Avalanches and landslides are large masses of snow, ice, earth, or rock that slide down mountainsides or cliffs. They are commonly caused by natural events like earthquakes, heavy rain, volcanic eruptions, or forest fires, but can also be triggered by human activities like mining, construction, or deforestation. When they occur, avalanches and landslides can lead to economic losses, damage infrastructure, cause loss of life, impact landscapes and river ecosystems. There are different types of avalanches defined by the type of snow involved and different types of landslides defined by how the earth or rock moves. Prevention methods include early warning systems, monitoring, and controlling human activities that could trigger them.

1. Avalanches and Landslides

2. INTRODUCTION
A large mass of snow and ice or
of earth or rock sliding down a
mountain side or a cliff. And how
does an avalanche occur, well
mainly they happen by vibrations
caused by movement of the earth
such as an earthquake, gunfire,
rainy weather, and many more.

3. Causes
Natural Causes of Landslides: Human
causes of
landslides:
• Climate
• Earthquakes
• Weathering
• Erosion
• Volcanoes
• Forest fires
• Mining
• Clear cutting

4. Effects
1.Lead to economic decline
2.Decimation of infrastructure
3.Loss of life
4.Affects beauty of landscapes
5.Impacts river ecosystems

5. TYPES OF AVALANCHES
1. Loose Snow Avalanches
2. Slab Avalanches
3. Powder Snow Avalanches
4. Wet Snow Avalanches

6. TYPES OF LANDSLIDES
• Slide
• Topple
• Fall
• Flow

8. Human involvement
Prevention
Mitigation
Early warning systems
Alarm systems
Survival, rescue, and recovery

9. Landslides and failure of slopes are caused by
changes in the effective stresses, variation of
material properties or changes in the geometry.
Changes of effective stresses can be induced
either directly as consequence of variation of the
external forces (earthquakes, human action etc.),
or indirectly through increase in pore pressures
(rainfall effects). Variations in material properties
can be caused by processes of degradation
(weathering and chemical attack).
CONCLUSION

10. THANK YOU