Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
PSYCHOLOGY-Thinking and Problem SolvingBlixs Phire
Thinking
-is type of behavior that uses as “inner representations” of objects and events.-the symbolic reference deals with remembered,absent or imagined things and events,including those and elaborates on what is present in perception and movement
Thinking Process Involves:
Problem Solving
Problem Solving*whenever goal-oriented activity is blocked,or whenever a need remained unfulfilled,or perplexity unresolved,there is a problem.
* Solving a problems usually involves discovering a correct response to a new situation*It involves the appropriate combination of concepts ,ideas and skills.
Human psychology an intriguing subject in which a very important aspect is how we recognize and tend to form impressions about our environment and other individuals in the social world is brilliantly explained in this chapter summarized in a visual format.
PSYCHOLOGY-Thinking and Problem SolvingBlixs Phire
Thinking
-is type of behavior that uses as “inner representations” of objects and events.-the symbolic reference deals with remembered,absent or imagined things and events,including those and elaborates on what is present in perception and movement
Thinking Process Involves:
Problem Solving
Problem Solving*whenever goal-oriented activity is blocked,or whenever a need remained unfulfilled,or perplexity unresolved,there is a problem.
* Solving a problems usually involves discovering a correct response to a new situation*It involves the appropriate combination of concepts ,ideas and skills.
Attention - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 8.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
Perception: The process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain.
Factors of Perception.
Kinds of Perception
Laws of Perceptual Organisation
Types of Perceptual Constancy
Illusion:Something that looks or seems different from what it is something that is false or not real but that seems to be true or real.
All above information is included in presentation/
Good Luck
Attention - Fundamentals of Psychology 2 - Lecture 8.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the individual Simon Bignell and not University of Derby.
Perception: The process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain.
Factors of Perception.
Kinds of Perception
Laws of Perceptual Organisation
Types of Perceptual Constancy
Illusion:Something that looks or seems different from what it is something that is false or not real but that seems to be true or real.
All above information is included in presentation/
Good Luck
Perception: definition, nature, importance, gestalt laws of grouping, bottoms up top down processing, perceptual process and perceptual constancy.
#psychology #perception #perceptualgrouping #perceptualconstancy
Cognitive psychology is a relatively young branch of psychology, yet it has quickly grown to become one of the most popular subfields. Few Practical Application of Cognitive Psychology(Science),Thinking, decision-making/increasing decision making accuracy, problem-solving, learning /structuring educational curricula to enhance learning , attention,Memory/Improving memory, forgetting, and
language acquisition.
But what exactly is cognitive psychology?
What do cognitive psychologists do?
Join us as HBO hosts the IA/UX Meetup with Brian Cugelman, PhD. He will discuss how to design technologies that are more satisfying and persuasive, through applying simple strategies based on psychology and neuroscience.
You’ll enjoy a quick overview of Brian’s latest research on the neurochemistry of user cognition, emotion and behavior, with a focus on practical applications for websites, apps and digital campaigns.
Brian will discuss the intersection between emotion and technology, and show you how to translate a few simple concepts from psychology and neuroscience into interactive design strategies and practices.
Seattle Information Architecture & User Experience Meetup:
https://www.meetup.com/SeattleUX/events/235001579/
Presentation on the epistemological crisis in psychology. A brief history of the issue is presented, followed by an investigation into the nature of scientific endeavors, and finally a solution based on the work of the philosopher Bernard Lonergan is offered.
Ecology and Altruism - Part 6 of Piero Scaruffi's class "Thinking about Thoug...piero scaruffi
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Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
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Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
2. PERCEPTION
According to S. P. Robbins,
Perception can be defined as “the process by which individuals organize and interpret their
sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environments.”
4. Gestalt Approach to Perception
Max Withheimer, Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Kohler (Early in 20th Century)
“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
15. Direct Perception
Constructivist Vs Direct Perception
People are active selectors,
integrators and constructors of
information
Light hitting the retina contains
highly organized information
that requires little or no
interpretation
Gibson - People < -- > environment
Affordance → “acts or behaviours permitted by b, places or events.
16. Disruptions in Perception
Visual Agnosias- Impairment in abilities to interpret visual info.
● Apperceptive agnosia (associated with one hemisphere)
● Associative agnosia (bilateral damage)
● Prosopagnosia - (right hemisphere + some left hemisphere)
Unilateral Neglect
17. ATTENTION
Morgan & Gilliland (1942): Attention is being keenly alive to some specific factor in our
environment.
Ross (1951): Attention is the process of getting an object or thought clearly before the
mind.
In more general terms, attention can be defined as an ability to focus and maintain
interest in a given task or idea, including managing distractions.
18. Selective Attention
“Attention is focusing of consciousness on a particular object. It implies withdrawal from
some things in order to deal effectively with others. It is the taking possession of one,
out of several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought by the mind, in clear
and vivid form.”
- William James
19. “Dichotic listening task”
Two different messages recorded so as to be heard simultaneously in opposite ears.
“Shadow”
Repeat the messages heard in one ear.
“Biaural presentation”
Tapes recorded so that both messages are heard in both ears
20. Cherry (1953)
Dichotic listening → Shadow → questioned on material from unattented message.
Reported:
● Whether the message contained speech or noise.
● Man or woman
● Could not recall the content of the message or language,
21. Broadbent (1958) - Filter Theory
Protects from “information overload” by
shutting out messages.
Exception:
Two messages contain little information /
presented slowly can be processed
simultaneously.
22. Moray (1959)
“Cocktail Party Effect”
Perspective: “important” material xn penetrate through the filter set up to block unattended messages
But, How does the filter know which message is important?
Pashler (1998) → Participants do not always hear their names. Only 33% of the participants noticed.
23. Treisman (1960) - Attenuation Theory
Experiment: Messages switched between ears.
Most participants had no idea.
Analysis:
1. Physical properties - pitch and loudness
2. Linguistic - syllables and words
3. Semantic - meaning
24. Wood and Cowan (1995)
Speech in unattented channel reversed (backwards) for 30 secs
Errors increased in percentage during 30 sec backward speech. (when they reported to have
noticed the reversal)
Conway , Cowan & Bunting (2001) → Lower working memory span
Normal message after the
backward speech
2.5 minutes
1.5 minutes
Control group
27. Spotlight Approaches
Spotlight Metaphor
● Attention directed and redirected
● Illuminates center
● Fuzzy boundaries
● Highlight more than one objects → size
Daniel Kahneman (1973) - categorizing and recognizing stimuli
Investor money metaphor → Cognitive resources, arousal and task difficulty
“Allocation policies”
Norman & Bobrow (1975) - mental effort + data
Detect a dim light in bright room / soft sound in noisy room
28. Schema Theory
Ulrich Neisser (1976)
The unattended message is simply left out or ignored
Experiment: Selective looking task
29. Inattentional Blindness
Phenomenon of not perceiving a stimulus or
change in stimulus unless you pay attention
to it.
Neisser and Becklen (1975)
Black team Vs White team (easy / hard)
46% failed to notice either umbrella /gorilla
Simon & Levin (1998) study
33. Automatic Vs Controlled Processing
Posner & Snyder (1975)
Three criteria to name a cognitive processing as automatic
● Must occur without intention
● Must occur without involving conscious awareness
● Must not interfere other mental activities.
Example: Driving home
39. Divided Attention
Attention to two or more channels of information at the same time, so that two or more
tasks may be performed concurrently. It may involve the use of just one sense (e.g., hearing)
or two or more senses (e.g., hearing and vision).
40. Dual task performance:
Spelke, Hirst & Neisser (1976)
17 weeks, 5 days a week - Reading short stories and write words dictated while reading
In 6 weeks - the scores became comparable (comprehension with/without dictation)
Explanations:
1. Alternation hypothesis (Alternate attention b/w the tasks)
2. Automaticity
3. Learn to perform two tasks together.
41. Attention Hypothesis of Automatization:
Logan & Etherton (1996)
“Attention is needed during the practice phase of a task and determines what gets learned
during the practice. Attention also determines what will be remembered”
“Learning is a side effect of attending: People will learn about things they attend to and they
will not learn about things they do not attend to”
Experiment:
2 words, spot the word that means metal
2 words, spot the green word that means metal
42. Divided Attention outside the laboratory: Cell Phones Usage
While Driving
Dual task performance in real life
Strayer and Johnston (2001)
Joystick to move cursor positioned over a moving target, press buttons according to red & green
Treatment conditions: Listening to radio & Talking over phone
Why not such distractions happen with passenger in the car?
What’s with texting while driving?
43. Summary of Divided Attention:
→ There are serious limitations on the number of things we can successfully do at once.
→ It may seem like we are doing the task simultaneously but in many cases we rapidly
switch our attentions back and forth b/w the two tasks.
→ When the tasks become more demanding it gets harder to do them simultaneously.
44. Consciousness
Consciousness is the awareness of environmental and cognitive events such as the sights
and sounds of the world as well as of one’s memories, thoughts, feelings, and bodily
sensations.
Framework for Consciousness: AWAREness (Solso, 2003; MacLin, MacLin, & Solso,
2007)
Functions of Consciousness
45. Framework for Consciousness: AWAREness
(Solso, 2003; MacLin, MacLin, & Solso, 2007)
Attention: the focusing of cognizance on external or internal things (Spotlight)
Our attention to objects is not arbitrary, but is driven by a “searching eye” looking for details
that, combined and integrated into our larger world knowledge, form the basis of a more
comprehensive consciousness.
Wakefulness: the continuum from sleep to alertness. (Arousal component)
Architecture: the physical location of the physiological structures (and their related
processes) that underpin consciousness.
46. Recall of Knowledge: the accessing of personal and world information.
● Self-knowledge is a sense of one’s own personal information.
● World knowledge, allows us to recall the many facts of our long-term memory.
● Activation of knowledge - one is conscious of another’s actions
Emotive: the affective components associated with consciousness
Novelty: the propensity not only to focus on central thoughts and events, but to seek out novel,
creative, and innovative items.
Emergence: consciousness is distinctive from other neural processes in the respect that it deals with
private and internal thoughts.
Selectivity and Subjectivity
47. Functions of Consciousness
(Pierson & Trout, 2005) argue that the only reason to have consciousness is to make
volitional movement possible. Volitional movements are those that are made by choice, not
by instinct or reflex.
Damasio (1999) has a similar view in that consciousness serves to allow us to plan our
behaviors instead of relying purely on instincts. By doing so (and coupled with self
awareness) gives us greater survivability in the environment.
Baars and McGovern (1996) suggest several functions of consciousness