Autoimmune disease
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An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and lupus. Symptoms vary by disease but commonly include fatigue, pain, fever, and inflammation. Current treatments aim to suppress the immune system's misdirected response through drugs, surgery, or targeted therapies.
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IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES
Immunodficiency or immune deficiency is the state in which immune system’s ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent.
Auto immune disease
This document presents information about autoimmune diseases from MD. Zahirul Islam. It defines autoimmune disease as a condition where the body produces antibodies that attack its own tissues, leading to damage. It provides examples of common autoimmune diseases like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes. The document notes there are two main types - systemic disorders involving non-specific autoantibodies and local disorders targeting specific tissues. It discusses the most common organs and tissues affected by autoimmune diseases and describes methods of diagnosis and treatment options for some conditions.
Autoimmune disorders
This document provides information on autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. It explains that autoimmunity occurs when the immune system attacks the body's own cells, causing diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis specifically causes joint inflammation and damage through autoantibodies attacking joint linings. Systemic lupus erythematosus more broadly attacks tissues, producing symptoms like rashes, fever, and kidney issues. Both have no cure but can be treated to reduce immune response and manage symptoms.
Autoimmunity
The document discusses autoimmunity, which occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages normal body tissues. It begins by explaining how self-tolerance normally prevents this but can fail. Autoimmune diseases are then caused by a variety of mechanisms, including molecular mimicry between foreign and self-antigens. Both organ-specific diseases that target single organs, as well as systemic diseases with widespread effects, are described. Specific examples like Graves' disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis are outlined.
Secondary immunodeficiency
Secondary immunodeficiencies are caused by extrinsic factors that impair an otherwise normal immune system. They are far more common than primary immunodeficiencies and can manifest as increased susceptibility to common infections, unusual complications of infections, or opportunistic infections. Examples of conditions that can cause secondary immunodeficiency include HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, diabetes, renal failure, cirrhosis, extremes of age, Down syndrome, and metabolic diseases.
Immunological tolerance
This document discusses immunological tolerance and regulatory T cells. It defines tolerance as unresponsiveness to antigen induced by previous exposure. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus through deletion of self-reactive T cells. Peripheral tolerance occurs through several mechanisms in tissues, including regulatory T cells that suppress immune responses. The key transcription factor controlling regulatory T cells is FOXP3. Mutations in FOXP3 can lead to immune dysregulation diseases like IPEX syndrome.
Immunologic tolerance
Central tolerance refers to deletion of self-reactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow during maturation. T cells that recognize self antigens undergo apoptosis in the thymus. Peripheral tolerance uses backup mechanisms like clonal deletion through activation-induced cell death, clonal anergy from lack of co-stimulation, and suppression by regulatory T cells. These mechanisms help prevent autoimmune disease by silencing self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance.
Autoimmune Disease By Bishajit debnath
Autoimmune diseases arise when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues. There are over 80 known autoimmune diseases that can affect multiple organs and tissues. Common autoimmune diseases include type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The causes of autoimmune diseases are complex and not fully understood but involve genetic and environmental factors. While there is no cure for most autoimmune diseases, treatment options aim to reduce symptoms by suppressing the immune system or controlling inflammation.
Recommended
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES
Immunodficiency or immune deficiency is the state in which immune system’s ability to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent.
Auto immune disease
This document presents information about autoimmune diseases from MD. Zahirul Islam. It defines autoimmune disease as a condition where the body produces antibodies that attack its own tissues, leading to damage. It provides examples of common autoimmune diseases like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes. The document notes there are two main types - systemic disorders involving non-specific autoantibodies and local disorders targeting specific tissues. It discusses the most common organs and tissues affected by autoimmune diseases and describes methods of diagnosis and treatment options for some conditions.
Autoimmune disorders
This document provides information on autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. It explains that autoimmunity occurs when the immune system attacks the body's own cells, causing diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis specifically causes joint inflammation and damage through autoantibodies attacking joint linings. Systemic lupus erythematosus more broadly attacks tissues, producing symptoms like rashes, fever, and kidney issues. Both have no cure but can be treated to reduce immune response and manage symptoms.
Autoimmunity
The document discusses autoimmunity, which occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages normal body tissues. It begins by explaining how self-tolerance normally prevents this but can fail. Autoimmune diseases are then caused by a variety of mechanisms, including molecular mimicry between foreign and self-antigens. Both organ-specific diseases that target single organs, as well as systemic diseases with widespread effects, are described. Specific examples like Graves' disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis are outlined.
Secondary immunodeficiency
Secondary immunodeficiencies are caused by extrinsic factors that impair an otherwise normal immune system. They are far more common than primary immunodeficiencies and can manifest as increased susceptibility to common infections, unusual complications of infections, or opportunistic infections. Examples of conditions that can cause secondary immunodeficiency include HIV/AIDS, malnutrition, diabetes, renal failure, cirrhosis, extremes of age, Down syndrome, and metabolic diseases.
Immunological tolerance
This document discusses immunological tolerance and regulatory T cells. It defines tolerance as unresponsiveness to antigen induced by previous exposure. Central tolerance occurs in the thymus through deletion of self-reactive T cells. Peripheral tolerance occurs through several mechanisms in tissues, including regulatory T cells that suppress immune responses. The key transcription factor controlling regulatory T cells is FOXP3. Mutations in FOXP3 can lead to immune dysregulation diseases like IPEX syndrome.
Immunologic tolerance
Central tolerance refers to deletion of self-reactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow during maturation. T cells that recognize self antigens undergo apoptosis in the thymus. Peripheral tolerance uses backup mechanisms like clonal deletion through activation-induced cell death, clonal anergy from lack of co-stimulation, and suppression by regulatory T cells. These mechanisms help prevent autoimmune disease by silencing self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance.
Autoimmune Disease By Bishajit debnath
Autoimmune diseases arise when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues. There are over 80 known autoimmune diseases that can affect multiple organs and tissues. Common autoimmune diseases include type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. The causes of autoimmune diseases are complex and not fully understood but involve genetic and environmental factors. While there is no cure for most autoimmune diseases, treatment options aim to reduce symptoms by suppressing the immune system or controlling inflammation.
Autoimmunity and autoimmune disorders
This document discusses autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It begins by defining autoimmunity as a breakdown of self-tolerance mechanisms that leads to an adaptive immune response against self-antigens. This can result in chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease. Several proposed mechanisms for how autoimmunity occurs are described, including defects in central and peripheral tolerance. Factors like genetics, hormones, infections, and environmental exposures are thought to contribute to loss of self-tolerance. The document then classifies and describes some examples of organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases in more detail.
Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages normal body tissues. There are several proposed mechanisms for how this occurs, including molecular mimicry between foreign and self-antigens. Autoimmune diseases can be organ-specific like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or systemic. Women are more susceptible than men potentially due to immune response differences, sex hormones, and genetics like two X chromosomes carrying immune genes. Treatment may involve modulating immune responses through vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, or inducing tolerance with oral antigens.
Autoimmune disorders
This document discusses autoimmunity, including:
- What autoimmunity is, the history of its discovery, and proposed mechanisms. Mechanisms include sequestered antigens, escape of autoreactive clones, loss of regulatory T cells, cross-reactive antigens, and altered self antigens.
- Types of autoimmune diseases classified by organ specificity, systemic diseases, pathogenic organisms involved, and type of hypersensitivity reaction. Examples are given for each category.
- Laboratory diagnosis of autoimmune diseases including routine tests, autoantibodies like ANA and RF, acute phase proteins, and HLA typing. Specific autoantibody patterns are shown.
- Treatment approaches including symptomatic treatments and immunosuppressive agents like ant
Autoimmune disease and autoimmunity
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues. This can lead to autoimmune diseases, which affect around 5% of people in developed countries. There are two main types of autoimmune diseases - organ-specific diseases that target a single organ, and systemic diseases that affect multiple organs. Some common autoimmune diseases include chronic thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Many autoimmune diseases are treated with steroids or other immunosuppressant drugs to reduce immune system activity.
Autoimmunity
1. The document discusses autoimmunity and provides objectives, definitions, classifications, and details on important autoimmune diseases like SLE and Sjogren's syndrome.
2. SLE is characterized by a vast array of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens, causing injury via immune complex deposition. It can affect multiple organs and cause nephritis, skin lesions, arthritis, and hematologic and neurological issues.
3. Sjogren's syndrome is characterized by dry eyes and mouth due to immune-mediated destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands, resulting in keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia. It is believed to be caused by an autoimmune reaction against an
Antigen
Immunogens or antigens are foreign substances that elicit an immune response when introduced to the body. They are recognized by antibodies or T-lymphocytes. Immunogens can induce antibody formation themselves, while haptens require a carrier molecule to produce an immune response. Antigens are presented on antigen-presenting cells and recognized by B and T cells, initiating humoral or cell-mediated immunity. Exogenous antigens from bacteria, viruses, and other external sources are phagocytosed and processed, while endogenous antigens from infection or autoimmunity are presented via MHC I molecules.
Autoimmunity
This document discusses autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It begins by explaining how the immune system can mistakenly attack self-antigens, leading to autoimmunity. Several organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases are described in detail, including how they are mediated by direct cellular damage, stimulating or blocking autoantibodies. Current treatments aim to suppress the immune system generally but do not cure the underlying condition. Experimental therapies discussed include T-cell vaccination, peptide blockade of MHC molecules, and monoclonal antibodies.
Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues. Any resulting disease is called an autoimmune disease. Common autoimmune diseases include type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In autoimmune diseases, antibodies produced by the immune system attack cells and tissues in various parts of the body, including joints, organs, and glands. Symptoms vary depending on which body parts are affected but can include fatigue, pain, swelling, and skin rashes. Diagnosis involves testing for autoantibodies and assessing symptoms, while treatment focuses on controlling inflammation and the immune response.
AUTOIMMUNITY
This document provides an overview of autoimmune diseases. It discusses how a defect in the immune system can trigger autoimmunity and lists examples of autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The causes of autoimmunity include genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers like infections. Viruses can induce autoimmunity through molecular mimicry or by damaging tissues and exposing new antigens.
Organ specific autoimmune disorders
This document summarizes several organ-specific autoimmune disorders:
1. Hashimoto's thyroiditis causes inflammation and damage to the thyroid gland through autoantibodies against thyroid proteins. This leads to hypothyroidism.
2. Autoimmune anemias include pernicious anemia caused by intrinsic factor antibodies impairing vitamin B12 absorption, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia where antibodies lyse or phagocytose red blood cells.
3. Goodpasture's syndrome features antibodies against lung and kidney basement membranes, activating complement and damaging these organs through inflammation.
4. Type 1 diabetes results from an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells by cytotoxic T cells and
Autoimmune disorders and immunity
The document discusses autoimmune disorders and summarizes key points about Graves' disease. It explains that autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissue. Graves' disease is described as an autoimmune disorder where antibodies cause the thyroid gland to produce excess hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. The symptoms and common treatments are outlined, noting Graves' disease can often be managed after diagnosis.
Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease".
Cellular ageing
Cellular ageing is the progressive decline in cellular function and viability caused by genetic abnormalities and the accumulation of damage over time. There are several theories that attempt to explain the aging process, including evolutionary, molecular, cellular, and systemic theories. At the cellular level, ageing is caused by DNA damage from both endogenous and exogenous sources, as well as telomere shortening after each cell division. Other factors that contribute to cellular ageing include defective protein homeostasis, disrupted nutrient sensing pathways, and a decline in cellular repair mechanisms. Premature ageing disorders provide insights into how disrupting certain ageing processes can accelerate ageing. While cellular senescence limits cell proliferation and acts as a tumor suppressor, it is
Type II Hypersensitivity-Antibody mediated cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
Type II Hypersensitivity is antibody-mediated immune reaction in which antibodies (IgG or IgM) are directed against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens with the resultant cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues.
Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease
The document summarizes a chapter about autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases from three perspectives:
1) It outlines several key autoimmune diseases, their causes from abnormal immune responses against self-antigens, and their symptoms.
2) It discusses the use of animal models to study the mechanisms and potential treatments of autoimmune diseases.
3) It examines current therapeutic approaches that aim to suppress autoimmune responses through drugs or removal of target organs, and potential alternative strategies like inducing tolerance to self-antigens.
Autoimmune disease
The ppt covers the topics-
1. Introduction to the topic
2. Types of autoimmune diseases
3. Addison's Disease
4. Grave's Disease
5. Hashimoto's disease
6. Myasthenia gravis
7. Multiple sclerosis
8. Pernicious anaemia
9. Rheumatoid arthritis
10. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Auto immune diaseases
This document discusses autoimmune diseases, which occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages normal body tissues. It defines key terms like autoimmunity, autoantigens, and autoantibodies. The causes of autoimmune diseases include sequestered antigens, neoantigens, cessation of tolerance, and cross-reacting antigens. Autoimmune diseases are classified as haemolytic, localized, or systemic. Examples of specific autoimmune diseases discussed include autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, Graves' disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnosis involves detecting autoantibodies, and treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms.
Specific and non Specific immune responses
The document discusses specific and non-specific immune responses and immune disorders. It begins by defining specific and non-specific immunity, with non-specific immunity involving innate barriers and responses that protect against all antigens. Specific immunity provides targeted protection against specific pathogens through antibodies and T-cells. The document also examines four types of hypersensitivity reactions (allergies) and common immune disorders, providing examples to illustrate immune system functions and what can go wrong.
Autoimmune Diseases.
This document provides an overview of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks healthy tissue. It discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, immunological findings, diagnosis and pathophysiology of SLE. Key points include that SLE affects many organs but most often harms the heart, joints, skin, lungs, kidneys and blood vessels; common symptoms are fatigue, rashes and joint pain; diagnosis involves testing for antinuclear antibodies and antibodies to double-stranded DNA, histones and other nuclear antigens; and the disease is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors impacting apoptosis and clearance of cellular debris.
Autoimmune disorders
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissues. The document discusses several common autoimmune disorders including Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's disease, myasthenia gravis, and type 1 diabetes. Graves' disease causes an overactive thyroid. Hashimoto's thyroiditis involves antibody attacks against the thyroid gland and leads to hypothyroidism. Addison's disease is characterized by deficiencies in cortisol and aldosterone due to attacks on the adrenal glands. Myasthenia gravis involves antibodies blocking muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas is damaged by autoimmunity, preventing insulin production
Auto immune diseases
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES IS DEFINED AS THE CONDITION WERE OUR OWN IMMUNE SYSTEM FAILS TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS.
Autoimmunity
This document provides an overview of autoimmune diseases including causes, types, links to HLA genes, treatment approaches, and mouse models. It discusses three main types of autoimmune diseases: haemolytic, localized, and systemic. Examples like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis are explained. The roles of HLA genes and immunosuppressive drugs in treatment are also summarized. Mouse models that replicate human autoimmune conditions are noted.
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Autoimmunity and autoimmune disorders
This document discusses autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It begins by defining autoimmunity as a breakdown of self-tolerance mechanisms that leads to an adaptive immune response against self-antigens. This can result in chronic inflammation and autoimmune disease. Several proposed mechanisms for how autoimmunity occurs are described, including defects in central and peripheral tolerance. Factors like genetics, hormones, infections, and environmental exposures are thought to contribute to loss of self-tolerance. The document then classifies and describes some examples of organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases in more detail.
Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages normal body tissues. There are several proposed mechanisms for how this occurs, including molecular mimicry between foreign and self-antigens. Autoimmune diseases can be organ-specific like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or systemic. Women are more susceptible than men potentially due to immune response differences, sex hormones, and genetics like two X chromosomes carrying immune genes. Treatment may involve modulating immune responses through vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, or inducing tolerance with oral antigens.
Autoimmune disorders
This document discusses autoimmunity, including:
- What autoimmunity is, the history of its discovery, and proposed mechanisms. Mechanisms include sequestered antigens, escape of autoreactive clones, loss of regulatory T cells, cross-reactive antigens, and altered self antigens.
- Types of autoimmune diseases classified by organ specificity, systemic diseases, pathogenic organisms involved, and type of hypersensitivity reaction. Examples are given for each category.
- Laboratory diagnosis of autoimmune diseases including routine tests, autoantibodies like ANA and RF, acute phase proteins, and HLA typing. Specific autoantibody patterns are shown.
- Treatment approaches including symptomatic treatments and immunosuppressive agents like ant
Autoimmune disease and autoimmunity
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues. This can lead to autoimmune diseases, which affect around 5% of people in developed countries. There are two main types of autoimmune diseases - organ-specific diseases that target a single organ, and systemic diseases that affect multiple organs. Some common autoimmune diseases include chronic thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Many autoimmune diseases are treated with steroids or other immunosuppressant drugs to reduce immune system activity.
Autoimmunity
1. The document discusses autoimmunity and provides objectives, definitions, classifications, and details on important autoimmune diseases like SLE and Sjogren's syndrome.
2. SLE is characterized by a vast array of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens, causing injury via immune complex deposition. It can affect multiple organs and cause nephritis, skin lesions, arthritis, and hematologic and neurological issues.
3. Sjogren's syndrome is characterized by dry eyes and mouth due to immune-mediated destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands, resulting in keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia. It is believed to be caused by an autoimmune reaction against an
Antigen
Immunogens or antigens are foreign substances that elicit an immune response when introduced to the body. They are recognized by antibodies or T-lymphocytes. Immunogens can induce antibody formation themselves, while haptens require a carrier molecule to produce an immune response. Antigens are presented on antigen-presenting cells and recognized by B and T cells, initiating humoral or cell-mediated immunity. Exogenous antigens from bacteria, viruses, and other external sources are phagocytosed and processed, while endogenous antigens from infection or autoimmunity are presented via MHC I molecules.
Autoimmunity
This document discusses autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It begins by explaining how the immune system can mistakenly attack self-antigens, leading to autoimmunity. Several organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases are described in detail, including how they are mediated by direct cellular damage, stimulating or blocking autoantibodies. Current treatments aim to suppress the immune system generally but do not cure the underlying condition. Experimental therapies discussed include T-cell vaccination, peptide blockade of MHC molecules, and monoclonal antibodies.
Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues. Any resulting disease is called an autoimmune disease. Common autoimmune diseases include type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In autoimmune diseases, antibodies produced by the immune system attack cells and tissues in various parts of the body, including joints, organs, and glands. Symptoms vary depending on which body parts are affected but can include fatigue, pain, swelling, and skin rashes. Diagnosis involves testing for autoantibodies and assessing symptoms, while treatment focuses on controlling inflammation and the immune response.
AUTOIMMUNITY
This document provides an overview of autoimmune diseases. It discusses how a defect in the immune system can trigger autoimmunity and lists examples of autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The causes of autoimmunity include genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers like infections. Viruses can induce autoimmunity through molecular mimicry or by damaging tissues and exposing new antigens.
Organ specific autoimmune disorders
This document summarizes several organ-specific autoimmune disorders:
1. Hashimoto's thyroiditis causes inflammation and damage to the thyroid gland through autoantibodies against thyroid proteins. This leads to hypothyroidism.
2. Autoimmune anemias include pernicious anemia caused by intrinsic factor antibodies impairing vitamin B12 absorption, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia where antibodies lyse or phagocytose red blood cells.
3. Goodpasture's syndrome features antibodies against lung and kidney basement membranes, activating complement and damaging these organs through inflammation.
4. Type 1 diabetes results from an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells by cytotoxic T cells and
Autoimmune disorders and immunity
The document discusses autoimmune disorders and summarizes key points about Graves' disease. It explains that autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body tissue. Graves' disease is described as an autoimmune disorder where antibodies cause the thyroid gland to produce excess hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. The symptoms and common treatments are outlined, noting Graves' disease can often be managed after diagnosis.
Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease".
Cellular ageing
Cellular ageing is the progressive decline in cellular function and viability caused by genetic abnormalities and the accumulation of damage over time. There are several theories that attempt to explain the aging process, including evolutionary, molecular, cellular, and systemic theories. At the cellular level, ageing is caused by DNA damage from both endogenous and exogenous sources, as well as telomere shortening after each cell division. Other factors that contribute to cellular ageing include defective protein homeostasis, disrupted nutrient sensing pathways, and a decline in cellular repair mechanisms. Premature ageing disorders provide insights into how disrupting certain ageing processes can accelerate ageing. While cellular senescence limits cell proliferation and acts as a tumor suppressor, it is
Type II Hypersensitivity-Antibody mediated cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
Type II Hypersensitivity is antibody-mediated immune reaction in which antibodies (IgG or IgM) are directed against cellular or extracellular matrix antigens with the resultant cellular destruction, functional loss, or damage to tissues.
Autoimmunity and autoimmune disease
The document summarizes a chapter about autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases from three perspectives:
1) It outlines several key autoimmune diseases, their causes from abnormal immune responses against self-antigens, and their symptoms.
2) It discusses the use of animal models to study the mechanisms and potential treatments of autoimmune diseases.
3) It examines current therapeutic approaches that aim to suppress autoimmune responses through drugs or removal of target organs, and potential alternative strategies like inducing tolerance to self-antigens.
Autoimmune disease
The ppt covers the topics-
1. Introduction to the topic
2. Types of autoimmune diseases
3. Addison's Disease
4. Grave's Disease
5. Hashimoto's disease
6. Myasthenia gravis
7. Multiple sclerosis
8. Pernicious anaemia
9. Rheumatoid arthritis
10. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Auto immune diaseases
This document discusses autoimmune diseases, which occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages normal body tissues. It defines key terms like autoimmunity, autoantigens, and autoantibodies. The causes of autoimmune diseases include sequestered antigens, neoantigens, cessation of tolerance, and cross-reacting antigens. Autoimmune diseases are classified as haemolytic, localized, or systemic. Examples of specific autoimmune diseases discussed include autoimmune hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, Graves' disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Diagnosis involves detecting autoantibodies, and treatment focuses on alleviating symptoms.
Specific and non Specific immune responses
The document discusses specific and non-specific immune responses and immune disorders. It begins by defining specific and non-specific immunity, with non-specific immunity involving innate barriers and responses that protect against all antigens. Specific immunity provides targeted protection against specific pathogens through antibodies and T-cells. The document also examines four types of hypersensitivity reactions (allergies) and common immune disorders, providing examples to illustrate immune system functions and what can go wrong.
Autoimmune Diseases.
This document provides an overview of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks healthy tissue. It discusses the causes, signs and symptoms, immunological findings, diagnosis and pathophysiology of SLE. Key points include that SLE affects many organs but most often harms the heart, joints, skin, lungs, kidneys and blood vessels; common symptoms are fatigue, rashes and joint pain; diagnosis involves testing for antinuclear antibodies and antibodies to double-stranded DNA, histones and other nuclear antigens; and the disease is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors impacting apoptosis and clearance of cellular debris.
Autoimmune disorders
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissues. The document discusses several common autoimmune disorders including Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Addison's disease, myasthenia gravis, and type 1 diabetes. Graves' disease causes an overactive thyroid. Hashimoto's thyroiditis involves antibody attacks against the thyroid gland and leads to hypothyroidism. Addison's disease is characterized by deficiencies in cortisol and aldosterone due to attacks on the adrenal glands. Myasthenia gravis involves antibodies blocking muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas is damaged by autoimmunity, preventing insulin production
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Type II Hypersensitivity-Antibody mediated cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
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Similar to Autoimmune disease
Auto immune diseases
AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES IS DEFINED AS THE CONDITION WERE OUR OWN IMMUNE SYSTEM FAILS TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN SELF AND NON-SELF CELLS.
Autoimmunity
This document provides an overview of autoimmune diseases including causes, types, links to HLA genes, treatment approaches, and mouse models. It discusses three main types of autoimmune diseases: haemolytic, localized, and systemic. Examples like Hashimoto's thyroiditis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis are explained. The roles of HLA genes and immunosuppressive drugs in treatment are also summarized. Mouse models that replicate human autoimmune conditions are noted.
Autoimmune diseases
An autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. It is caused when the immune system cannot distinguish between antigens and self tissues. Common autoimmune diseases affect tissues like blood vessels, connective tissues, endocrine glands, joints, muscles, and skin. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Symptoms vary depending on the disease location but often include fatigue, fever, and general illness. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and other tests. Treatment aims to reduce symptoms, control the immune response, and maintain the ability to fight disease using immunosuppressive medications.
Autoimmunity.pptx
The immune system provides protection against infectious organisms and repairs tissue damage induced by infections or physical damage. Under normal conditions, an immune response cannot be triggered against the cells of one's own body. In certain cases, however, immune cells make a mistake and attack the very cells that they are meant to protect.
Diseases Of The Immune System (2)
There are two main categories of diseases that affect the immune system: autoimmune diseases and immunodeficiency diseases. Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system loses self-tolerance and attacks the body's own tissues, examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma. Immunodeficiency diseases weaken the immune system, leaving the body vulnerable to infection; examples are severe combined immunodeficiency, DiGeorge syndrome, agammaglobulinemia, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Tolerance Auto-immune Diseases and Tumor Immunity
The document discusses various aspects of tumor immunity and tumor antigens:
1. Tumor antigens are antigens produced by tumor cells that trigger an immune response. They can be used as tumor markers for diagnosis and potentially for cancer therapy.
2. There are two main types of tumor antigens - tumor associated antigens, which increase with tumor growth, and tumor specific transplantation antigens, which develop during tumor development and prevent tumor transplantation between identical hosts.
3. The immune system typically mounts responses against tumor antigens via antibodies and cytotoxic T cells. Understanding tumor antigens is important for cancer immunology and developing immunotherapies to treat cancer.
Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response that attacks the body's own tissues and organs. Common symptoms include fatigue, joint/muscle pain, and organ dysfunction. There are two main types - organ-specific diseases that target a single organ, like Hashimoto's thyroiditis; and systemic diseases like lupus that can affect multiple body systems. Treatment focuses on immunosuppression to reduce the immune response and prevent further damage.
AUTOIMMUNITY AND AUTO IMMUNE DISEASES.pdf
The immune system could go awry and, instead of reacting against foreign antigens, could focus its attack on self-antigens. Paul Ehrlich termed this condition “horror autotoxicus.”
Mechanisms of self-tolerance normally protect an individual from potentially self-reactive lymphocytes, there are failures. They result in an inappropriate response of the immune system against self-components termed autoimmunity.
AUTOIMMUNITY AND ITS ASSOCIATED DISEASES.pdf
The immune system could go awry and, instead of reacting against foreign antigens, could focus its attack on self-antigens. Paul Ehrlich termed this condition “horror autotoxicus.”
Mechanisms of self-tolerance normally protect an individual from potentially self-reactive lymphocytes, there are failures. They result in an inappropriate response of the immune system against self-components termed autoimmunity.
Screening for the immunological diseases
Immunodeficiency disorders usually result from use of a medication or from a long-lasting serious disorder (such as cancer) but occasionally are inherited.
People usually have frequent, unusual, or unusually severe or prolonged infections and may develop an autoimmune disorder or cancer.
Doctors suspect immunodeficiency based on symptoms and do blood tests to identify the particular disorder.
People may be given antimicrobial drugs (such as antibiotics) to prevent and treat infections.
Immune globulin may be given if there are too few antibodies (immunoglobulins) or they are not functioning normally.
For some severe immunodeficiency disorders, stem cell transplantation is sometimes done.
Immunodeficiency disorders impair the immune system’s ability to defend the body against foreign or abnormal cells that invade or attack it (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cancer cells). As a result, unusual bacterial, viral, or fungal infections or lymphomas or other cancers may develop.
Another problem is that up to 25% of people who have an immunodeficiency disorder also have an autoimmune disorder (such as immune thrombocytopenia). In an autoimmune disorder, the immune system attacks the body's own tissues. Sometimes the autoimmune disorder develops before the immunodeficiency causes any symptoms.
There are two types of immunodeficiency disorders:
Primary: These disorders are usually present at birth and are genetic disorders that are usually hereditary. They typically become evident during infancy or childhood. However, some primary immunodeficiency disorders (such as common variable immunodeficiency) are not recognized until adulthood. There are more than 100 primary immunodeficiency disorders. All are relatively rare.
Secondary: These disorders generally develop later in life and often result from use of certain medications or from another disorder, such as diabetes or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. They are more common than primary immunodeficiency disorders.
Dissertation report
Arthritis is a general term for conditions that affect the joints and surrounding tissues, causing painful inflammation and stiffness. There are over 200 types of arthritis split into seven main groups. The most common forms are osteoarthritis, characterized by cartilage degeneration, and rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune disorder causing painful swelling and damage in multiple joints. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and blood tests or imaging to check for markers of inflammation and autoimmune responses.
Autoimmunity and diseses
The term Autoimmunity is coined by Paul Enrlich.
Autoimmunity is defined as humoral or cell mediated immune response against self antigens
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders caused by immune response to self antigens.
Auto immune diseases
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues. There are over 80 types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. The causes are not fully understood but may involve genetic and environmental factors. Common treatments aim to suppress the immune system to reduce symptoms, though diagnosis and treatment can be challenging given the wide variation in symptoms and tissues affected across different autoimmune diseases.
AUTOIMMUNITY
This document discusses autoimmunity, including its definition as an inappropriate immune response against self cells/tissues due to self-tolerance failure. Various triggers are described, such as genetic factors like certain HLA alleles associated with diseases, environmental factors like molecular mimicry between pathogens and self-antigens, and non-genetic host factors including immunodeficiencies. Numerous autoimmune diseases are detailed along with their antibody targets and clinical features. Diagnosis involves clinical exams, labs to detect autoantibodies, and biopsies. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation through steroids, blocking cytokines/integrins/B cells, or more extreme measures like immunosuppressants.
Organ specific autoimmune
Organ-specific autoimmune diseases affect a single organ through immune responses directed against antigens in that organ. Examples include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, where antibodies attack thyroid proteins and cause hypothyroidism, and myasthenia gravis, where antibodies block acetylcholine receptors and cause muscle weakness. Type 1 diabetes results from an immune attack on insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells that leads to insulin deficiency. Graves' disease occurs when antibodies activate thyroid stimulating hormone receptors, causing overproduction of thyroid hormones. Addison's disease involves the destruction of adrenal glands by an autoimmune response.
Chap21 Immune Disorders
This document summarizes different types of hypersensitivity reactions and immune disorders. It discusses type I, II, III, and IV hypersensitivity reactions, including their mechanisms, common examples, and symptoms. It also covers topics like transplantation, graft rejection, immunodeficiencies, cancer immunology, and various therapies.
Basic Principles of Immunology
This document discusses several topics related to clinical immunology including immune disorders, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, oncology of the immune system, and the main principles of immune correction. It defines clinical immunology as the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system. It describes autoimmunity as immune responses against a person's own cells and tissues. It also discusses primary and secondary immunodeficiency, noting that primary immunodeficiencies are genetic disorders of the immune system not caused by other factors.
AUTOIMMUNITY
Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues and organs. In an autoimmune disease, antibodies produced by the immune system called autoantibodies mistakenly attack healthy cells in the body. Common autoimmune diseases include type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's disease, multiple sclerosis, Graves' disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. The causes of autoimmunity are complex and involve genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Current treatments aim to reduce symptoms by suppressing the overactive immune response through medications like steroids, immunosuppressants, or plasmapheresis.
Autoimmunity - Microbiology - Immunology - Dr.Someshwaran Rajamani December 2015
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Autoimmunity
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a disease most common in middle-aged women where the thyroid gland is infiltrated with inflammatory cells like lymphocytes and plasma cells. Patients with Hashimoto's disease have antibodies against thyroglobulin in their serum. The antibodies associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis only react with thyroid tissue, causing a highly localized lesion, unlike diseases like SLE where antibodies react with many tissues. Some individuals may have more than one autoimmune disease, for example patients with pernicious anemia frequently have thyroid antibodies as well. The mechanisms of tissue damage vary depending on if the antigen is localized in an organ or not.
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Autoimmune disease
- 2. An illness that occurs when the body tissues are attacked by its own immune system.The immune system is a complex organization within the body that is designed normally to "seek and destroy" invaders of the body, including infectious agents. Patients with autoimmune diseases frequently have unusual antibodies circulating in their blood that target their own body tissues.
- 3. Examples of autoimmune diseases include systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, Hashimoto thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile(type1) diabetes, polymyositis, scleroderma, Addison disease, vitiligo, pernicious anemia, glomerulonephritis, and pulmonary fibrosis.
- 4. The symptoms of autoimmune disease vary depending on the disease as well as the person’s immune system. Common symptoms include: Anxiety or depression Blood sugar changes Digestive or gastrointestinal problems Dizziness Elevated fever and high body temperature Fatigue Infertility
- 5. Extrems sensitivity to cold in the hands & feet Inflammation Irritability Low or High pressure Malaise Weakness & Stiffness in muscles & joints Weight changes
- 6. It is a chronic systemic disease of the joints. Caused by the auto Antibody of IgM type, called as Rheumatoid factors. Characteristics: The synovial fluid of these patients contain increased no.ofT-cells & Macrophages. Marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membrane & by atrophy of bones. In later stage, deformity & ankylosis develops.
- 8. It is caused by auto antibody against muscle antigen & acetylcholine receptor antigen. Characterized by muscular weakness that make one fatigue, speaking, eating & walking become tired some. Eventually death from respiratory failure. Acetylcholine cannot be produced, thus nerve impulse cannot be transmitted from the nerves to the muscles. Hence the neuromuscular junction is severely affected.
- 10. Current therapies for autoimmune disease include: Immunosuppressive drugs Thymectomy Plasmapherisis Vaccination withT-cells specific for an Auto-antigen Usage of synthetic blocking peptides Usage of monoclonal antibodies