1. The document traces the history of ideas about the atom from Democritus' idea of indivisible atoms in 460 BC to Bohr's model of electrons orbiting the nucleus in 1913.
2. In the early 1900s, Rutherford discovered that atoms have a small, dense nucleus through experiments showing some alpha particles rebounding from gold foil.
3. Bohr refined Rutherford's nuclear model by proposing that electrons orbit the nucleus in set energy levels, like planets orbiting the sun. This helped explain atomic structure and properties.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
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Powerpoint Presentation on Atomic Structure by Computer Careers.What is an Atom?ATOMIC STRUCTURE,There are two ways to represent the atomic structure of n element or compound,DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS and many more ....
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. HISTORY OF THE ATOMHISTORY OF THE ATOM
460 BC Democritus develops the idea of atoms
he pounded up materials in his pestle and
mortar until he had reduced them to smaller
and smaller particles which he called
ATOMAATOMA
(greek for indivisible)
3. HISTORY OF THE ATOMHISTORY OF THE ATOM
1808 John Dalton
suggested that all matter was made up of
tiny spheres that were able to bounce around
with perfect elasticity and called them
ATOMSATOMS
4. HISTORY OF THE ATOMHISTORY OF THE ATOM
1898 Joseph John Thompson
found that atoms could sometimes eject a
far smaller negative particle which he called
an
ELECTRONELECTRON
5. HISTORY OF THE ATOMHISTORY OF THE ATOM
Thompson develops the idea that an atom was made up of
electrons scattered unevenly within an elastic sphere surrounded
by a soup of positive charge to balance the electron's charge
1904
like plums surrounded by pudding.
PLUM PUDDING
MODEL
6. HISTORY OF THE ATOMHISTORY OF THE ATOM
1910 Ernest Rutherford
oversaw Geiger and Marsden carrying out his
famous experiment.
they fired Helium nuclei at a piece of gold foil
which was only a few atoms thick.
they found that although most of them
passed through. About 1 in 10,000 hit
7. HISTORY OF THE ATOMHISTORY OF THE ATOM
gold foil
helium nuclei
They found that while most of the helium nuclei passed
through the foil, a small number were deflected and, to their
surprise, some helium nuclei bounced straight back.
helium nuclei
8. HISTORY OF THE ATOMHISTORY OF THE ATOM
Rutherford’s new evidence allowed him to propose a more
detailed model with a central nucleus.
He suggested that the positive charge was all in a central
nucleus. With this holding the electrons in place by electrical
attraction
However, this was not the end of the story.
9. HISTORY OF THE ATOMHISTORY OF THE ATOM
1913 Niels Bohr
studied under Rutherford at the Victoria
University in Manchester.
Bohr refined Rutherford's idea by adding
that the electrons were in orbits. Rather
like planets orbiting the sun. With each
orbit only able to contain a set number of
electrons.
13. ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE
the number of protons in an atom
the number of protons and
neutrons in an atom
HeHe
22
44 Atomic mass
Atomic number
number of electrons = number of protons
14. ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE
Electrons are arranged in Energy Levels or
Shells around the nucleus of an atom.
• first shell a maximum of 2 electrons
• second shell a maximum of 8 electrons
• third shell a maximum of 8 electrons
15. ATOMIC STRUCTUREATOMIC STRUCTURE
There are two ways to represent the atomic
structure of an element or compound;
1. Electronic Configuration
2. Dot & Cross Diagrams
16. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
With electronic configuration elements are represented
numerically by the number of electrons in their shells
and number of shells. For example;
N
Nitrogen
7
14
2 in 1st
shell
5 in 2nd
shell
configuration = 2 , 5
2 + 5 = 7
18. DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMSDOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS
With Dot & Cross diagrams elements and compounds
are represented by Dots or Crosses to show electrons,
and circles to show the shells. For example;
Nitrogen N XX X
X
XX
X
N
7
14
19. DOT & CROSS DIAGRAMSDOT & CROSS DIAGRAMS
Draw the Dot & Cross diagrams for the following
elements;
O Cl
8 17
16 35
a) b)
O
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Cl
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
20. SUMMARYSUMMARY
1. The Atomic Number of an atom = number of
protons in the nucleus.
2. The Atomic Mass of an atom = number of
Protons + Neutrons in the nucleus.
3. The number of Protons = Number of Electrons.
4. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
5. Each shell can only carry a set number of electrons.
21. This powerpoint was kindly donated to
www.worldofteaching.com
http://www.worldofteaching.com is home to over a
thousand powerpoints submitted by teachers. This is a
completely free site and requires no registration. Please
visit and I hope it will help in your teaching.