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Attention
- 2. Attention Prepared by Mr. GulamAhmad Raja M.Sc. Nursing 1st year
- 3. INTRODUCTION Attention is afocus of consciousness on a particular object or idea at a particular time, to the exclusion of other object or ideas.
- 4. DEFINITION Attention is definedas the ability to focus on a person (e.g. mom, brother etc.), object (toy, elephant etc.) or activity (feeding, time, playing etc.) for a certain period of time.
- 5. DEFINITION Attention is theconcentration of consciousness upon one object rather than upon another.(Dumyille-1938)
- 6. CHARACTERISTICS OF ATTENTION Itis a selective mental activity. It constantly shifts from one object to another. Attention in focusing of consciousness on a particular object. Attention is a state of preparedness or alertness.
- 7. TYPES OF ATTENTION Thereare three types of attention: 1. Voluntary attention 2. Involuntary attention 3. Habitual attention
- 8. 1. Voluntary attention:- Sometimesan individual will divert his attention towards a particular activity or situation deliberately. It is not diverted spontaneously but after some struggle.
- 9. Cont.. For example-while sittingin a class the student divert there attention towards lecture even it is not interesting because they have to pass the examination.
- 10. 2. Involuntary attention:- Whenthe attention of a person is drawn over a stimulus then such attention is called involuntary attention.
- 11. Cont.. For example-through thestudent is listening to a lecture with all the interest some loud speaker outsides the class room may drawn his attention towards it.
- 12. 3. Habitual attention:- Insome situation reaction to a stimulus or attention to a stimulus becomes habit. So the individual will automatically direct his attention towards that the stimulus.
- 13. Cont.. For example-if aperson is in the habit of reading newspaper at morning tea then his attention is drawn towards the newspaper during morning tea is a habitual attention.
- 14. DETERMINANTS OF ATTENTION Thereare many factors that influence the direction and selection of our attention. 1. Objective or external determinants 2. Subjective or internal determinants
- 15. 1. Objective orexternal determinants: • Intensity-The more intense the stimulus, the more likely it is to be attended. Example-bright gorgeous shades are catchy. • Size-Big things always draw one’s attention than smaller ones.
- 16. Cont.. • Duration-Object exposedfor a longer period of attention have more focus than those shown for shorter period. • Novelty-Anything novel or new is instantly noticed. Example-new dress.
- 17. Cont.. • Repetition-A weakstimulus frequently repeated becomes centre of consciousness and we attend it. • Change-Change may be in size, color, taste, intensity is necessary to draw one’s attention. •
- 18. Cont.. • Systemic form-Adefinite systemic pattern or rhythmic flow of stimulus attract our attention. • Movement-Moving object attract our attention more than stationary object. • Color-A colored dress, a colored light has special attention.
- 19. Cont.. • Location-The locationof a stimulus (e.g. visual stimulus in front of eye) determines the direction of attention. • Contrast-Any that is striking different from its surrounding will tent to attract our attention. Example-a Drowf in a group of all tall person.
- 20. 2. Subjective orinternal determinants • Organic needs and motives-Biological needs operating at a moment play a potent role. Example-thirsty person will prefer drinking water. • Habit-A particular habit determines day to day attention. Example-a smoker to cigarettes.
- 21. Cont.. • Interest- Individualdifferences in attention to a stimulus occurs because of person’s interest. Example-a psychiatric nurse attention may be drawn to the attitude and behavior of students.
- 22. Cont.. • Attitude andmood- A worried depressed person will attend to very small annoyances, a palatable attitude towards flowers will make one to its every detail.
- 23. Duration and degreeof attention • Span of attention-The maximum amount of material that can be attended in one period of attention is called span of attention. This can be visual or auditory attention
- 24. Cont.. • Duration ofattention-It refers to how long one can attend to an object without a break. If we attend to a single, simple object for instance, a dot, it will remain in the focus of our consciousness for only a second at the Most, then something in the margin will crowd it out or memory of a past even will intrude.
- 25. Cont.. • Shifting attention-Itis constantly shifting from one object to another, from one aspect of the situation to another. We can perform only one voluntary act at a time and not two or more acts at a time. However, we can quickly shift attention from one voluntary act to another.
- 26. Cont.. • Division ofattention-Division of attention means to attend to two or more task simultaneously. Psychologist say we can’t attend to two things at a given time, and there is no possibility of division of attention.
- 27. Alteration of attention Therecan be many reasons why there could be altered states of attention:- 1. The hypnotic state-During this condition the attention is redistributed. Whole attention is always selective than usual.
- 28. Cont.. If the personwho is hypnotized is told to listen to the hypnotist’s voice only, the person will not pay attention to any other voice in the room. 2. Emotional state-Especially moods, can also affect the ways in which attention is directed.
- 29. Cont.. 3. Alcohol, medicineand abusive drugs are seen to produce altered state of attention. 4. Lack of enough sleep, hunger and stress can also interfere with attention process to produce altered states.
- 30. SUMMARY Attention is afocus of consciousness on a particular object or idea at a particular time, to the exclusion of other object or ideas. Certain factors produce and control the condition of attention in a person.
- 31.