The main aim of this paper is to identify how acoustics where generally achieve in auditoriums base on the method, technics and the materials been used. This paper will discuss the transition over time. It will cover how the design began from the past (Roman, Greek baroque, renaissance periods) to the present (twentieth century). The paper will further discuss some case studies which are from different periods. The selection of the case study was based on their excellent acoustics qualities of the spaces. It will provide better understanding on how acoustics solution where been achieve in auditoriums/theaters from the past to the present. Finally, the paper will point out some major benefits of using acoustics in auditoriums and also discuss on what causes poor quality sound in the present auditoriums and then suggest the use flat panels technology and line-stone material as it has great impact in in achieving good and qualitative acoustics in the past.
Prithvi theatre, juhu - ACOUSTICS - AUDITORIUM - MUMBAIDijo Mathews
The Prithvi Theatre is located in Juhu, Mumbai and is known for cultural programs and dramas. It does not have its own parking, so patrons must park 500 meters away at the JW Marriott or in nearby pay parking. The theatre has a 200-seat auditorium with a fan shape and thrust stage design optimized for sound quality and audience connection. Acoustic treatments on the walls, ceiling, and floor enhance sound without needing speakers. The theatre operates year-round as a non-profit to promote professional theatre through performances, workshops, and support for theatre workers.
This document summarizes the rehabilitation of an existing Gurukul site in Chyasal, Lalitpur, Nepal. The site zoning concept divides the site into public, semi-public, and private zones. The massing concept uses a central courtyard and surrounding blocks to create a hierarchy of spaces within the site. The master plan and floor plans were designed based on activity intensity and space usage over time to maximize site responsiveness.
Auditorium: A Case Study on Acoustic Design Presentationjisunfoo
The Calvary Convention Centre (CCC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is a 5,000-seat, multi-purpose auditorium designed for both speeches and musical performances. Through the strategic use of materials and acoustic treatments, the CCC achieves a reverberation time of 0.9 seconds, making it suitable for its primary function as a speech-based venue. Absorptive materials like carpeting and upholstered seats help control reverberation, while the concave wall and ceiling shapes aid in concentrating sound toward the audience. The auditorium design and acoustic treatments demonstrate how spaces can be flexibly designed for different event needs through consideration of materials and room geometry.
The Hollywood Bowl is an 18,000 capacity open air theatre located in Hollywood, California. It features a distinctive band shell made of concentric arches set against the Hollywood Hills backdrop. Over time, improvements have been made to the shell and sound systems to enhance the acoustics. Red Rocks Amphitheatre is a 9,500 capacity open air theatre near Denver, Colorado that is set naturally between tall sandstone formations. Its design and geological features provide uniquely perfect acoustics for performances.
Anant Raje was an Indian architect born in 1929 who received his architecture degree in 1954. He worked with prominent architects in India and the United States. Raje designed several notable buildings using modern styles with an emphasis on simplicity, honesty, and integrating buildings with their surroundings. This included the Indian Institute of Forest Management in Bhopal, which features a library building at its focal point and dormitories overlooking a lake. He also designed the Bhopal Development Authority Headquarters with stone exteriors, courtyards, and openings that create shadow pockets around windows.
Michael Graves was an American architect known for his postmodern style. He designed several notable buildings including the Humana Building, Walt Disney World Dolphin and Swan Hotels, and the Denver Central Library. Graves had a philosophy of reinterpreting traditional architectural forms and drawing inspiration from existing architecture. Some of his signature design elements included classical tripartite facades with distinct base, shaft, and cornice sections as well as playful use of color and patterned materials. The document provides details on Graves' education, influences, architectural style and philosophy through descriptions and images of several major works.
This document provides details about the L.I.C. Jeewan Bharti building located in New Delhi, designed by architect Charles Correa. It consists of two 13-storey towers springing from a three-level base with two underground parking levels. Key features include a terraced piazza, an open grid parasol structure, and faceted glass surfaces that reflect the surrounding buildings. The lower levels contain shopping and restaurants while the upper levels contain offices, totaling 63,000 square meters of built area. Structural elements include a space frame connecting the two towers, stack panel glazing used for the facade, and red sandstone wall cladding.
Prithvi theatre, juhu - ACOUSTICS - AUDITORIUM - MUMBAIDijo Mathews
The Prithvi Theatre is located in Juhu, Mumbai and is known for cultural programs and dramas. It does not have its own parking, so patrons must park 500 meters away at the JW Marriott or in nearby pay parking. The theatre has a 200-seat auditorium with a fan shape and thrust stage design optimized for sound quality and audience connection. Acoustic treatments on the walls, ceiling, and floor enhance sound without needing speakers. The theatre operates year-round as a non-profit to promote professional theatre through performances, workshops, and support for theatre workers.
This document summarizes the rehabilitation of an existing Gurukul site in Chyasal, Lalitpur, Nepal. The site zoning concept divides the site into public, semi-public, and private zones. The massing concept uses a central courtyard and surrounding blocks to create a hierarchy of spaces within the site. The master plan and floor plans were designed based on activity intensity and space usage over time to maximize site responsiveness.
Auditorium: A Case Study on Acoustic Design Presentationjisunfoo
The Calvary Convention Centre (CCC) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia is a 5,000-seat, multi-purpose auditorium designed for both speeches and musical performances. Through the strategic use of materials and acoustic treatments, the CCC achieves a reverberation time of 0.9 seconds, making it suitable for its primary function as a speech-based venue. Absorptive materials like carpeting and upholstered seats help control reverberation, while the concave wall and ceiling shapes aid in concentrating sound toward the audience. The auditorium design and acoustic treatments demonstrate how spaces can be flexibly designed for different event needs through consideration of materials and room geometry.
The Hollywood Bowl is an 18,000 capacity open air theatre located in Hollywood, California. It features a distinctive band shell made of concentric arches set against the Hollywood Hills backdrop. Over time, improvements have been made to the shell and sound systems to enhance the acoustics. Red Rocks Amphitheatre is a 9,500 capacity open air theatre near Denver, Colorado that is set naturally between tall sandstone formations. Its design and geological features provide uniquely perfect acoustics for performances.
Anant Raje was an Indian architect born in 1929 who received his architecture degree in 1954. He worked with prominent architects in India and the United States. Raje designed several notable buildings using modern styles with an emphasis on simplicity, honesty, and integrating buildings with their surroundings. This included the Indian Institute of Forest Management in Bhopal, which features a library building at its focal point and dormitories overlooking a lake. He also designed the Bhopal Development Authority Headquarters with stone exteriors, courtyards, and openings that create shadow pockets around windows.
Michael Graves was an American architect known for his postmodern style. He designed several notable buildings including the Humana Building, Walt Disney World Dolphin and Swan Hotels, and the Denver Central Library. Graves had a philosophy of reinterpreting traditional architectural forms and drawing inspiration from existing architecture. Some of his signature design elements included classical tripartite facades with distinct base, shaft, and cornice sections as well as playful use of color and patterned materials. The document provides details on Graves' education, influences, architectural style and philosophy through descriptions and images of several major works.
This document provides details about the L.I.C. Jeewan Bharti building located in New Delhi, designed by architect Charles Correa. It consists of two 13-storey towers springing from a three-level base with two underground parking levels. Key features include a terraced piazza, an open grid parasol structure, and faceted glass surfaces that reflect the surrounding buildings. The lower levels contain shopping and restaurants while the upper levels contain offices, totaling 63,000 square meters of built area. Structural elements include a space frame connecting the two towers, stack panel glazing used for the facade, and red sandstone wall cladding.
Padma Shri Achyut Kanvinde was an Indian architect known for his modernist and brutalist designs. He studied at Sir J.J. School of Arts and Harvard University. Some of his notable works include the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad, the Dudhsagar Dairy, and buildings for IIT Kanpur. Kanvinde's designs emphasized functionalism, modern architecture, regionalism, and the use of natural light and ventilation. The Dudhsagar Dairy from 1973 exemplifies his brutalist style, with large ventilation shafts, slit windows, and graphic exterior bands.
The India Habitat Center is a convention center located in New Delhi, India. Constructed in 1993 and designed by architect Joseph Allen Stein, it is built on a 97,000 square meter area and features 5 main building blocks connected by aerial walkways containing office, exhibition, and conference spaces. The complex also includes an auditorium, theaters, meeting halls, restaurants, guest rooms, and outdoor event spaces to host conferences, exhibitions, and other events. The buildings utilize red brick facades and are planned and landscaped to promote air flow and sunlight while separating pedestrian and vehicle access.
This document discusses the historical aspects of acoustics in ancient open-air theaters and churches. It notes that while the Greeks and Romans may have attempted to solve line-of-sight problems, they likely obtained reasonable hearing conditions as well by shaping steeply banked seating areas in a semi-circle near the performance space. Later, the Romans built large roofs and side reflectors that provided satisfactory intelligibility in remote seats. Examples of ancient open-air theaters with good acoustics, such as the one from 50 AD in Orange, France, are described. The first written mention of architectural acoustics was by Vitruvius, though no remains of the "sounding vases" he described have been found
architectural case study of schools in auroville,puducherry, south indiaStudent
The document provides details about several schools located within the Auroville School Complex in India. Unlike other states, all schools in Auroville were situated together at a large School Complex and had unique structures and functions. Several schools are described, including The Pyramids built in a pyramid shape using ferrocement, New Era Secondary School shaped like a mushroom also using ferrocement, and The Last School which has a curved hollow structure made of ferrocement intended to keep the interior cool.
Vinyl flooring is a type of resilient flooring that is easy to install and provides sound reduction properties. It is available in widths of 6 or 12 feet and contains polyvinyl chloride as well as other components. Vinyl flooring offers excellent shock absorption, sound insulation, durability and cleanability. Glass wool is an insulating material made from glass fibers arranged using a binder. It has high thermal and acoustic insulation properties due to trapped air pockets. Chicken wire mesh is a flexible honeycomb structure used to reinforce plaster by preventing cracking from thermal expansion. It is available in different mesh sizes and wire diameters in roll form. Multiwood is a waterproof and termite-proof composite material that can be used for interior decoration
Triveni Kala Sangam is a cultural and arts complex in New Delhi designed by American architect Joseph Allen Stein between 1957-1977. It contains four art galleries, a theater, outdoor sculpture area, and provides arts classes. The complex was designed in the modern architecture style using jali screens and multiple spaces for different purposes. It is located on Tansen Marg in the cultural core of New Delhi.
Lotus temple case study by Anjali SethiyaAnjaliSethiya
The document provides details about the Lotus Temple located in New Delhi, India. It includes an introduction to the temple and its notable flower-like shape. The document then discusses the architectural details, including its nine-sided circular structure made of marble, and the complex ribbed interior dome design. It also summarizes the structural system used to support the temple, which relies on nine arches that spread out around the central hall to bear the load of the superstructure.
The Richmond Olympic Oval in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada is a multi-use sports and entertainment facility built for the 2010 Winter Olympics. It features an international speed skating oval and ice sheets housed under a distinctive curved wood wave roof structure inspired by local bird wings. The 6-acre roof structure is supported by glulam arches that spring from massive concrete buttresses. The roof and structure were constructed using innovative wood wave panels composed of vee-shaped wood members that provide space for mechanical and electrical systems. The Oval has capacity for 8,000 spectators and includes a running track, basketball courts, and fitness facilities.
Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi is an Indian architect born in 1927 in Pune. He studied at J.J. School of Art in Bombay and worked with Le Corbusier in Paris from 1951-1954. In 1956, he established his own practice, Vastu-Shilpa, in Ahmedabad. Some of his notable works include the Aranya Low-Cost Housing in Indore, the Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology in Ahmedabad, and buildings for the Indian Institute of Management in Bangalore. Doshi's architecture focuses on flexibility of space and encouraging social interaction through its design.
1. In open-air theaters, sound reflections bounce between the sloped seating areas and the stage wall, contributing to long reverberation times.
2. When the seating is modeled as sloped surfaces shaped like an inverse cone, most reflections are directed upwards towards the sky, allowing the sound energy to dissipate quickly with few late reflections.
3. The design of open-air theaters aims to minimize external noise, ensure clear propagation of direct sound and early reflections from the seating gradient, and control late reflections to limit reverberation time and eliminate echoes.
Passive Design Techniques for Subtropical Climate of NepalShristi Kuikel
This has been prepared after the case study of various passive design techniques suitable for hot climate of Nepal. It includes national and international case studies.
It also deals with the methods of passive cooling and ventilation in the buildings followed by theoretical findings and research in the case studies. It is the initial attempt to study passive design techniques suitable for sub-tropical climate. The modern society will use these methods in a sustainable way.
Inference from case studies for designing ISBTMridul Bhandari
The document compares two interstate bus terminals (ISBT) in India based on their design features and facilities. Both have a hot and dry climate. The ISBT in Vadodara has a smaller campus and built-up area compared to the ISBT in Kashmiri Gate, New Delhi. Some positive aspects of the ISBTs are facilities for disabled access, fire safety measures, and a connected shopping mall. However, some negative aspects are lack of accessibility for disabled people to certain areas, poor ventilation in administrative areas, and absence of clear signage leading to confusion over entries.
acoustic and viewing angle analysis of an auditorium buildingSaleh Ahmed
The document discusses the design standards for an auditorium building. It provides details on the types of auditoriums, basic design considerations, acoustic standards, and typical auditorium components. It then analyzes the National Museum auditorium based on these standards. The analysis finds that the auditorium's shape, seating arrangement, stage design, and materials used are generally in line with standard auditorium design. However, some improvements could be made to the horizontal circulation and location of the sound control room.
This is an Architectural case study on the Centre for Environment Planning & Technology (CEPT) building. Situated in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. This is done by an architecture student in semester 5.
The Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin, designed by Mies van der Rohe, is a museum housing modern art from the early 20th century. It features a steel structure with a cantilevered roof supported by steel columns. The building uses glass and steel throughout, aiming to create an open feeling and minimize barriers between art and viewers. Mies sought to design a defining rather than confining space for exhibiting art.
Customer Clustering Based on Customer Purchasing Sequence DataIJERA Editor
Customer clustering has become a priority for enterprises because of the importance of customer relationship management. Customer clustering can improve understanding of the composition and characteristics of customers, thereby enabling the creation of appropriate marketing strategies for each customer group. Previously, different customer clustering approaches have been proposed according to data type, namely customer profile data, customer value data, customer transaction data, and customer purchasing sequence data. This paper considers the customer clustering problem in the context of customer purchasing sequence data. However, two major aspects distinguish this paper from past research: (1) in our model, a customer sequence contains itemsets, which is a more realistic configuration than previous models, which assume a customer sequence would merely consist of items; and (2) in our model, a customer may belong to multiple clusters or no cluster, whereas in existing models a customer is limited to only one cluster. The second difference implies that each cluster discovered using our model represents a crucial type of customer behavior and that a customer can exhibit several types of behavior simultaneously. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted through a retail data set, and the results show that the clusters obtained by our model can provide more accurate descriptions of customer purchasing behaviors.
Dynamical Stress Analysis of Tectonic Earthquakes in Nusa Tenggara and its po...IJERA Editor
Some strong earthquakes are associated with increasing of volcanic activity in near and also in far field. This research is to investigate the effect of the tectonic earthquakes in Nusa Tenggara Island area towards the October 25th,2015 eruption of Mt. Rinjani, Indonesia. Three earthquakes occurred before the eruptions; Mw 5 Sumba earthquake on June 10th 2015, Mw 5.8 South of Java earthaquake July 26th, 2016 and Mw 5 South of Bali on August 6th, 2015. In theory, dynamical stress transfer can be calculated by analyzing synthetic seismogram as a waveform simulation at the volcano and the change of dynamical stress can be calculated with the finitedifference numerical method. Our result indicates that the dynamic stress value is still below the threshold value that can trigger eruptions. Simulation of three earthquakes by varying the magnitude of each earthquake shows that dynamic stress changes will surpass the threshold at Mw 7.5. As all the earthquake that used in this study have magnitude smaller then the threshold, it can be concluded that the eruption of Mount Rinjani was triggered by internal factors, and very unlikely triggered by tyhe earthquake we investigated in this study.
Padma Shri Achyut Kanvinde was an Indian architect known for his modernist and brutalist designs. He studied at Sir J.J. School of Arts and Harvard University. Some of his notable works include the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad, the Dudhsagar Dairy, and buildings for IIT Kanpur. Kanvinde's designs emphasized functionalism, modern architecture, regionalism, and the use of natural light and ventilation. The Dudhsagar Dairy from 1973 exemplifies his brutalist style, with large ventilation shafts, slit windows, and graphic exterior bands.
The India Habitat Center is a convention center located in New Delhi, India. Constructed in 1993 and designed by architect Joseph Allen Stein, it is built on a 97,000 square meter area and features 5 main building blocks connected by aerial walkways containing office, exhibition, and conference spaces. The complex also includes an auditorium, theaters, meeting halls, restaurants, guest rooms, and outdoor event spaces to host conferences, exhibitions, and other events. The buildings utilize red brick facades and are planned and landscaped to promote air flow and sunlight while separating pedestrian and vehicle access.
This document discusses the historical aspects of acoustics in ancient open-air theaters and churches. It notes that while the Greeks and Romans may have attempted to solve line-of-sight problems, they likely obtained reasonable hearing conditions as well by shaping steeply banked seating areas in a semi-circle near the performance space. Later, the Romans built large roofs and side reflectors that provided satisfactory intelligibility in remote seats. Examples of ancient open-air theaters with good acoustics, such as the one from 50 AD in Orange, France, are described. The first written mention of architectural acoustics was by Vitruvius, though no remains of the "sounding vases" he described have been found
architectural case study of schools in auroville,puducherry, south indiaStudent
The document provides details about several schools located within the Auroville School Complex in India. Unlike other states, all schools in Auroville were situated together at a large School Complex and had unique structures and functions. Several schools are described, including The Pyramids built in a pyramid shape using ferrocement, New Era Secondary School shaped like a mushroom also using ferrocement, and The Last School which has a curved hollow structure made of ferrocement intended to keep the interior cool.
Vinyl flooring is a type of resilient flooring that is easy to install and provides sound reduction properties. It is available in widths of 6 or 12 feet and contains polyvinyl chloride as well as other components. Vinyl flooring offers excellent shock absorption, sound insulation, durability and cleanability. Glass wool is an insulating material made from glass fibers arranged using a binder. It has high thermal and acoustic insulation properties due to trapped air pockets. Chicken wire mesh is a flexible honeycomb structure used to reinforce plaster by preventing cracking from thermal expansion. It is available in different mesh sizes and wire diameters in roll form. Multiwood is a waterproof and termite-proof composite material that can be used for interior decoration
Triveni Kala Sangam is a cultural and arts complex in New Delhi designed by American architect Joseph Allen Stein between 1957-1977. It contains four art galleries, a theater, outdoor sculpture area, and provides arts classes. The complex was designed in the modern architecture style using jali screens and multiple spaces for different purposes. It is located on Tansen Marg in the cultural core of New Delhi.
Lotus temple case study by Anjali SethiyaAnjaliSethiya
The document provides details about the Lotus Temple located in New Delhi, India. It includes an introduction to the temple and its notable flower-like shape. The document then discusses the architectural details, including its nine-sided circular structure made of marble, and the complex ribbed interior dome design. It also summarizes the structural system used to support the temple, which relies on nine arches that spread out around the central hall to bear the load of the superstructure.
The Richmond Olympic Oval in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada is a multi-use sports and entertainment facility built for the 2010 Winter Olympics. It features an international speed skating oval and ice sheets housed under a distinctive curved wood wave roof structure inspired by local bird wings. The 6-acre roof structure is supported by glulam arches that spring from massive concrete buttresses. The roof and structure were constructed using innovative wood wave panels composed of vee-shaped wood members that provide space for mechanical and electrical systems. The Oval has capacity for 8,000 spectators and includes a running track, basketball courts, and fitness facilities.
Balkrishna Vithaldas Doshi is an Indian architect born in 1927 in Pune. He studied at J.J. School of Art in Bombay and worked with Le Corbusier in Paris from 1951-1954. In 1956, he established his own practice, Vastu-Shilpa, in Ahmedabad. Some of his notable works include the Aranya Low-Cost Housing in Indore, the Centre for Environmental Planning and Technology in Ahmedabad, and buildings for the Indian Institute of Management in Bangalore. Doshi's architecture focuses on flexibility of space and encouraging social interaction through its design.
1. In open-air theaters, sound reflections bounce between the sloped seating areas and the stage wall, contributing to long reverberation times.
2. When the seating is modeled as sloped surfaces shaped like an inverse cone, most reflections are directed upwards towards the sky, allowing the sound energy to dissipate quickly with few late reflections.
3. The design of open-air theaters aims to minimize external noise, ensure clear propagation of direct sound and early reflections from the seating gradient, and control late reflections to limit reverberation time and eliminate echoes.
Passive Design Techniques for Subtropical Climate of NepalShristi Kuikel
This has been prepared after the case study of various passive design techniques suitable for hot climate of Nepal. It includes national and international case studies.
It also deals with the methods of passive cooling and ventilation in the buildings followed by theoretical findings and research in the case studies. It is the initial attempt to study passive design techniques suitable for sub-tropical climate. The modern society will use these methods in a sustainable way.
Inference from case studies for designing ISBTMridul Bhandari
The document compares two interstate bus terminals (ISBT) in India based on their design features and facilities. Both have a hot and dry climate. The ISBT in Vadodara has a smaller campus and built-up area compared to the ISBT in Kashmiri Gate, New Delhi. Some positive aspects of the ISBTs are facilities for disabled access, fire safety measures, and a connected shopping mall. However, some negative aspects are lack of accessibility for disabled people to certain areas, poor ventilation in administrative areas, and absence of clear signage leading to confusion over entries.
acoustic and viewing angle analysis of an auditorium buildingSaleh Ahmed
The document discusses the design standards for an auditorium building. It provides details on the types of auditoriums, basic design considerations, acoustic standards, and typical auditorium components. It then analyzes the National Museum auditorium based on these standards. The analysis finds that the auditorium's shape, seating arrangement, stage design, and materials used are generally in line with standard auditorium design. However, some improvements could be made to the horizontal circulation and location of the sound control room.
This is an Architectural case study on the Centre for Environment Planning & Technology (CEPT) building. Situated in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. This is done by an architecture student in semester 5.
The Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin, designed by Mies van der Rohe, is a museum housing modern art from the early 20th century. It features a steel structure with a cantilevered roof supported by steel columns. The building uses glass and steel throughout, aiming to create an open feeling and minimize barriers between art and viewers. Mies sought to design a defining rather than confining space for exhibiting art.
Customer Clustering Based on Customer Purchasing Sequence DataIJERA Editor
Customer clustering has become a priority for enterprises because of the importance of customer relationship management. Customer clustering can improve understanding of the composition and characteristics of customers, thereby enabling the creation of appropriate marketing strategies for each customer group. Previously, different customer clustering approaches have been proposed according to data type, namely customer profile data, customer value data, customer transaction data, and customer purchasing sequence data. This paper considers the customer clustering problem in the context of customer purchasing sequence data. However, two major aspects distinguish this paper from past research: (1) in our model, a customer sequence contains itemsets, which is a more realistic configuration than previous models, which assume a customer sequence would merely consist of items; and (2) in our model, a customer may belong to multiple clusters or no cluster, whereas in existing models a customer is limited to only one cluster. The second difference implies that each cluster discovered using our model represents a crucial type of customer behavior and that a customer can exhibit several types of behavior simultaneously. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted through a retail data set, and the results show that the clusters obtained by our model can provide more accurate descriptions of customer purchasing behaviors.
Dynamical Stress Analysis of Tectonic Earthquakes in Nusa Tenggara and its po...IJERA Editor
Some strong earthquakes are associated with increasing of volcanic activity in near and also in far field. This research is to investigate the effect of the tectonic earthquakes in Nusa Tenggara Island area towards the October 25th,2015 eruption of Mt. Rinjani, Indonesia. Three earthquakes occurred before the eruptions; Mw 5 Sumba earthquake on June 10th 2015, Mw 5.8 South of Java earthaquake July 26th, 2016 and Mw 5 South of Bali on August 6th, 2015. In theory, dynamical stress transfer can be calculated by analyzing synthetic seismogram as a waveform simulation at the volcano and the change of dynamical stress can be calculated with the finitedifference numerical method. Our result indicates that the dynamic stress value is still below the threshold value that can trigger eruptions. Simulation of three earthquakes by varying the magnitude of each earthquake shows that dynamic stress changes will surpass the threshold at Mw 7.5. As all the earthquake that used in this study have magnitude smaller then the threshold, it can be concluded that the eruption of Mount Rinjani was triggered by internal factors, and very unlikely triggered by tyhe earthquake we investigated in this study.
Analysis of Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard [PCI DSS] Compliance...IJERA Editor
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) aims to enhance the security of cardholder data and is required when cardholder data or authentication data are stored, processed or transmitted. The implementation of enabling processes from COBIT 5 can complement compliance to PCI DSS. COBIT 5 assists enterprises in governance and management of enterprise IT and, at the same time, supports the need to meet security requirements with supporting processes and management activities. This paper provides analysis of mapping of COBIT 5 supporting processes to PCI DSS 3.0 security requirements. It also presents domains which support the simultaneous application of COBIT 5 and PCI DSS 3.0 which would help create collaborations within the enterprise
Formulation of M.L.R Model for Correlating the Factors Responsible for Indust...IJERA Editor
Industrial accidents proves to be more costly and thus efforts are made to lower them and enhance safety.Safety Management system is a proactive and systematic approach for identification, evaluation, mitigation, prevention and control of hazards that could occur as a result of failures in process, procedures, or equipment. Increasing industrial accidents, loss of life & property, public scrutiny, statutory requirements, aging facilities and intense industrial processes, all contribute to a growing need for Safety Management Program to ensure safety and risk management. The proposed paper work envisages to minimize industrial accidents by identifying the various factors responsible for industrial accidents and developing the approximate model to correlate the causes of accidents with the severity and the man days lost
Application of Passive Cooling Techniques in Residential Buildings: A Case St...IJERA Editor
This document discusses passive cooling techniques that can be used in residential buildings in Northern Nigeria to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal comfort. It begins by providing background on the climate of Northern Nigeria and how current residential building designs do not consider energy efficiency. It then analyzes two main passive cooling approaches - reducing heat gain through design elements like orientation, insulation, shading and glazing selection; and dissipating heat using evaporative cooling techniques like vegetation, ventilation stacks, roof sprinklers and ponds. The document concludes that applying these passive cooling strategies can significantly decrease energy demands, lower cooling loads and provide a more sustainable and comfortable living environment.
A Case Study: Foundation Design in Liquefiable SiteIJERA Editor
The liquefaction is a phenomenon which occurs under seismic solicitation. The passage of a seismic wave (i.e. strong shaking) leads, in certain geological formations, to the loss of shearing resistance in saturated sandy materials. This is caused mainly by the increase of the pore water pressure generated by the cyclical deformations. The instantaneous deconsolidation of the soil is reflected by the destruction of the soil mass; making the constructions on such soils unstable. In this geotechnical investigation a case study of foundation design on liquefiable site is described. The geotechnical investigation, carried out at Kent (Ontario), consisted of the construction of a new electrical station on a liquefiable site
Thermodynamic Assessment of the Fe-B System in the Ssol5 and User DatabasesIJERA Editor
Thermodynamic assessment of Fe-B system, including phase diagram, Gibbs energy, enthalpy, heat capacity and activity, was performed in the ThermoCalc software ver. 4.1 (Sweden). Two databases were used: the commercial SSOL5 database for solid solutions (substitutional approach) and the USER made database based on work of T. Van Rompaey et al. (intersticial approach). Results obtained were compared with experimental data gathered from work of M. Van Ende et al. In low boron regime the curve of the Fe-B phase diagram is represented more reliable in the USER database. However, temperatures of the phase transformations are calculated with more accuracy in the SSOL5 database. For boron content higher than 0.3 mole fraction phase transformation temperatures are better assessed in the USER database, except for melting point of the Fe2B phase. Gibbs energy, enthalpy and heat capacity of the FeB and the Fe2B are difficult to evaluate because experimental data are spread and inaccurate. Activities of iron and boron in liquid Fe-B alloy, calculated at selected temperatures, are almost identical for both databases. paramount importance
A Compact Multiband Metamaterial based Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless ...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a metamaterial based compact multiband microstrip antenna is proposed which can give high gain and directivity. Metamaterials are periodic structures and have been intensively investigated due to the particular features such as ultra-refraction phenomenon and negative permittivity and/or permeability. A metamaterialbased microstrip patch antenna with enhanced characteristics and multi band operation will be investigated in this work. The multiple frequency operation will be achieved by varying the capacitance of the metamaterial structure with the help of metallic loadings placed in each metamaterial unit cells. The potential impacts will be miniaturization, reduced cost and reduced power consumption since multiple antennas operating at different frequencies are replaced by a single antenna which can operate at multiple frequencies. The proposed microstrip patch antenna will have its frequencies of operation in the L, S and C bands. The proposed structure is simulated using Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS) 2011.05. It is then fabricated on the FR4 substrate and the performance of the fabricated antenna is measured using the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
This document discusses the disparities between what many people want in life and the realities facing others. It notes that while some want wealth, luxury, and branded goods, many children experience malnutrition and homelessness. It also contrasts wanting a peaceful home with the reality that some have lost homes in communal violence or military strikes. The document calls for taking these alternative realities seriously and taking action against them, otherwise humanity may face its darkest days.
The document outlines 8 unique challenges of enterprise selling: 1) Competition is sophisticated and relentless, requiring thorough research of competitors. 2) The sales cycle can take months or years, requiring patience. 3) Pursuits require significant financial and resource investments. 4) Buyer networks within enterprises are wide and diverse, encompassing many functions. 5) Selling teams must also be cross-functional to match the buyer networks. 6) Decision structures within enterprises are complex with multi-layered processes. 7) Enterprise organizations have incredibly diverse and complex structures. 8) Solutions must have unassailable business value focused on client needs, not products. Overcoming these challenges requires thorough planning, customized solutions, and understanding client needs and processes.
This technical note discusses the limitations of existing multi-mode fiber infrastructures for broadband deployment at speeds of 10Gb/s. It explains that most deployed multi-mode fibers cannot support transmission at 10Gb/s over long distances due to modal dispersion caused by the different propagation velocities of light modes in the fiber. This limits the maximum transmission distance achievable for networks using older multi-mode fibers such as OM1 and OM2. CAILabs has developed a light shaping technology that can avoid modal dispersion and upgrade the capacity of existing multi-mode fibers to support up to 4 x 10Gb/s transmission over distances of up to 10km.
A Plataforma de Gestão Agropecuária (PGA) foi criada para (1) integrar as bases de dados do setor agropecuário, (2) agilizar o acesso a informações e (3) interligar os elos da cadeia produtiva. A PGA reúne dados sobre propriedades rurais, trânsito de animais, identificação de rebanhos e inspeção sanitária para apoiar a fiscalização, a rastreabilidade de produtos e a tomada de decisões políticas.
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This document provides a case study analysis of the acoustic design of Shantanand Auditorium located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It begins with an introduction to the auditorium including its background, history, photos and drawings. It then discusses acoustic concepts relevant to architectural design such as sound absorption, reverberation time, attenuation and echoes. The document aims to analyze key acoustic design aspects of the auditorium and provide suggestions to improve its acoustic qualities.
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Auditorium Acoustics From Past to Present
1. Kabiru Maishanu. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 1, ( Part -1) January 2017, pp.15-23
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Auditorium Acoustics From Past to Present
Kabiru Maishanu, Asst. Prof. Dr. Halil Zafer Alibaba
(Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC)
(Department of Architecture, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, TRNC)
ABSTRACT
The main aim of this paper is to identify how acoustics where generally achieve in auditoriums base on the
method, technics and the materials been used. This paper will discuss the transition over time. It will cover how
the design began from the past (Roman, Greek baroque, renaissance periods) to the present (twentieth century).
The paper will further discuss some case studies which are from different periods. The selection of the case
study was based on their excellent acoustics qualities of the spaces. It will provide better understanding on how
acoustics solution where been achieve in auditoriums/theaters from the past to the present. Finally, the paper
will point out some major benefits of using acoustics in auditoriums and also discuss on what causes poor
quality sound in the present auditoriums and then suggest the use flat panels technology and line-stone material
as it has great impact in in achieving good and qualitative acoustics in the past.
Keywords: Sound propagation, Reverberation time, Past theaters, 20th
century theaters, benefits of acoustics and
loudspeaker system problem.
I. INTRODUCTION
Expressions of the human experience of
music, show, and open talk have both affected and
been impacted by the acoustics and design of their
presentation surroundings. It is speculated that
African music and move advanced a very
unpredictable cadenced character instead of the
melodic line of early European music due, to a
limited extent, to its being performed outside.
Wallace Clement sabine (1868-1919), an early
pioneer in architectural acoustics, felt that the
improvement of a tonal scale in Europe as opposed
to Africa could be attributed to the distinctions in
living environment. In Europe, ancient tribes looked
for safe house in give in and later built progressively
expansive and reverberant sanctuaries and temples.
Gregorian serenade became out of the acoustical
attributes of the Gothic houses of cathedrals, and
consequently florid music was composed to suit the
places of worship of the time. In the last 50% of the
20th
century, both theater design and performing
expressions got to be innovation driven, especially
with the development of the electronic frameworks
that made film and TVs enterprises conceivable.
With the improvement of PC projects link of making
the look and sound of any environment, a show-
stopper can now impact, as well as characterize the
space it possesses.
“Those of us in the 20th
century forget that
generations before us had to congregate by the
hundreds and thousands to hear the words of
civilizations leaders and misleaders without the aid
of sound engineers and public address systems. But
the need to hear and see collectively was still there”
(B. Cobbey criler, December 1976).
Auditorium, as a building for public
gatherings (listing, speech or stage performance) is
developed from classical open-air theaters. Its
includes closed space meant for: concert, meeting,
lecture halls and listing to music.
Design of auditorium became a complex
problem to its various types, because in addition to
that, sometimes conflicting, aesthetics, functional,
technical, artistic and economical requirements.
The basic acoustical criteria of both the
largest and smallest halls or rooms have no much
different in some ways:
Internal and external sources must have a low
ambient noise level.
Reasonable level of acoustic gain must be
provided.
Reverberation time provided must be
appropriate.
Artifacts such as echoes must be avoided.
Architectural considerations affect the
conditions of hearing in auditorium. They include:
sharp, site location, volume, seating arrangement,
audience capacity, treatment of acoustic from
interior to surface.
Defects: echo, delayed reflection, sound
shadow and sound concentration.
II. SOUND PROPAGATION IN
AUDITORIUM
Sound wave travel at about 345m/s, which
at about 0.01 to 0.2 seconds, the sound that came
directly from the source within the auditorium will
reach the listener.
The early reflection will occur after at
about 50 milliseconds. The reflection that occurs
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Kabiru Maishanu. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 1, ( Part -1) January 2017, pp.15-23
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after the early one are of lower amplitude which
marge into the reverberant sound or late reflection.
Reverberant sound builds up to an equilibrium level
when source emit a continuous sound. The level of
the sound decreases at more or less constant rate
until it reaches inaudibility.
The reverberation sound begins to decay
immediately for impulsive sounds.
Fig 1: Direct, early reflections and reverberation of
sound in an auditorium.
(Chris Foreman, Jul 6, 2015)
2.1. Direct Sound or Early Reflection
Direct sound will decrease by 6dB for each
doubling of distance propagated. Reflection which
arrive within about 35 milli-second are not heard as
separate from direct sound.
The source is perceived to be in the
direction from which the first sound arrives provided
that:
Successive sound arrives within about 35
milliseconds.
Successive sounds have spectra and time
envelopes reasonable similar to the first sound
Successive sounds are not too much louder than
the first.
All of this are referred to as the precedence effect.
Fig 2: Relation between direct sound field and
reverberant sound field in a room.
(Chris Foreman, Jul 6, 2015)
2.2. Late Reflection
During a continuous sound, the reverberant
level is reach when the rate at which energy is
supplied by the source is equal to the rate at which
sound is absorbed. Too much reverberant sound will
result in loss of clarity.
All surfaces absorb the same fraction of the
sound that reaches them, theoretical reverberation
time is proportional to the ratio of value to surface
area.
Reverberation time is typically defined as
the time required for the sound level to decrease by
60dB.
Fig 3: Sound at barrier: reflection, absorption and
transmission through boundary.
(Chris Foreman, Jul 6, 2015
2.3. Confined Sound In An Enclosure Space
Gets sound reflections off of all walls (just like
light bouncing off of mirrors).
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
Law of reflection (light and/or sound) arises
from energy/momentum conservation at
wall/mirror!)
Fig 4: multiple reflection from the walls of a room
of a single impulse produce by a sound source.
(Steven Errede,2002-2016)
2.4. Calculating Reverberation Time
When expressed in units of cubic and square meters,
the reverberation time is given by RT=0.161V/A
Where V=volume of the room.
A=effective total absorption area.
The “total absorption area is calculated as the sum of
all surface areas in the room, each multiplied by its
respective absorption coefficient.
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Fig 5: multiple reflection of a sound impulse as
heard by a listener.
(Steven Errede,2002-2016)
2.5 Air Absorption
Air contributes a substantial amount to the
absorption of high frequency sound.
Taking account of air absorption RT=0.161
V/(A+mV)
Where m is constant which varies with air
temperature, humidity, and frequency.
III. CRITERIA FOR GOOD ACOUSTIC
An appropriate reverberation time
Uniform sound distribution
An appropriate sound level
No echo or flutter echo.
Background Noise
An auditorium should meet at least the NC-20 curve
and preferably the NC-15 curve.
IV. GREEK THEATERS
Theaters were typically based in favor of a
hill, with an empty break that slanted down at an
edge of roughly 45 degrees. They for the most part
had very great acoustics. The decision of place gave
a shape to the auditorium that matches
consummately the directivity of the human voice,
which shows a practically unvarying sound
dissemination inside the angle of 180 degrees. There
are different developments in Greek theater
engineering which create helpful impacts. The
skene, worked of wood and later of masonry was
arranged under three meters behind the orchestra
thus near the entertainers and it went about as both
an acoustic reflector for their voices and an acoustic
shield for undesirable outer clamor.
Fig 6: Diagram of the acient Greek theater.
(nik v. 2011)
Fig 7: The Greek Theatre by night.
(admin on luglio 1st, 2010)
V. ROMAN THEATERS
The roman and the late Hellenistic
amphitheater took after the earlier Greek seating
designs, yet restricted the seating bend to 180, they
included a stage house, a raise acting range, embrace
wings and a chorale talked. It was built between
AD70 and 81, obliges 40,000 individuals which
makes it the biggest seating structure of the
antiquated world. the sight lines are incredible from
any seat and the dissemination configuration is still
utilized as a part of current circumstances. The floor
is secured by sand. It's does not require a high level
of speech intelligibility by the gathering of people.
Fig 8: plan and perspective view of roman Theater.
(I. castiglione, 2008)
Fig 9: roman theater guelma. ((elaggoune, 2009)
VI. VITRUVIUS POLLIO THEATER
They said that the area of theaters ought to be on a
healthy site with sufficient ventilation (seating ought
not confront south, unlimited sightlines were
considered especially critical. Furthermore, edge of
every row ought to fall on a straight line from the
first to the last.
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Fig 10: Theater of Vitruvius. (Charles scribner and
co., 1871)
Fig 11: Theater façade, Aosta. (mark cartwright,
2015)
VII. RENAISSANCE THEATERS
The seating arrangement was semi-curved.
It has orchestra and proscenium like roman does.
Around the back of the gathering of people there
was a colonnade of segments with statues above.
They have crafted stage, which fused emerging stage
floor and sight point viewpoint. The term upstage
and down stage develop from this early design
practice.
Fig 12: Italian renaissance theater: Teatro farnese.
(Giulio Ghirardi, 2014)
Fig 13: English renaissance theater: Shakespeare.
(Giulio Ghirardi, 2014)
VIII. BAROQUE THEATER
The theater farnese in parma, Italy.
constructed somewhere around 1618-1628 by
Giovanni Battista Aleotti. It has many elements of
the modern theaters. It highlighted even set pieces,
which required distending side dividers on either
side of the stage. It permitted set changes to be made
and gave entrance spaces as an afterthought wing for
the on-screen characters to utilize. The U-shape
seating arrangement of action managed the
supporters a view, of the stage, as well as of the
sovereign, whose container was situated on the
middle line.
Fig 14: Theater baroque, France. (Nikon Morris
2014)
Fig 15: baroque theater view into the audience.
(Stories & Trends Partners, 2012)
IX. CASE STUDY: EPIDAURUS
THEATRE
Peloponnese: The Ancient Theater of
Epidaurus is viewed as the best protected antiquated
theater in Greece as far as its ideal acoustics and fine
structure. It was developed in the late 4th century
BC and it was settled in two phases. design by
Polykleitos in west side of Cynortion mountain,
Greece.
The theater is wondered for its
extraordinary acoustics. Any sound on the open air
stage, whether a stentorian voice or a whisper, a full
breath or the sound of a match struck is splendidly
discernable to all onlookers, even in the highest row
of seats, that is, almost 60 m away. The response to
what makes the sound transmit so well originates
from late logical reviews: The course of action of the
ventured seating rows goes about as an acoustic
channel that stifles low-frequency background
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sounds, for example, the mumbles of the group of
onlookers, while intensifying the high-frequency
sounds from the stage.
Fig 16: The ancient theater of Epidauvrus. (Martina
Di Fresco, 2015)
Fig 17: seating plan of the Epidauvrus theater.
(Athens Info Guide, 2004-2009)
9.1 Acoustics of The Epidaurus Theatre
The flawlessness of the geometrical
arrangement of seats, results in numerous early
reflected sounds being gotten by all audience
members in the auditorium together with the direct
sound. The lower part of the auditorium hover
stretches out to 210 degrees and the upper part to
192 degrees. The focal areas of seats have their
concentration at the focal point of the orchestra. Be
that as it may, the augmentations of the emanating
passageways of the two wedges of seats, at either
side underneath the diazoma, have their central
focuses situated at either side of the focal point of
the orchestra. This seating format with three foci has
the imperative acoustical impact in that there is a
considerably less maintained resound tone close to
the focal point of the orchestra than in theaters were
the rows of seats are situated on flawless circles with
just a single regular focus at the center of the
orchestra. In cross section, the layered seating is
slanted at a continually expanding edge as it retreats
from the orchestra towards the back of the
auditorium. A fanciful straight line moved from back
to front disregards the concave curve of the seating
underneath. On plan, the levels of seats are
additionally bended giving the auditorium the type
of a shell. The gathering of people is held together in
this shell, or bowl like frame, as close as could
reasonably be expected to the orchestra. This frame
holds sound, minimizes the sound vitality misfortune
amid sound generation and encourages
reverberation. It's additionally guarantees that
observers' lines of view are unhindered by the row of
individuals before them. The flawlessness of the
geometrical course of action results in the acoustical
and visual brilliance. Both visual and acoustic
criteria overwhelm the outline of the theater.
Reflected sounds achieve the audience inside 50
milliseconds after the underlying sound, and a
consonance marvel is produced. It delivers in the
audience's cognizance a solitary acoustical picture of
more prominent power and upgraded quality than
that of the direct sound alone.
To ensure a high-quality product, diagrams
and lettering MUST be either computer-drafted or
drawn using India ink.
Discovered under a layer of earth and uncovered
in 1881
Dates back to fourth century B.C
A group of onlookers of 15000 can hear
performers and on-screen characters un-
intensified – even from the back line (60m
away)
The acoustic properties have been somewhat of
a secret for some time however were as of late
settled by some folks at Georgia Institute of
Technology
9.2 How does it work?
The theater, because of its shape, is an
amplifier. The fascinating thing is that it just
amplifies certain frequencies which happen to be
only the correct ones – it's not by any means known
whether this was purposeful.
9.3 It’s the steps – they frame a productive acoustic
filter which minimizes background noise and
amplifier the performing actors and artists.
Fig 18: materials used for the seating at Epidauvrus
(Martina Di Fresco, 2015)
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Fig 19: Acoustic wave engendering 2D
model for the Epidaurus theater. The blue curves
demonstrate the direct and reflected waves at
progressive time occurrences showed by the red
spotted lines. Alongside the forward proliferating
wave fronts, backscattered and reflected waves from
the seating lines are delivered. (T. Lokki, 2013)
Fig 20: Acoustic reaction estimation for the
Epidaurus theater, accepting that the source
emanates a short heartbeat and the mouthpiece is at a
seat at 15 meters. Given that today the stage building
does not exist, the principal reflection arrives
instantly from the orchestra ground. Seven
progressive and intermittent reflections can be seen
from the top and the risers of adjoining seat lines.
Their vitality is diminished inside approx. 40
milliseconds after the landing of the immediate
sound (S. Vassilantonopoulos, 2004).
X. THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
THEATERS
Architectural acoustics came to perceived
as a science and a craftsmanship, the comprehension
of a large portion of the standards of acoustical
design did not in all cases prompt to changes in
auditorium. The more normal part of room acoustic
including clamor and vibration control and
advancement of viable acoustical materials,
experienced market enhancements.
Preceding sabine's work toward the start of
the 20th
century, there was little to go on. Jean louis
Charles Garnier (1825-1898), designer of the Paris
musical drama house, communicated his
dissatisfaction at the time.
“I gave myself pains to master this bizarre
science (of acoustics) but... now here did I find a
rule to guide me: on the contrary, nothing but
contradictory statements…I must explain that I have
adopted no principle, that my plan has been based on
no theory, and that I leave success or failure to
chance alone…like an acrobat who closes his eyes
and clings to the ropes of an ascending balloon”.
(Garnier 1880).
Since Sabine's commitments in the early
1900's, there has been a century of specialized
advances. Concentrates supported by the EPA and
HUD in the 1970's were especially beneficial. Works
in Canada, Europe, and Japan has likewise
contributed incredibly to the progression of the field.
XI. CASE STUDY: THE WALT DISNEY
CONCERT (AN ACOUSTICAL
WONDER)
Design by Frank Gehry between 1999-2003
in south grand avenue in downtown of Los Angeles.
The acoustician of the building was Yusuhisa
Toyota.
Design as one vast volume, the auditorium
permits the inhabitants to be in an indistinguishable
space from the orchestra. This takes into account a
feeling of closeness inside the hall. Composed as a
"shoe box outline" with vertical "vineyard" seating
at the edges of the orchestra.
A 1:10 scale model was built with a
specific end goal to test and study the acoustics of
the auditorium. The frequency of the sounds utilized
for testing were expanded as a part of request to
lessen the wavelengths by a component of ten. To
oust the oxygen and water vapor that retain high-
frequency sound the model was loaded with
nitrogen. An acoustical expert, Yasuhisa Toyota,
sharpened the hall's sound.
Fig 21: Gallery level plan.
(http://www.archdaily.com/441358/ad-classics-walt-
disney-concert-hall-frank-gehry).
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Fig 22: wdch. Built interior.
((http://www.archdaily.com/441358/ad-classics-
walt-disney-concert-hall-frank-gehry)
Fig 23: acoustical box of the hall.
(http://www.slideshare.net/ Dan Johnson, 2016)
11.1 ACOUSTICAL SOLUTIONS
The curved billowing ceiling and partitions
become part of the acoustical system.
One of the difficulties Toyota confronted was
accomplishing full sound coverage from an
unamplified orchestra that had no volume
control. The vineyard configuration calls for
terraced seating to encompass the orchestra
taking into account all the more level surfaces.
Which would expand the range for sound to be
reflected-an essential component for the
achievement of an unamplified orchestra.
Employed concave shapes wherever
conceivable. Indeed, the "walls" encompassing
the Disney Hall are an optical fantasy. They are
made of transparent mesh to allow sound to
effectively go through and reflect off whatever
lies behind (row upon row of hidden concaves).
The result of Toyota’ design is a sound depicted
as "acoustical clarity and warmth".
Made from Alaskan yellow cedar, the stages
gives reverberation and can be arranged to hold
bigger performance by expelling the first rows
in Orchestra. An organ's wooden pipes are
frequently inconspicuous, yet these are up front
to associate it with the wood inside of the hall.
The pipes are likewise bended and twisted,
which had not been done before and would they
be able to can be moved around and connected
to four unique areas on the stage.
Fig 24: Los Angeles Philharmonic Association.
(http://www.archdaily.com/441358/ad-classics-walt-
disney-concert-hall-frank-gehry)
Fig 25: Acoustic Diagram.
(http://www.slideshare.net/ Dan Johnson, 2016)
XII. ADVANTAGES OF ACOUSTICS
Acoustics can be a convoluted and
misjudged part of custom integration, however there
are significant advantages of taking care getting it
correct. An acoustics has accumulated an
undeserved notoriety as some sort of dark art. In
truth, acoustics is a profoundly logical process that
can be as basic or as complex as you want to make
it. Past all the terrible buildup lie some convincing
explanations behind each custom integrator to get
required in acoustics are:
Acoustics enhances the frequency reaction in
the space
Acoustics enhances the time reaction in the
space
Acoustics enhances the sound field integration
in the space
Acoustics enhances coherence in the space
Acoustics enhances intelligibility in the space
Acoustics keeps great sound in and terrible
sound out
Acoustics increases a room’s comfort factor.
XIII. LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEM
PROBLEMS
What causes poor quality sound? There are
a couple of normal components that influence how a
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loudspeaker performs in an auditorium context. In
many cases, it is expected somewhat to the
challenging acoustic qualities of an auditorium and
halfway because of the execution attributes and
wasteful aspects of the loudspeaker. Concrete floors
and walls are horrendous for sound quality. Or, you
might have an oddly shaped hall. Frequency
distortions from loudspeaker add to sloppy or
unintelligible speech of varying quality across a
venue. Older established auditoriums were not
acoustically design to handle today's sound
requirements. These issues associate with each other
and add to poor sound quality and intelligibility
misfortune.
Solution: Flat-panel innovation is so new
you might not have known about it yet. It is the
consequence of the previous 20 years of innovative
work to tackle these normal audio problems: a flat
speaker about a quarter-inch thick and the extent of a
publication. There are various advantages that
conquer the physical impediments of cone speakers
and their resultant quality issues. And the use of
lime-stone material instead of using concrete for
floors and wall.
XIV. DICUSSIONS AND FINDINGS
Key issues for Architects, acousticians,
Engineers and other stakeholders etc. to consider
when dealing with the design of auditorium
acoustics.
The auditorium is a focal and essential
space utilized for various sorts of performance like
lectures, award ceremonies, dramatic plays, musical
theatre productions, concert performances of
orchestra, band, chorus, jazz band, battles of the
bands, dance competitions etc. These differed
occasions put a scope of requests on the space. For
all occasions, it is basic that everybody in the space
hear, plainly and charmingly, everything that is
presented. This was the objective of acoustical
design for auditorium spaces.
From the first case study, the Epidaurus
theatre (past auditorium). The corrugation on the
surface of the seats go about as natural acoustic
traps. In spite of the fact that this impact would
appear to likewise expel the low frequencies from
the performing artists' voices, audience members
actually fill in the missing bit of the sound range
through a phenomenon known as virtual pitch. The
human cerebrum reproduces the missing
frequencies, creating the virtual pitch phenomenon,
as in listening to somebody talking on a phone with
no low end. Incredibly, the Greek manufacturers of
the theater did not themselves comprehend the rule
that prompted to the extraordinary audibility of
sound from the stage.
From the second case study, the Walt
Disney concert hall (present auditorium). An
orchestra is just tantamount to the hall they play in,
and to that degree, a hall turns into an instrument of
its orchestra. Acoustic tests were performed on a
1:10 scale model. Everything must be decreased by a
similar amount, which required that the frequency of
sounds be expanded ten times to diminish the
wavelength to a tenth of normal, and the model was
loaded with nitrogen to oust the oxygen and water
vapor that absorb high-frequency sounds. Testing
was viewed as hazardous since nobody could take in
the oxygen-inadequate model. The acoustical clarity
of the hall brought about individuals from the Los
Angeles Philharmonic to be both energized and on
edge. Collection that they had learned, and knew
how to play well, would need to be relearned in the
new Hall.
From all the case studies, both the past and
the present auditorium in times of method, technics
and materials shear some common characteristics
and features, and at the same time have some
differences.
From all the case studies, both periods (past
and present auditorium) shear some common
similarities in terms characteristics and features, and
at the same time have differences in methods,
technics and materials been use in achieving
excellent acoustics of the auditoriums (theatres).
These similarities include the consideration
of the shape of the space, seating arrangement and
the slop of the it and the stage with orchestra. While
the differences between the periods was manly the
use of materials like the past theatres use lime-stone
of the seating and stairs which forms a high efficient
acoustic filter and minimizes background noise and
amplifies the actors and musicians. And the present
auditorium (theatres) use sound isolation materials
on door, windows, walls, ceilings and floors.
Although the present of and past acoustical
solutions for auditoriums where somehow
intergraded base on the methods, technics and
materials, and they both have excellent acoustics, if
line-stone would be used in modern way as material,
it will improve the acoustics quality of the present
auditoriums which will reduce the problem of
loudspeaker system (in adequate loud speaker
coverage). By the introduction of it, there will be
many positive effects on the acoustics quality of the
present auditoriums acoustics.
Acoustics are very important in spaces most
especially in auditoriums (theaters). Some of this
major benefits includes: making the client happy, it
improves the frequency response in the space,
improves sound field integration in the space,
improves time response in the space, improves
intelligibility in the space, it also keeps good sound
in and bad sound out which also increases comfort
factor and gives you a competitive edge.
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XV. CONCLUSION
Architectural acoustics has been depicted as
something of a dark art or maybe more beneficently,
an arcane science. While not absolutely an art,
getting it done it brings about structures that are
wonderful and additionally utilitarian. To deliver
workmanship, be that as it may, the specialist should
first ace the investigation of the specialty before
valuable innovativeness is conceivable. just as porter
must learn dirt or painter his oils.
The rather hit-and-miss days of concert hall
design preceding the early 1980s are presently a relic
of past times for competent consultants. The critical
characteristics for good acoustics from the past to
present are currently much better comprehended, the
ability to test design before construction now exist
and the status of the acoustician in respect to the
architect is greatly upgraded. Hence, there is
presently much more noteworthy trust in auditorium
acoustic design, with a sensible desire of good
acoustics in auditoriums. In recent years, the cost of
achievement has been more preservationist plan with
more noteworthy dependence on points of reference.
nevertheless, the research goes on more stays to be
found in the pursuit for how "superb" acoustics
solution where accomplish.
The acoustic nature of these ancient
theaters (Epidaurus) stuns guests and specialists
alike. As of late, the across the board utilization of
acoustic reproduction programming and of complex
PC models has permitted a superior comprehension
of the extraordinary open amphitheater acoustics,
notwithstanding when the theaters are known
exclusively from archeological records. As an
experiment, the classical/Hellenistic theater of
Epidaurus in southern Greece is frequently examined
which is renowned for its close flawless speech
intelligibility.
The sound of a concert hall characterizes
what will isolate a notorious one to a customary one
yet it appears that the Walt Disney Concert Hall
acoustics was perfected through the hands of
Yasuhisa Toyota who made the one of a kind design
mix in well with the acoustic solutions, A 1:10 scale
model was built keeping in mind the end goal to test
and study the acoustics of the auditorium.
According to this research, its evadable that
auditorium acoustics of both the past and present
have excellent acoustics solutions. But still the
present auditoriums have the problem of poor
quality sound cause by loudspeaker problems. The
solution is to use flat panel technology and lime-
stone material instead of using concrete floors and
walls that are horrible for sound quality it will also
substantially reduce the reverberation noise.
REFERENCES
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[1]. Toyota, Yasuhisa. "Acoustical Design Of
The Walt Disney Concert Hall In Los
Angeles". The Journal of the Acoustical
Society of America 105.2 (1999): 987.
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[10]. Long, Marshall. Architectural Acoustics.
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[12]. "AD Classics: Walt Disney Concert Hall /
Frank Gehry". ArchDaily. N.p., 2016. Web.
13 Dec. 2016.
[13]. "» The Origins Of Building Acoustics For
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[14]. "Auditorium Acoustics". Slideshare.net.
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