamano
Olive (Olea europaea) Leaf Extract Induces Apoptosis and
Monocyte/Macrophage Differentiation in Human Chronic
Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells: Insight into the Underlying
Mechanism
Aamir Javed Mimosa pudica in oxidative stress Aamir Javed
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a major role in biochemical and pathological changes associated with myocardial ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI).The need to specify agents with a potential for preventing such damage with therapeutic importance. In the present study, chronic oral.
International Journal of Medicinal Plants. Photon 107 (2014) 572-579
https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/international-journal-of-medicinal-plants
Original Research Article. ISJN: 6672-4384: Impact Index: 3.12
The effectS of Brassica oleracea plant extracts on tow type of leukemia cells...IOSR Journals
1. Brassica oleracea plant extracts were prepared using cold water, hot water, and ethanol and tested for antioxidant activity and effects on leukemia cells.
2. All extracts showed significant antioxidant effects in a DPPH radical scavenging assay.
3. The extracts were able to kill 50-75% of abnormal cells from patients with acute lympho-blastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after 24 hours of treatment. DNA fragmentation indicated the extracts induced apoptosis or programmed cell death.
This article summarizes a study on the safety of an acai-fortified fruit and berry juice called MonaVie Active. The study found the beverage was not mutagenic, clastogenic, cytotoxic, or genotoxic based on several assays. An acute oral toxicity study in rats found the single dose LD50 to be greater than 20,000 mg/kg body weight. A 90-day subchronic oral toxicity study in rats found no treatment-related adverse effects up to the highest dose tested of 40 g/kg body weight per day. The no observed adverse effect level was determined to be 40 g/kg body weight/day. The beverage was also found to contain comparable amounts of vitamin K
Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory and Antisickling Potentials of Archidium ohio...IOSRJPBS
The study investigated the possible anti-inflammatory and antisickling potential of a moss plant A. ohioense.The phytoconstituents of acetone, chloroform and ethylacetate extracts of the plant were analysed using standard methods. Membrane stabilizing, antisickling, xanthine oxidase and lipooxygenase inhibitory activities of the extracts of the plants on sickle and normal erythrocytes were conducted. Phytochemically, the ethylacetate, acetone and chloroform extracts of A. ohioense showed the presence of cardiac glycoside, flavonoids, saponin, steroid, alkaloids and triterpenes. The acetone and ethyl acetate extracts of the plant stabilized red blood cell membrane of normal and sickle erythrocytes at various concentrations except at 2.0 mg/ml while the chloroform extract exhibits profound protective effect on both normal and sickle erythrocytes at highest concentration used (2.0 mg/ml).All the A. ohioense extracts showed mild anti-lipoxygenase and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities. As the concentrations of the A. ohioense chloroform and acetone extracts increased, the percentage inhibition of sickling significantly increased and compared favorably with Parahydroxybenzoic acid. These two extracts also demonstrated significant (p ≤ 0.0001) dose dependent increase in antisickling reversal activity. This study indicates that A. ohioense could be valuable source of anti-inflammatory and antisickling agents.
LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN FOODNutraLima
To characterize the antioxidants in food, it is necessary to know:
-How much antioxidant is contained in the food.
-Are the antioxidants absorbed from the food to the blood?
-If the antioxidants in the blood make their way to the intended body cells.
-Do the antioxidants help the cells to defend themselves against oxygen radicals? May it be given by increasing the production of the cell's own defense enzymes or by direct chemical neutralization of the radicals?
For all these above-mentioned steps different measurement techniques exist.
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kid...oyepata
1) The study investigated the potential protective effects of the ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats.
2) Rats were treated with various doses of the H. letestui extract along with gentamicin, and kidney function was assessed by measuring serum biomarkers and histopathology.
3) The results showed that the H. letestui extract significantly reduced serum levels of urea and creatinine in a dose-dependent manner compared to gentamicin alone, indicating a protective effect on the kidneys.
This document summarizes the isolation and identification of flavonoids from acai (Euterpe oleracea) pulp and evaluation of their antioxidant capacities. Seven flavonoids were isolated from freeze-dried acai pulp using chromatographic methods. Their structures were determined by NMR, MS and comparison to literature. Two compounds (vitexin and quercetin) were reported from acai pulp for the first time. The antioxidant capacities of the flavonoids were evaluated using ORAC, CAP-e, and ROS PMN assays. ORAC values varied significantly among compounds. CAP-e and ROS PMN assays provided information on cellular antioxidant effects and potential biological relevance.
This document analyzes the phytochemical and nutrient composition of freeze-dried acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.), a fruit from the Amazon region. The major phytochemicals found were anthocyanins (ACNs), proanthocyanidins (PACs), and other flavonoids. ACNs, fatty acids, amino acids, sterols, minerals, and other nutrients were also analyzed and quantified. Microbiological analysis was performed on the freeze-dried acai powder to evaluate safety. The analysis provides a more complete profile of the phytochemical and nutrient composition of acai than previous studies.
8 range of motion after daily consumption of açai fortified polyphenolic juic...Antonio Rodríguez
This document describes a study that evaluated the effects of daily consumption of an acai pulp-fortified fruit and berry juice blend on pain and range of motion (ROM) over 12 weeks. The study found that consuming 120mL of the juice blend daily resulted in significant reductions in pain, improved ROM, and improved activities of daily living. The juice also improved serum antioxidant status and decreased the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein. The antioxidant effects of the juice showed the best correlation with improvements in physical well-being.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as economic activities slowed. However, the impacts on greenhouse gases and long-term air quality improvements remain uncertain without permanent behavior and economic changes.
Further expanding the discussion on inter-networking devices (Routers and Switches) the NETCONF protocol will be discussed. NETCONF is a open standard protocol supported by major inter-networking vendors. This session looks to leveraging the NETCONF schema to retrieve the configuration files from inter-networking devices. This session will cover issues and challenges related to:
•Security Automation and inter-networking devices.
•Access methods to retrieve and process device configuration settings.
This document provides guidance on delivering a persuasive oral presentation. It emphasizes the importance of engaging the audience from the beginning through the use of stories, jokes, questions or other attention-grabbing techniques. The tone should be carefully controlled and transition smoothly between emotional, moderate and rational. Effective delivery is also stressed, including memorizing content, maintaining eye contact and practicing in front of others. The overall message is that persuasive presentations require strong openings, consistent tones and polished delivery to influence the audience.
This document discusses using the Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) to evaluate the security configurations of inter-networking devices such as routers and switches. It covers traditional SCAP methods for probing devices and discusses other methods being explored. The presentation examines current and potential future SCAP capabilities for evaluating the security of inter-networking devices on critical infrastructure and enterprise networks.
This document lists various torture devices including head crusher, boots, foot board, thumb screws, press, chair, cat's paw, and the rack, which were used to inflict pain and obtain confessions from victims in medieval times.
Introduction: Using language to persuade (Media Texts)mmcdonald2
This document defines and categorizes different types of media texts. Print texts include newspapers, magazines, books and scripts which use only written text and printed images. Non-print texts such as speeches and radio use sound without visuals. Multimodal texts like websites and films incorporate two or more modes such as written text, printed images, sound and moving images. The document also discusses analyzing media texts by examining their context, purpose, intended audience, construction and persuasive techniques.
The document provides information about the Year 7 and 8 Debating Junior Public Speaking (JPS) competition. It is an interschool competition open to all students in years 7 and 8 with no debating experience required. Teams of 4 students will participate in 3 rounds of debates on important social issues to improve their public speaking, critical thinking, and argumentative skills. St Leonard's College will host the debates, and students can sign up individually or as a team by returning the registration form by June 17.
A presentation discusses adding support for Juniper Junos devices to the Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language (OVAL). It proposes a new OVAL schema, content, and tool called jOVALdi for the Junos platform. The session will compare the Junos schema to the existing Cisco IOS schema and demonstrate a prototype by evaluating Junos definitions, tests, and objects using jOVAL and remote connectivity to a Junos device. Challenges discussed include the lack of participation from networking vendors in OVAL and slow adoption to non-Windows/Linux platforms.
The Roman Empire declined due to internal and external factors:
- The empire was split into Western and Eastern halves in 395 CE and faced increasing political instability, corruption, and economic troubles.
- Barbarian tribes like the Visigoths and Huns put pressure on the empire's borders and some were allowed to settle inside Roman lands but later revolted.
- The Roman armies became less effective and were unable to defend against invaders or maintain control of the empire as they prioritized fighting each other over external threats.
- Epidemics spread through the population, weakening both the people and the empire's military strength. The Western Roman Empire finally fell in 476 CE.
The document discusses several persuasive language techniques including:
- Anecdotal evidence, which uses personal stories to support claims rather than scientific evidence.
- Ridicule and attacks, which assert a viewpoint by aggressively putting down opposing ideas without evidence.
- Emotive language, which uses words to deliberately create an emotional response in the audience.
- Expert evidence, which cites specialists in a field to give credibility and authority to arguments.
Comp Of Chem&Cell Based Antiox Jafc Sep 2008joecali26
This document compares three methods for evaluating the antioxidant potential of foods and natural products: the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, a cell-based antioxidant protection assay using erythrocytes (CAP-e), and an assay measuring reactive oxygen species formation in polymorphonuclear cells (ROS PMN). The document applies these three methods to four natural products and finds that while the products showed similar antioxidant properties by ORAC, they had different effects on human cells in the CAP-e and ROS PMN assays. Specifically, Acai provided strong inhibition of ROS formation, indicating anti-inflammatory effects, while Immunel and EpiCor mildly enhanced ROS formation, suggesting activation of the innate immune response. This illustrates that complex
This study investigated the protective effects of Ajwa dates against ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: a control group, an OTA-treated group, an Ajwa date-treated group, and an Ajwa date + OTA-treated group. The OTA-treated group experienced decreased body and kidney weight, elevated creatinine and urea levels, and damage to proximal tubules. The Ajwa date-treated group showed no tubule damage. The Ajwa date + OTA group exhibited reduced toxicity compared to the OTA group, indicating Ajwa dates have protective effects against OTA-induced kidney damage. Light and electron microscopy revealed the protective effects of
This study investigated the absorption and effects of consuming a standardized pomegranate extract in healthy human volunteers. Key findings:
1) Ellagic acid from the extract was absorbed into the bloodstream, reaching a maximum concentration of 33 ng/mL 1 hour after consumption. Several metabolites of ellagic acid were also identified in plasma.
2) Antioxidant capacity of plasma, as measured by the ORAC assay, was increased by a maximum of 32% 0.5 hours after consumption of the extract. Generation of reactive oxygen species was not affected.
3) The inflammation marker interleukin-6 was not significantly changed in plasma 4 hours after consumption of the extract.
Overall, this study demonstrated
The document describes a randomized controlled trial that investigated the impact of consuming apricots, pomegranate juice, fermented sobya, or combinations for 3 weeks on biomarkers related to antioxidant activity and oxidative stress in healthy adults. 35 participants were divided into 5 groups: a control group, an apricot group, a pomegranate juice group, a combination pomegranate juice and fermented sobya group, and a fermented sobya group. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline and after 3 weeks to analyze markers of antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and glutathione transferase enzyme activity. The study found that consuming pomegranate juice increased plasma and urinary antioxidant activities and reduced urinary oxidative stress
The document analyzes the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of four types of banana peels. Extracts were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using several assays. Results showed the peels had high antioxidant capacity and contained phenolic compounds like dopamine and L-dopa. The Rasthali peel extract exhibited the highest free radical scavenging ability and phenol content, while Pachainadan had the highest total antioxidant activity. The study demonstrates banana peels can be a potential source of natural antioxidants.
Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Studies on Bambusa arundinacea a...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
This study was formulated to check the phytochemical, antioxidant, antibacterial potential of
Bambusa arundinacea (Bamboo) and Mangifera indica (Mango) trees. Aqueous, ethanolic and
methanolic extracts were prepared from leaves of former and stem bark of later. The phytochemical
screening of the extracts showed the presence of various bioactive compounds such as
carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins and proteins in B. arundinacea, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides in M. indica. Total phenolic concentration and
percentage of free radical scavenging activity was more in ethanolic extracts of B. arundinacea and
M. indica followed by methanolic extracts and aqueous extracts. Highest percentage of ferric
reducing antioxidant power was found in ethanolic extracts and lowest in aqueous extracts indicates
that ethanolic extracts has more antioxidant potential than the other two extracts. Ethanolic extracts
of both plants had higher inhibition on the tested Gram positive (B. subtilis & S. aureus) as well as
Gram negative (E.coli & P. aeruginosa) bacteria evidenced from the zones of inhibition. M. indica
showed more therapeutic potential as compared to B. arundinacea and ethanolic as well as
methanolic extracts of both the tested plants were more effective than aqueous extracts due to better
extraction power of organic solvents. Overall study indicates that B. arundinacea and M. indica are
potential source of natural antioxidants, phytochemicals and antibacterials that can be used for the
development of novel drugs and may represent new source of antimicrobials with stable, biologically
active components that can establish a scientific base for further use in modern medicines.
This document summarizes research on identifying and characterizing bioactive compounds from Osage orange (Maclura pomifera) and spent coffee grounds using metabolomics approaches. Key findings include:
1) Over 200 polyphenols and 28 compounds were identified from Osage orange and spent coffee grounds using mass spectrometry and quantified using LC-MS/MS.
2) Extracts from Osage orange and coffee showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities.
3) Compounds with potential applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods were characterized from both resources.
The document characterizes dragon fruit and provides information on its nutritional composition and health benefits. It discusses the different varieties of dragon fruit, including their physical and chemical properties. It also describes the antioxidant and fiber content of dragon fruit and their functional roles in reducing risks of chronic diseases. The document summarizes research analyzing the antioxidant activity, nutritional profile, and fatty acid composition of red pitaya fruit from Brazil. It finds that the peel has higher antioxidant levels than the pulp and concludes that the peel should not be discarded due to its nutritional and bioactive compound content.
The document summarizes a presentation on antioxidant peptides derived from the blue-spotted stingray. It discusses alternative methods to obtain bioactive peptides from proteins, characterization of antioxidant capacity, identification of two antioxidant peptides (WAFAPA and MYPGLA) from the <3 kDa fraction of stingray hydrolysate, and characterization of their stability under thermal, pH, and simulated digestion conditions. The conclusion discusses the potential of antioxidant peptides for food and medical applications and need for further research.
1) The study evaluated the antiulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Brassica oleraceae (cabbage) leaves in laboratory rat models of gastric and duodenal ulcers.
2) Cabbage extract showed dose-dependent protection against ethanol/HCl-induced gastric ulcers and indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers compared to control groups. The highest dose of 750 mg/kg provided over 90% protection against indomethacin-induced ulcers.
3) In a cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer model, the lowest dose of 100 mg/kg cabbage extract gave 85% protection, higher than the standard drug omeprazole.
This document summarizes recent research on phytochemicals. It discusses studies that examined the effects of thermal treatments and cooking methods on phytochemical content in berries and vegetables. Other studies investigated the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of black rice, hot peppers, and lettuce grown with abscisic acid. The document concludes that phytochemical content is dependent on many factors and more research is needed to understand actual health benefits.
1) The study explored the effects of Physalis alkekengi and Alhagi maurorum extracts in ameliorating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
2) Cisplatin treatment significantly increased serum creatinine and urea levels as well as sodium and potassium excretion, while decreasing creatinine clearance, indicating renal dysfunction.
3) Oral administration of P. alkekengi or A. maurorum extracts for 10 days after cisplatin treatment reduced serum creatinine and urea levels and improved sodium and potassium excretion and creatinine clearance, demonstrating protective effects against cisplatin-induced kidney damage.
This study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the marine microalga Dunaliella salina against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver toxicity in rats. Rats were fed D. salina at doses of 2.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg body weight for 2 weeks. Their liver enzymes and total protein were measured after being given carbon tetrachloride and compared to controls. Rats fed 5 g/kg D. salina showed the highest levels of protection, with serum AST and ALT levels 61.3% and 80.7% of the controls respectively, compared to 90.8% and 144.7% for rats fed synthetic beta-carotene. Total protein levels were also better
The Comparative Study of Antioxidant Activity Of Monsoon Plant-Clerodendrum S...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The increasing demands of convenient food have led to rapid growth in the ready-to-eat product category. Many of the food ingredients contain unsaturated fatty acids that are quite susceptible to quality deterioration, especially under oxidative stress. To combat this, the best strategy is addition of antioxidants. Also, natural antioxidants in the daily diet need to be encouraged in order to improve human health and prevent degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, coronary heart disease, neurogenetic disorders, cancer, atherosclerosis and inflammations by oxidation of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, DNA, etc. The DPPH method of free radical scavenging was carried out and the effect of the commercial, fresh, dried and cooked sample of Clerodendrum serratum were compared and calculated to check for its antioxidant activity. All samples showed antioxidant activity, highest being in cooked, followed by commercial, fresh and dried samples. Thus, it is advisable to consume the vegetable in cooked form at home as it shows highest radical scavenging power. The dried samples were over-heated, thereby showing minimum antioxidant activity.
This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of extracts from prickly pear fruit (Opuntia spp.) in human vascular endothelial cells. Prickly pear extracts were characterized using HPLC-MS and antioxidant capacity was measured. Extracts were tested for their ability to reduce reactive oxygen species generation and inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in cells. Prickly pear extract reduced mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory markers like TNF-α, IL-6, and VCAM-1. The study concluded that prickly pear fruit contains anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory compounds and suggested further research is needed to establish mechanisms of action and bioavailability in human-consumed products.
Apple is an excellent functional food exhibit antioxidant property which is good to prevent aging and degenerative disorders. Apple peel is not waste at all, it has promising hidden health benefits.
This study investigated the effects of spinach extracts obtained through different extraction methods and individual phytochemicals on human colorectal cancer cells. Spinach extracts increased reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner and modulated antioxidant defenses when cells were exposed to oxidative stress, with effects varying by extraction method and oxidizing agent. Individual phytochemicals did not alter reactive oxygen species levels but modulated antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress. The phytocomplex extracts seemed to have greater protective effects than individual phytochemicals alone or in combination.
Cytotoxicity of Blended Versus Single Medicinal Mushroom Extracts on Human Ca...Jolene1981
ABSTRACT: The use of mushrooms contributes to human nutrition by providing low lipid content of lipids and high dietary fiber content, as well as significant content of other biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenolic antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the content of polyphenols and polysaccharides, as well as the cytotoxic and antioxidative properties of several medicinal mushroom preparations. The content of total phenols and flavonoids of preparations of blended mushroom extracts (Lentifom, Super Polyporin, Agarikon, Agarikon Plus, Agarikon.1, and Mykoprotect.1) was evaluated quantitatively by using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of the preparations was evaluated using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides was determined using a specific gravimetric method, based on ethanol precipitation. To determine cytotoxic effects of single and blended mushroom extracts, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and neutral red assays were conducted using human small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and brain astrocytoma cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that due to the significant content of beneficial polyphenolic antioxidants and soluble polysaccharides, use of these mushroom preparations is beneficial in maintaining good health, as well as in the prevention and adjuvant biotherapy of various human pathological aberrations. These results reveal that these extracts exhibit different cytotoxic effects on tumor cells originating from different tissues. In addition, the comparison of investigated blended mushroom extracts with three well-known commercial mushroom products derived from single mushroom species or single mushroom compounds shows that blended mushroom extracts exhibit significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
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TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
1. 8326 J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 8326–8333
In Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidant and
Anti-inflammatory Capacities of an Antioxidant-Rich
Fruit and Berry Juice Blend. Results of a Pilot and
Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled,
Crossover Study
GITTE S. JENSEN,*,† XIANLI WU,§ KELLY M. PATTERSON,# JANELLE BARNES,#
STEVE G. CARTER,# LARRY SCHERWITZ,⊥ ROBERT BEAMAN,| JOHN R. ENDRES,⊥
⊥
AND ALEXANDER G. SCHAUSS
Holger NIS Inc., 601 13th Avenue N.E., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2E 1C7; Department of
Physiology and Biophysics, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, University of Arkansas for Medical
Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202; NIS Labs, 1437 Esplanade, Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601;
Natural & Medicinal Products Research, AIBMR Life Sciences, 4117 South Meridian,
Puyallup, Washington 98373; and Beaman’s Wellness Center, 1903B Austin Street,
Klamath Falls, Oregon 97603
This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a
juice blend (JB), MonaVie Active, containing a mixture of fruits and berries with known antioxidant
activity, including acai, a palm fruit, as the predominant ingredient. The phytochemical antioxidants
¸
in the JB are primarily in the form of anthocyanins, predominantly cyanidin 3-rutoside, cyanidin
3-diglycoside, and cyanidin 3-glucoside. The cell-based antioxidant protection of erythrocytes
(CAP-e) assay demonstrated that antioxidants in the JB penetrated and protected cells from
oxidative damage (p < 0.001), whereas polymorphonuclear cells showed reduced formation of
reactive oxygen species (p < 0.003) and reduced migration toward three different pro-inflammatory
chemoattractants: fmlp (p < 0.001), leukotriene B4 (p < 0.05), and IL-8 (p < 0.03). A randomized,
double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with 12 healthy subjects examined the JB’s
antioxidant activity in vivo. Blood samples at baseline, 1 h, and 2 h following consumption of the
JB or placebo were tested for antioxidant capacity using several antioxidant assays and the TBARS
assay, a measure of lipid peroxidation. A within subject comparison showed an increase in serum
antioxidants at 1 h (p < 0.03) and 2 h (p < 0.015), as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation at
2 h (p < 0.01) postconsumption.
KEYWORDS: Antioxidant; anti-inflammatory; lipid peroxidation; cell-based antioxidant protection assay
(CAP-e); oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay; acai, Euterpe oleracea; fruit juice; thiobar-
¸
bituric acid reactive substances assay (TBARS)
INTRODUCTION excessive free radical production, which can contribute to human
diseases and aging (2), including cardiovascular disease (3),
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play key roles in normal
physiological processes, including cellular life/death processes, neurodegenerative disease and age-related cognitive decline (4),
protection from pathogens, various cellular signaling pathways, obesity and insulin resistance (5), as well as immune system
and regulation of vascular tone (1). Oxidative stress is caused dysfunction (6). Oxidative stress also contributes to the ac-
by an insufficient capacity of biological systems to neutralize cumulation of damaged macromolecules and organelles, includ-
ing mitochondria (4, 7).
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (403) 277- The antioxidant capacity of foods, juices, and teas has been
4134. Fax: (403) 441-5236. E-mail: gitte@holgernis.com. linked to in vivo protection from oxidative stress in numerous
†
Holger NIS Inc. studies. A recent study assessed the increase in plasma anti-
§
Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center.
#
NIS Labs. oxidant capacity after the consumption of either an antioxidant-
⊥
AIBMR Life Sciences. poor meal or the same antioxidant-poor meal with the addition
|
Beaman’s Wellness Center. of a known quantity of whole fruits added (8). This study
10.1021/jf8016157 CCC: $40.75 2008 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 08/22/2008
2. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Capacities of a Juice Blend J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 56, No. 18, 2008 8327
showed that the consumption of an antioxidant-poor meal results Study Overview. This study was conducted in three stages. Initial
in a decrease in plasma antioxidant capacity and that adding testing was performed to evaluate the phytochemical contents of the
fruits to the same meal not only prevented this decrease but JB, as well as the antioxidant capacity of the JB in cell-based assays
also led to an increase in antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, in vitro. The second stage was a pilot study with five healthy adults
who were tested on a single study day, to identify the time course for
the study is important because it addresses fruits and juices
antioxidant absorption and bioactivity of the JB in vivo. Blood samples
consumed in normal amounts, in contrast to studies of highly were collected immediately prior to consumption of 120 mL (4 oz) of
enriched extracts or purified compounds. the JB and at 30, 60, and 120 min following consumption. The selection
There is a diverse array of methods currently employed for of these time points was based on previous studies using pomegranate
testing the antioxidant capacity of various foods and natural juice (14). The third stage was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-
products. Novel research is currently directed toward possible controlled, crossover study of 12 healthy adults ranging from 19 to 52
therapies aimed at reversing the decline in mitochondrial ATP years of age, in which all 12 study participants were tested on both the
production and increased production of reactive oxygen species placebo and JB on different days. Serum antioxidant and lipid
peroxidation levels were compared at baseline and in response to the
(ROS) (3, 4). For the chemical estimation of antioxidants in foods,
placebo or JB in a within subjects study design.
the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) test has been Polyphenols and Antioxidant Capacities of JB. Sample Prepara-
proposed as a preferred assay with possible relevance to human tion. Ten milliliters of the JB was centrifuged at 4000g for 10 min.
biology (9). The assay has been used for the assessment of total Supernatant was harvested and extracted by hexane twice (5 mL × 2)
antioxidant capacity in human serum (10) and antioxidant uptake to separate lipophilic components. The hexane layer was used to
after the consumption of fruits and berries (8). We have developed measure lipophilic ORAC, whereas the aqueous layer was used for
a validated cell-based antioxidant protection assay using human phytochemical analysis, hydrophilic ORAC, and total phenolic
erythrocytes (CAP-e), which we have used to document antioxidant measurements.
capacity both in antioxidant-rich natural products and in serum Phytochemical Analysis. One milliliter of aqueous solution was
obtained after the consumption of such products (11, 12). filtered using a 0.22 µm Teflon syringe filter (Cameo, MN) for
qualitative and quantitative analysis of ACN analysis following the
The proprietary fruit and berry juice blend (JB) MonaVie method reported previously (15). Five milliliters of aqueous solution
Active contains the Amazonian palm fruit, acai (Euterpe
¸ was fractioned by Sephadex LH-20 for proanthocyanidin analysis
oleracea Mart.) as the predominant ingredient (13), along with following the published method for proanthocyanidin analysis and
lesser amounts of the following fruits and berries in descending quantization (16). Phenolic acids analysis was carried out using an
order of dominance: white grape (Vitis L.), Nashi pear (Pyrus Agilent 1100 HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA)
pyrifolia), acerola (Malpighia glabra), aronia (Aronia melano- coupled to the 4000 Q TRAP mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems,
carpa), purple grape (Vitis L.), cranberry (Vaccinium macro- Foster City, CA) according to a recently published method (17).
carpon), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), apricot (Prunus ORAC Assay. The hydrophilic and lipophilic ORACFL assays were
carried out on a FLUOstar Galaxy plate reader (BMG Labtechnologies,
armeniaca), prune (Prunus L.), kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa),
Durham, NC), based on published procedures (18, 19). The results are
blueberry (Vaccinium L.), wolfberry (Lycium barbarum), pome- expressed as micromoles of Trolox equivalents per milliliter of juice
granate (Punica granatum), lychee (Litchi chinensis), camu (µmol TE/mL).
camu (Myrciaria dubia), pear (Pyrus L.), banana (Musa Total Phenolic Assay. The aqueous layer was subjected to total
acuminata), and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). phenolics measurement by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent according to the
This study was undertaken to examine whether the antioxi- method of Wu et al. (18) The results are expressed as milligrams of
dants and anti-inflammatory compounds known to be present gallic acid equivalents per milliliter of juice (mg GAE/mL).
in the individual components of the unprocessed ingredients Consumable Test Products: Preparation for in Vitro and in Vivo
present in the JB are in a form able to enter into and protect Testing. Five 750 mL bottles from the same batch of JB were received
from the manufacturer. Because many antioxidants are degraded by
human cells in vitro. Furthermore, the study also investigated
exposure to light and air, a new bottle was opened on each clinical
the bioavailability of these compounds following ingestion of study day to ensure a consistent antioxidant concentration. The in vivo
the JB and its effect on serum indicators of oxidative damage. pilot study was performed to examine any possible effect of juice
consumption. Therefore, a dose of 120 mL was chosen. This dose is at
MATERIALS AND METHODS the high end of the manufacturer’s recommended daily dose of 60-120
Chemicals and Apparatus. 2,2′-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihy- mL and has been mentioned in testimonials of consumers as supporting
drochloride (AAPH) was purchased from Wako Chemicals USA a generalized sense of well-being and relieving symptoms of an
(Richmond, VA). 6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic inflammatory nature.
acid (Trolox) and fluorescein (sodium salt) (Fl) were obtained from For the in vitro cell-based studies, one bottle of JB was opened under
Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI). Randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin (Trapp- sterile conditions and aliquoted into a series of vials. Care was taken
sol) (Pharm grade) (RMCD) was obtained from Cyclodextrin Technolo- to fill each vial to a maximum, to minimize exposure to oxygen and
gies Development Inc. (High Springs, FL). Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol thus to prevent potential oxidation of the compounds during the storage
reagent, sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3), Sepha- period. The vials were stored at 4 °C and protected from light until
dex LH-20, formic acid, gallic acid, and all other phenolic acids were required for in vitro testing. On each in vitro test day a vial of JB was
purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Potassium phosphate dibasic prepared for addition to cell cultures by removal of solids and
(K2HPO4) and potassium phosphate monobasic (KH2PO4) were obtained nonaqueous compounds by standard laboratory procedures, including
from VWR (West Chester, PA). Standards of 3-O-β-glucosides of centrifugation and filtration using a cellulose acetate syringe filter. Serial
pelargonidin, cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin (six dilutions were then prepared in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and
mixed anthocyanin standards, HPLC grade) were obtained from Polyphe- were used only on the day of preparation.
nols Laboratories (Sandnes, Norway). Methanol, acetonitrile, methylene The in vitro antioxidant assays were performed using the sterile
chloride, and acetic acid (HPLC grade) were from Fisher (Fair Lawn, NJ). filtrate, whereas the clinical study evaluated ingestion of the whole juice.
Phosphate-buffered saline, hydrogen peroxide, and RPMI-1640 cell culture The filtration removes solids and lipid agglomerates, which removes
medium were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO). DCF-DA the antioxidants responsible for the ORAClipophilic value from the test
was from InVitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). Flow cytometry was performed using product while retaining water-soluble compounds that are responsible
a FacsCalibur flow cytometer (Becton-Dickinson, San Jose, CA), and for the ORAChydrophilic. Dry weight assessment of the amount of
fluorescence reading of 96-well microtiter plates was performed using a dissolved material to be added to cell cultures found that 100 mL of
TECAN SpectraFluor plate reader (TECAN US, Durham NC). the JB contains 40% solids, which were removed by centrifugation
3. 8328 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 56, No. 18, 2008 Jensen et al.
and filtration prior to addition to the cell cultures. The filtrate contained separated by a 3 µm porous filter. PMN cells were plated at 106/mL in
100 g/L of dissolved material. Taking the 40% solids into account, the top chambers, with or without the addition of serial dilutions of
unaltered JB contains 60 g/L of dissolved material. Thus, consumption JB. The bottom chambers contained either culture medium alone to
of 120 mL of the whole juice is equivalent to 7.2 g of dissolved material. assess random migration or one of the following three different pro-
The JB is a complex, robustly flavorful, dark purplish liquid, with inflammatory chemoattractants: bacterial peptide f-Met-Leu-Phe (fmlp),
a substantial amount of pulp, giving the juice a characteristic appearance leukotriene B4 (LTB4), or interleukin-8 (IL-8) to assess directed
that is very difficult to reproduce for placebo purposes. Therefore, we migration. All culture conditions were performed in triplicate. Plates
decided against developing a liquid placebo. An encapsulated placebo were incubated for 18 h at 37 °C and 5% CO2 to allow for PMN
product was created, and study participants were purposefully left migration from the top into the bottom chambers. The following day
uncertain about whether they were being fed a new test product or a the top chambers were removed, and the cells in the bottom chambers
placebo. The placebo was prepared by mixing white potato flakes, were transferred to V-bottom 96-well plates and stained with CyQuant
which in contrast to some other types of potato flakes do not increase (Molecular Probes). The fluorescence intensity, proportional to the
serum antioxidant levels (20), with a purplish food-coloring blend. numbers of cells that had migrated from the top to the bottom wells,
The mix was redried, ground, and put into vegetable-based capsules. was measured using a TECAN SpectraFluor plate reader.
Two capsules containing 0.5 g each were consumed by the study In Vivo Testing of Antioxidant Uptake and Lipid Peroxidation.
participants. General. The study was approved by the Sky Lakes Medical Center
Purification of Peripheral Blood Cell Subsets for in Vitro Testing. Institutional Review Board (FWA 2603). Recruitment of study par-
Peripheral venous blood for the in vitro work was obtained from healthy ticipants included an initial interview by a nurse to evaluate whether
human volunteers between 19 and 52 years of age after informed each volunteer met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Volunteers who met
consent was obtained and upon approval by the Sky Lakes Medical these criteria were scheduled for a medical examination. Subjects who
Center Institutional Review Board (FWA 2603). Blood samples were met the requirements of the medical examination were enrolled in the
obtained using a sterile technique and processed immediately. The study. Exclusion criteria were as follows: under 18 or over 55 years of
whole blood was layered onto a Histopaque 1119 density gradient. age; pregnancy; severe stress; asthma and/or allergies requiring daily
Following centrifugation, the polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell fraction medication; any known chronic illness; obesity, smoking; recreational
and the erythrocyte fraction were harvested and washed. The PMN drug use; impaired digestive function (including previous major
cells were used for testing of ROS formation and migration, and the gastrointestinal surgery); regular consumption of the JB or other
erythrocytes were used for the CAP-e assay (see below). products with a high concentration of known antioxidants. A total of
Cell-Based Antioxidant Protection of Erythrocytes (CAP-e) 19 study subjects were interviewed. Two subjects were excluded due
Assay. The CAP-e assay (11, 12) utilizes human red blood cells as a to obesity, and one was excluded on the basis of a high daily antioxidant
model for antioxidant uptake and protection of a simplistic, nonin- intake. Two subjects were unable to participate due to their work
flammatory cellular model that is intimately involved in redox processes schedule. Of the remaining 14, 7 participated in the pilot study and 12
in vivo. The CAP-e assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity participated in the clinical trial.
of JB in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro assay, serial dilutions of JB Pilot Study. The pilot study involved seven study participants, of
were added to the assay. For testing antioxidant uptake in vivo, serum which two were excluded from analysis due to incomplete blood
samples obtained before and after consumption of either the JB or sampling. Thus, the analysis of the pilot study was based on five study
placebo were added to the cells. participants from whom repeat blood draws were performed. Two
Purified red blood cells from a type O+ donor were washed methods for the evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of the serum
extensively in physiological saline and stored at 4 °C. Red blood cells samples were employed: (1) the ORAC assay and (2) the CAP-e assay.
were distributed in triplicate in 96-well V-bottom microplates (NUNC, Samples from the initial pilot study of five subjects were shipped to
Roskilde, Denmark) and pretreated with either the JB or serum from Brunswick Laboratories (Norton, MA) for serum ORAC analysis.
the subjects receiving either the placebo or JB. Repeated washing Samples were tested in serial dilutions and plotted onto a standard curve
ensured that any antioxidant compounds not absorbed by the cells were to acquire the data expressed as Trolox equivalents. An average was
removed prior to analysis. The cells were stained with DCFDAsa probe made based on the data from each serial dilution that was within the
that becomes fluorescent with free radical damage. One triplicate set range of the standard curve. Because the ORAC testing did not result
of wells was left untreated as a control to record the background level in a trend toward increased antioxidant activity, it was not used in the
of oxidation in the red blood cells. All other wells were treated with subsequent randomized controlled trial. Instead, the thiobarbituric acid
hydrogen peroxide, which penetrates the cells and triggers severe reactive substances (TBARS) test was utilized for the reasons discussed
intracellular oxidative damage. The fluorescence intensity of the cells below. Testing of the serum samples in the CAP-e assay showed an
was analyzed by flow cytometry, and the subsequent data analysis was increase in serum antioxidants following JB consumption. Therefore,
performed using FlowJo software (TreeStar Inc., Ashland, OR). the CAP-e assay was utilized as well for the randomized controlled
Evaluation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation by trial.
PMN Cells. Evaluation of the inhibition by the JB of ROS production Randomized, Placebo-Controlled CrossoVer Clinical Trial. Twelve
was done using freshly purified human PMN cells, as previously volunteers were scheduled for two study days at least one week apart.
described (21, 22). In brief, PMN cells were incubated at 37 °C and On each study day, the participants spent approximately 3 h at the clinic,
5% CO2 for 90 min, either untreated or treated with serial dilutions of including filling in initial daily intake questionnaires, baseline blood
JB. The PMN cells were washed twice in PBS and resuspended in the draws, consumption of the test product, and subsequent blood sample
precursor dye DCF-DA (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) and incubated collection. The study participants were instructed to avoid vigorous
for 1 h at 37 °C. All samples, with the exception of the negative exercise for a period of 24 h prior to arriving at the clinic. They were
controls, were then exposed to hydrogen peroxide for 45 min to induce also instructed to eat a light meal and to avoid meat, fruits, or greens,
ROS formation. Samples were washed twice in PBS to remove the as well as to abstain from consuming alcohol, coffee, or melatonin the
peroxide, transferred to cold RPMI 1640, and stored on ice. The night before. Subjects were scheduled to arrive at the clinic following
intensity of ROS-induced DCF-DA fluorescence was analyzed im- an overnight fast and were instructed to consume no food, vitamins,
mediately by flow cytometry, as described above for the CAP-e assay. or other nutritional supplements the morning of each study day. A daily
The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of PMN cells was compared intake questionnaire was used to track last meal, last snack, and amount
between untreated, hydrogen peroxide-treated, and JB-pretreated cells. of exercise within the past 24 h, to ensure that volunteers were in
A reduction in MFI in samples pretreated with the JB prior to challenge compliance. Sample collection was performed at the same time of the
with hydrogen peroxide would indicate that the JB mediated a reduction day (7:00-10:00 a.m.) to minimize the confounding effect circadian
in ROS production. fluctuations may present on metabolic function. Upon arrival to the
PMN Migration in Vitro. The evaluation of random and directed clinic, the study participants were allowed to consume water as needed.
PMN migration in vitro was performed using Millipore double-chamber On each study day, volunteers were instructed to complete a question-
migration 96-well culture plates; the top and bottom chambers are naire aimed at determining any exceptional stress-related circumstances
4. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Capacities of a Juice Blend J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 56, No. 18, 2008 8329
that might affect them, as well as to provide for the tracking of any Table 1. Phytochemical Analysis of the Juice Blend
adverse events or sickness during the past week. After completion of
the questionnaire, a baseline blood sample was drawn. Immediately µg/mL
after collection of the baseline sample, 120 mL of the JB was provided of juice
for consumption. Blood samples were subsequently drawn at 1 and proanthocyanidins total 0.472005
2 h after ingestion of the test item. At each time point, 6 mL of blood 1-mer 0.0118
was drawn into serum separator vials. The vials were placed at room 2-mer 0.001255
temperature for 30 min to allow for complete coagulation. The vials 3-mer 0.0108
were centrifuged at 400g for 10 min, and the serum was pipetted into 4-mer 0.00565
multiple aliquots, which were frozen for later testing of antioxidant polymer 0.4425
status. The serum antioxidant status was assessed using the CAP-e assay
anthocyanins cyanidin 3-diglycoside 57.3
as described above. The extent of lipid peroxidation in the serum was cyanidin 3-sambubioside 10.2
determined using the TBARS assay. The TBARS assay is a well- cyanidin 3-glucoside 26.5
established method for screening and monitoring lipid peroxidation (23). cyanidin 3-arabinoside 13.3
A commercially available kit for this assay was used according to the cyanidin 3-rutinoside 69.9
instruction manual from the manufacturer (Cayman Chemical Co., Ann
Arbor, MI). phenolic acids total 1.50
Statistical Analysis. For the in vitro antioxidant testing, a simple protocatechuic acid (3,4-OH BA) 0.58
comparison of arithmetic means was performed using Student’s t test, caffeic acid (3,4-OH CA) 0.20
using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA). Probabilities (p) 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (4-OH PPA) 0.41
p-coumaric acid (3-OH CA) 0.31
based on the statistics were computed as the tail area of the t distribution
using the two-tailed t test, at a 5% level of significance. For the in
vivo study of antioxidant uptake and the effect on lipid peroxidation,
the normalized data for each person and each time point after placebo mg GAEa/mL of juice
consumption were subtracted from the same data set after JB consump- total phenolics 1.48
tion. Statistical significance was performed using Student’s t test.
Statements regarding whether a given mean value differed from a
reference mean value were evaluated by two-tailed independent as well µmol TEb/mL of juice
as paired t tests and were supported if p < 0.05. To evaluate whether ORAC H-ORAC 22.2
there was greater antioxidant uptake after JB consumption compared L-ORAC 0.61
to placebo, a two-within factor and repeated measures analysis of
variance (ANOVA) was used, where treatment (JB or placebo) was a
GAE, gallic acid equivalents. b TE, Trolox equivalents.
one within-group factor and time of blood draw was the other. The R
levels were set at 0.05 with the two-tailed tests. Analysis was performed
with SPSS version 12.5 (SPSS, Chicago, IL).
RESULTS
Polyphenols and Antioxidant Capacities of JB. Major
polyphenol compounds including anthocyanins, proantho-
cyanidins, and phenolic acids, along with antioxidant capaci-
ties measured by ORAC and total phenolics, are presented
in Table 1. Compared to freeze-dried acai (13), the polyphe-
¸
nol profile of the JB is different. However, certain key
polyphenols, such as the anthocyanins cyanidin 3-glucoside
and cyanidin 3-rutinoside, appeared as major anthocyanins
in the JB as they are in the freeze-dried berry. The total
antioxidant capacity of the JB measured by ORAC is 22.8
µmol TE/mL, which is higher than the range of ORAC values Figure 1. Antioxidant capacity of the JB evaluated in vitro, using the
for most common juices (18, 24). CAP-e assay. Red blood cells were used as a cellular model for evaluating
the ability of antioxidants to cross the plasma membrane into living cells.
In Vitro Cell-Based Antioxidant Protection of Erythro-
Red blood cells were exposed to serial dilutions of the JB and subsequently
cytes (CAP-e) Assay. The JB showed a clear dose-dependent
exposed to an oxidative challenge. The graph shows the percent inhibition
antioxidant protection effect in the CAP-e assay, indicating that
of oxidative damage. The treatment of cells with the JB resulted in
compounds in th JB are able to cross the plasma membrane of statistically significant protection from oxidative damage over a broad range
living cells and, subsequently, are able to provide significant of dilutions, from the highest concentration of 10 g/L in cell culture (p <
protection from oxidative damage within the cells (Figure 1). 0.001) to the lowest concentration tested (p < 0.045).
The data were highly significant. At a concentration of 10 g/L,
the p value was <0.001. Even at the lowest dose of JB (0.016 PMN cells (no JB, no H2O2) served as a baseline, and PMN
g/L) the antioxidant protection of the cells was statistically cells treated with H2O2 in the absence of JB served to show
significant (p < 0.045). maximum ROS production. PMN cells treated with the JB
Inhibition of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation produced fewer ROS than cells treated with H2O2 in the absence
by Polymorphonuclear (PMN) Cells. PMN cells are highly of JB. The inhibition of ROS formation was dose-dependent,
reactive immune cells capable of producing ROS immediately and at the highest dose of JB tested (1 g/L), the inhibition was
upon stimuli. ROS production can be inhibited by antioxidants highly significant (p < 0.003).
available to enter live cells and can also be further inhibited by Effects on PMN Migration toward Inflammatory Stimuli.
anti-inflammatory compounds in a complex product. The JB treatment of PMN cells showed differential effects under
pretreatment of PMN cells by the JB resulted in inhibition of different culture conditions. The PMN response to JB treatment
th formation of ROS by the PMN cells (Figure 2). Untreated resulted in nonlinear, complex dose-responses for random
5. 8330 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 56, No. 18, 2008 Jensen et al.
Figure 2. Capacity of the JB to reduce formation of ROS by PMN cells
tested in vitro. PMN cells were exposed to serial dilutions of the JB and
then challenged by H2O2 to produce ROS. Untreated cells (no JB, no
H2O2) served as negative controls. The graph shows the percent inhibition
of ROS formation as calculated means ( standard deviations of triplicate
samples, compared to the negative and positive controls. A clear dose-
dependent inhibition of ROS formation was caused by the JB. The effect
was statistically significant with p < 0.003 at the highest dose of JB. All
tests were performed in triplicate and repeated three times using cells
from different donors.
migration (Figure 3a) as well as migration toward the bacterial
peptide fmlp (Figure 3b). At the dose of 0.1 g/L, the JB
significantly enhanced PMN random migration (p < 0.05). At
the dose of 1 g/L, the PMN migration toward fmlp was
significantly inhibited (p < 0.001). In contrast, the JB treatment
of PMN cells showed a less complex, more linear, dose-response
when PMN cells migrated toward two pro-inflammatory com-
pounds made during inflammation, leukotriene B4 (LTB4,
Figure 3c) and interleukin-8 (IL-8, Figure 3d). At the highest
JB dose tested (1 g/L), significant inhibition of PMN migration
was observed toward LTB4 (p < 0.05) and IL-8 (p < 0.03).
Pilot Study in Vivo. During an initial exploratory phase prior
to the full study, the total antioxidant status in serum was
assayed using both the ORAC and CAP-e assays. Whereas the
CAP-e assay showed an increase in the antioxidant capacity in
all five of the subjects, the ORAC test did not (p < 0.2, at 2 h
postconsumption). On the basis of these findings the ORAC
assay was not used in the full study and instead the TBARS Figure 3. Treatment of PMN cells with the JB in vitro altered PMN
test was employed. migration under four different test conditions: random migration (a); and
In Vivo Protection from Oxidative DamagesSerum An- directed migration toward three chemoattractants bacterial peptide fmlp
tioxidant Status. The randomized, placebo-controlled trial (b), LTB4 (c), and IL-8 (d). The graphs show percent inhibition of PMN
involving 12 people in a within-subject design was performed migration as the mean ( standard deviations. At a dose of 1 g/L JB,
as outlined in Figure 4. The description of the study population random PMN migration was inhibited (p < 0.05), whereas at 0.1 g/L JB,
is shown in Table 2. Consumption of the JB resulted in an random PMN migration was increased (p < 0.05). At the dose of 1 g/L
increase in the serum antioxidant capacity within 2 h of JB, the PMN migration toward fmlp was significantly inhibited (p < 0.001).
consumption in 11 of 12 study participants. The antioxidant In contrast, pro-inflammatory, directed chemotaxis was inhibited for both
capacity was tested using the CAP-e assay for serum samples inflammatory markers LTB4 (p < 0.05) and IL-8 (p < 0.03). All test
obtained at baseline and at 1 and 2 h postconsumption (Figure conditions, serial dilutions, and positive and negative controls were
5). The increase in serum antioxidant capacity was statistically performed in triplicates. The testing was repeated three times with cells
significant both at 1 h (p < 0.027) and at 2 h (p < 0.015) from different donors.
postconsumption. When a paired t test was performed on the
normalized data from each person’s response to placebo versus
JB, the significance at 2 h postconsumption was even stronger significance at 1 h postconsumption (p < 0.15), but did achieve
(p < 0.01). statistical significance at 2 h (p < 0.01). Analysis of the variance
In Vivo Protection from Oxidative DamagesSerum Lipid (ANOVA) of the repeated measures showed statistical signifi-
Peroxidation Status. Consumption of the JB resulted in a cance for the treatment effect (p < 0.02).
decrease in serum lipid peroxidation within 2 h of consumption
in 10 of the 12 study participants (Figure 6). The level of lipid The antioxidant uptake was correlated with the decrease in
peroxidation in the sera was evaluated using the TBARS test. lipid peroxidation in vivo. A 45% correlation was observed
The paired analysis, that is, the individual changes for each study between the increased antioxidant capacity in the serum and
participant consuming either JB or placebo, showed that the the reduction in lipid peroxidation at 2 h postconsumption
decrease in lipid peroxidation had not reached statistical (Figure 7).
6. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Capacities of a Juice Blend J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 56, No. 18, 2008 8331
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the randomized, placebo-controlled
crossover study design for the in vivo study. Each of the 12 volunteers
participated on two different clinic days, one week apart to allow for wash-
out of active constituents. On each clinic day, a baseline blood draw was
performed (0 h), and a consumable “A” or “B” was ingested. Two more
blood samples were drawn at 1 and 2 h postconsumption. Volunteers
were randomized to receive either placebo or JB on the first versus second
clinic day (see also Table 2). Figure 6. Consumption of JB resulted in a decrease in lipid peroxidation
in vivo. Serum samples obtained at baseline and 1 and 2 h after
Table 2. Description of the Study Population
consumption of either the JB or placebo (PL) were tested using the TBARS
males females total study population assay. Data from each person per test day were normalized to examine
changes in antioxidant capacity for each person over time after
average age (years) 25.5 ( 11.1 42.3 ( 13.8 33.9 ( 5.5
age (range) 19-48 20-52 19-52 consumption of either JB or PL. The average and standard deviations for
height (cm) 177.8 ( 14.5 164.3 ( 7.3 171.0 ( 13.0 each group of data are shown. The difference between JB and PL did
weight (kg) 79.5 ( 4.8 72.0 ( 13.5 75.7 ( 10.3 not reach statistical significance at 1 h (p < 0.11) or 2 h (p < 0.22).
body mass index 25.6 ( 6.2 26.8 ( 5.2 26.3 ( 5.5 However, when paired analysis was performed, by which each person’s
randomization: JB then PL 3 3 6
randomization: PL then JB 3 3 6
response to JB was compared to the same person’s response to PL, a
significant reduction of lipid peroxidation in the serum was observed at
2 h postconsumption (p < 0.01).
DISCUSSION
The study reported here was performed to evaluate whether
the antioxidants present in the antioxidant-rich fruit and berry
juice blend (JB) are capable of protecting living cells from
oxidative damage in vitro, as well as to evaluate their bioavail-
ability and biological effect in vivo. Using the CAP-e assay
(11) to evaluate the activity of antioxidants in a noninflammatory
cell-based system, it was determined that a significant amount
of the antioxidants found in the JB are available to living cells,
are capable of penetrating the plasma membrane of the cells,
and able to protect the cells from intracellular oxidative damage
in vitro.
The JB showed anti-inflammatory effects in several in vitro
assays using the inflammatory PMN cell. JB treatment of PMN
Figure 7. Comparison of the postconsumption reduction in lipid peroxi-
dation and the increase in antioxidants capable of crossing the plasma
membrane of living cells. The individual difference between a subject’s
levels of lipid peroxidation after consumption of JB versus placebo was
plotted against the same individual’s differences in serum antioxidant
status. A linear trend line showed a 45% correlation coefficient between
the improved serum antioxidant levels as measured by the CAP-e assay
and the improvement in lipid peroxidation status as measured by the
TBARS assay on serum samples collected 2 h postconsumption.
cells showed both a reduction in ROS formation and altered
migratory behavior. In particular, the effect on PMN migration
indicated altered cellular behavior beyond a simple contribution
Figure 5. Consumption of JB resulted in an increase in antioxidants of antioxidants. PMN migration involves both random and
available to living cells. Serum samples obtained at baseline and 1 and directed migration behavior. Random migration reflects PMN
2 h after consumption of either JB or placebo (PL) were tested in the cell scavenging for invaders as part of normal immune surveil-
CAP-e assay. Data from each person per test day were normalized to lance. In contrast, directed migration toward a chemoattractant
examine changes in antioxidant capacity for each person over time after involves migration toward and into sites of inflammation. It is
consumption of either JB or PL. The average and standard deviations for biologically relevant to distinguish the effects of natural products
each group of data are shown for JB and PL. The difference in serum on our innate defense mechanisms, such as random migration
antioxidant capacity between JB and PL was statistically significant both and migration in response to bacterial invaders, as opposed to
at 1 h (p < 0.03) and 2 h (p < 0.015) postconsumption. inflammatory mediators made by the host. Therefore, it is of
7. 8332 J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 56, No. 18, 2008 Jensen et al.
interest that JB treatment of freshly purified human PMN cells vitamins C and E in such studies may be due to availability
in vitro affected random and fmlp-directed migratory behavior and low cost, but may not have been the best choice, as both
differently from PMN migration toward the inflammatory vitamins have pro-oxidant capacity as well (26). In contrast,
mediators LTB4 and IL-8. We speculate that the anti-inflam- studies on polyphenols may be much more promising, and
matory properties of JB in vivo may allow normal immune may be more relevant, as these types of antioxidants are the
surveillance while at the same time reducing inflammatory most abundant in a health-conscious diet (27-29). Given
conditions. the high content of certain specific polyphenols in the JB,
On the basis of the preliminary in vitro data, the in vivo the increased antioxidant protection in vivo after consumption
investigation of JB was performed. Consumption of the JB of the JB, and the anti-inflammatory capacity in vitro, further
resulted in an overall increase in the antioxidant capacity of research is warranted to evaluate whether JB consumption
serum collected from the study subjects when compared to the may provide reversal of risk markers in subjects with
placebo group, as measured by the CAP-e assay, but the trend conditions such as arthritis, obesity, chronic viral diseases,
was not as clear for the serum ORAC test. Because the CAP-e cardiovascular disease, and compromised cognitive function
assay is cell-based, it is possible that some antioxidants from as well as other conditions associated with chronic inflamma-
JB were able to accumulate and be retained in the cells, thus tion.
providing a more sensitive testing system, in contrast to the
chemical ORAC assay. Therefore, the CAP-e assay was chosen ABBREVIATIONS USED
for the subsequent randomized placebo-controlled crossover
CAP-e, cell-based antioxidant protection of erythrocytes;
study.
fmlp, bacterial peptide f-Met-Leu-Phe; GA, gallic acid; IL-8,
The increase in serum antioxidant status upon consumption interleukin-8; LTB4, leukotriene B4; ORAC, oxygen radical
of JB was more clearly observed when the data from consump- absorbance capacity assay; PMN, polymorphonuclear cells;
tion of the JB were compared with the same study subject’s RBC, red blood cell; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TBARS,
data from placebo consumption in a paired statistical analysis. thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay; TE, Trolox
There was no evidence of a placebo effect in this study. equivalents.
In only a few of the study subjects did the antioxidant capacity
remain consistent with baseline values after consumption of the ACKNOWLEDGMENT
placebo. A slight increase in oxidative damage was observed
in approximately 50% of the participants (i.e., a gradual decrease We thank Charlene Mogle, Kimberlee Redman, and Marcie
in antioxidant capacity) over the 2 h following consumption of Mizner for excellent technical assistance. MonaVie Active was
the placebo. ROS are produced as a consequence of normal graciously donated by MonaVie, LLC (Salt Lake City, UT).
aerobic metabolism. We speculate that the observed increase
in the potential for inducing oxidative damage in some of the LITERATURE CITED
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The study was sponsored by the Natural and Medicinal Products
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J.; Agarwal, A.; Jensen, G. S.; Hart, A. N.; Shanbrom, E.
Antioxidant capacity and other bioactivities of the freeze-dried JF8016157