This document discusses embedded SQL, functions, procedures, and triggers. Embedded SQL allows SQL statements to be embedded within host languages like C/C++ and Java. Functions and procedures can be written in SQL or an external language and used to perform calculations on data. Triggers are stored programs that automatically execute in response to data changes or other events. The document provides examples of how to create and use these database objects to query and manipulate data.
The document discusses SQL DML commands like INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. It provides the syntax for these commands and examples of how to use them to manipulate data in database tables. Domain types in SQL like CHAR, VARCHAR, INT and DATE are also outlined. The document contains examples of creating tables, inserting data, updating and deleting rows with the DML commands in Oracle SQL.
a) More SQL: Aggregates - Write queries in SQL using aggregates, grouping and ordering.
b) Nested sub queries and SQL updates: Write queries in SQL using concept of nested sub
queries and SQL update commands.
The document discusses various SQL integrity constraints and authorization commands. It describes primary key, foreign key, not null, check, unique, and default constraints that can be applied during table creation. It also covers the GRANT and REVOKE commands used to manage user permissions to tables. Examples are provided for each constraint and command to illustrate their proper syntax.
This document provides an overview of basic SQL concepts including:
- The main clauses of an SQL query: SELECT, FROM, WHERE
- Common SQL operations like selection, projection, joins, aggregation, renaming, pattern matching and string operations
- How to order and group query results
- Set operations in SQL like UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT
- Examples of SQL queries on bank database schemas and relations
The document discusses various SQL statements and functions used for managing databases and querying data. It provides the syntax for SQL statements like CREATE TABLE, INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE and functions like COUNT, AVG, MIN, MAX, SUM to operate on data in database tables. It also covers statements for altering tables, joining tables, filtering rows with WHERE and HAVING clauses, removing duplicates with DISTINCT, and ordering results.
MySQL is a popular and freely available open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). It stores data in tables and relationships between data are also stored in tables. MySQL uses SQL and works on many operating systems. It has commands for data definition (CREATE, ALTER, DROP), data manipulation (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), transaction control (COMMIT, ROLLBACK), and data access control (GRANT, REVOKE). Joins allow retrieving data from multiple tables by linking rows together. Common join types are inner joins, outer joins, and self joins.
This document discusses embedded SQL, functions, procedures, and triggers. Embedded SQL allows SQL statements to be embedded within host languages like C/C++ and Java. Functions and procedures can be written in SQL or an external language and used to perform calculations on data. Triggers are stored programs that automatically execute in response to data changes or other events. The document provides examples of how to create and use these database objects to query and manipulate data.
The document discusses SQL DML commands like INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. It provides the syntax for these commands and examples of how to use them to manipulate data in database tables. Domain types in SQL like CHAR, VARCHAR, INT and DATE are also outlined. The document contains examples of creating tables, inserting data, updating and deleting rows with the DML commands in Oracle SQL.
a) More SQL: Aggregates - Write queries in SQL using aggregates, grouping and ordering.
b) Nested sub queries and SQL updates: Write queries in SQL using concept of nested sub
queries and SQL update commands.
The document discusses various SQL integrity constraints and authorization commands. It describes primary key, foreign key, not null, check, unique, and default constraints that can be applied during table creation. It also covers the GRANT and REVOKE commands used to manage user permissions to tables. Examples are provided for each constraint and command to illustrate their proper syntax.
This document provides an overview of basic SQL concepts including:
- The main clauses of an SQL query: SELECT, FROM, WHERE
- Common SQL operations like selection, projection, joins, aggregation, renaming, pattern matching and string operations
- How to order and group query results
- Set operations in SQL like UNION, INTERSECT, EXCEPT
- Examples of SQL queries on bank database schemas and relations
The document discusses various SQL statements and functions used for managing databases and querying data. It provides the syntax for SQL statements like CREATE TABLE, INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE and functions like COUNT, AVG, MIN, MAX, SUM to operate on data in database tables. It also covers statements for altering tables, joining tables, filtering rows with WHERE and HAVING clauses, removing duplicates with DISTINCT, and ordering results.
MySQL is a popular and freely available open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). It stores data in tables and relationships between data are also stored in tables. MySQL uses SQL and works on many operating systems. It has commands for data definition (CREATE, ALTER, DROP), data manipulation (SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), transaction control (COMMIT, ROLLBACK), and data access control (GRANT, REVOKE). Joins allow retrieving data from multiple tables by linking rows together. Common join types are inner joins, outer joins, and self joins.
This document defines SQL data definition statements and basic SQL query structure. It discusses DDL statements like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP that are used to define and manage database structures. It also explains the typical components of an SQL query including the SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses. Finally, it outlines several set operations in SQL like UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and MINUS.
in this presentation the commands let you help to understand the basic of the database system software. how to retrieve data, how to feed data and manipulate it very efficiently by using this commands.
1. The document describes experiments related to SQL DDL, DML commands and SELECT statements.
2. It discusses commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE and provides syntax and examples for each.
3. Queries are provided at the end of each experiment to create tables, insert data, modify structure, retrieve and manipulate data using the studied commands.
The document discusses maintaining data integrity in a relational database through the use of constraints. It describes several types of constraints including NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, and ASSERTION constraints. These constraints ensure accuracy and consistency of data by restricting what values can be inserted into columns and defining relationships between tables. The document also discusses database security, authorization, and triggers.
The document discusses SQL database concepts including:
- The SQL data definition language allows specification of schemas, integrity constraints, and other metadata.
- Relations are defined using CREATE TABLE statements which specify attributes and their data types.
- Basic queries use SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses to retrieve and filter tuples from one or more relations.
- Integrity constraints like PRIMARY KEY and NOT NULL can be defined to enforce data validity.
- SQL supports operations like JOIN, aggregation, sorting, and more.
This document provides an introduction to SQL and the Oracle database system. It includes sections on SQL queries, data definition and modification, views, stored procedures and functions using PL/SQL, embedded SQL, integrity constraints, triggers, and database architecture. The document also references additional recommended literature for further learning about Oracle and SQL. It aims to provide a detailed overview of the core concepts for working with Oracle databases using SQL.
SQL - Structured query language introductionSmriti Jain
SQL is a language used to define, manipulate, and control relational databases. It has four main components: DDL for defining schemas; DML for manipulating data within schemas; DCL for controlling access privileges; and DQL for querying data. Some key SQL concepts covered include data definition using CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements; data manipulation using SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE; and joining data across tables using conditions. Advanced topics include views, aggregation, subqueries, and modifying databases.
The document discusses various SQL concepts like database and tables, RDBMS terminology, SQL commands categories, data types, creating and manipulating tables. It explains concepts like primary key, foreign key, aggregate functions like MAX(), MIN(), AVG(), SUM(). Examples are provided for queries using SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, UPDATE and DELETE statements. Logical and relational operators used for filtering data in WHERE clause are also explained.
This document discusses various SQL functions and concepts including:
1. Single row and multiple row/aggregate functions where single row functions return one result per row and aggregate functions return one result for a group of rows. Common aggregate functions discussed are AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and SUM.
2. The GROUP BY clause which combines records with the same field values and the HAVING clause which specifies conditions for grouped data.
3. Joins which combine data from multiple tables. Types discussed are Cartesian products and equi-joins.
4. SQL constraints including NOT NULL, DEFAULT, UNIQUE, and PRIMARY KEY constraints.
This document provides an overview of SQL and relational database concepts. It discusses how SQL is used to interact with relational database management systems like MySQL, including inserting and querying data. The summary also provides a brief history of SQL and explains some basic SQL syntax. Examples are given to demonstrate creating tables and relating data between tables to represent real-world entities and their relationships.
The document provides information about Structured Query Language (SQL) including its basic concepts, data types, CREATE TABLE and INSERT commands, constraints, operators and data modifications. It defines key SQL concepts such as relations, attributes, tuples, primary keys, foreign keys and discusses SQL's capabilities for data definition, manipulation, queries and transaction control. Examples are given for creating a table and inserting records into the table.
This document provides information about SQL and database management systems. It discusses:
- SQL is a standard language for querying, manipulating, and defining data in databases. It was developed by IBM in the 1970s.
- SQL can be used to perform functions like retrieving data from a database, inserting new records, updating existing records, and deleting records.
- The main components of SQL are DDL, DML, DCL, and DQL which allow creating, modifying and deleting database structures, manipulating data, controlling access to data, and querying data respectively.
- Common SQL statements are discussed including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, CREATE TABLE, and DROP TABLE. Data types and
This document provides an introduction to SQL (Structured Query Language). It defines SQL as a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. The key points covered include:
- SQL lets you perform queries against a database to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data. It can also be used to create and modify database structures.
- Common SQL commands covered are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE.
- Additional SQL concepts explained are data types, WHERE clauses, ORDER BY clauses, GROUP BY clauses, and JOIN operations.
- RDBMS systems like MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, etc. use SQL to communicate with the databases they manage.
Structured Query Language
SQL Commands:
• The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and DROP
The document discusses various SQL commands used for data manipulation:
1. The INSERT command is used to add rows to a table by specifying column values.
2. The SELECT command is used to retrieve data from one or more tables.
3. The UPDATE command modifies existing records in a table by changing column values.
4. The DELETE command removes rows from a table.
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language used to manage data in relational database systems. SQL is used to perform tasks like querying data, inserting, updating, and deleting data. The core SQL statements are SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT. The SELECT statement is used to query data from one or more tables, the WHERE clause adds conditions to a SELECT, and DISTINCT returns only unique results.
This document discusses how to create, manage, and modify database tables in Oracle. The key points covered include how to create tables with column definitions and datatypes, alter tables by adding, modifying or dropping columns, rename and truncate tables, and add comments to tables. Operations like create, alter, drop, and truncate allow managing the structure of tables, while comments provide descriptive information.
The document provides an introduction to SQL and database concepts. It defines key terms like data, information, fields, records, databases, tuples, attributes, primary keys, and foreign keys. It also describes SQL commands for creating tables, inserting data, querying data using conditions, sorting results, and using aggregate functions. Common data types and constraints in SQL are explained. Functions for mathematical operations, string manipulation and date/time are also listed.
This document provides an overview of structured query language (SQL) and basic database concepts. It defines common database terms like data, information, fields, records, tuples, attributes, and keys. It also describes SQL's data definition language for creating tables, data manipulation language for inserting, updating and deleting data, and transaction control language. The document outlines various SQL data types, constraints, operators and functions. It provides examples of SQL commands for creating tables, inserting data, querying with select statements, and ordering and grouping query results.
The document describes Data Definition Language (DDL) commands in SQL. It explains that DDL allows the specification of relations, schemas, domains, integrity constraints, indices, security, and storage structures. The core DDL commands are CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. CREATE is used to define new tables with columns, data types, primary keys, foreign keys and other constraints. ALTER modifies existing tables by adding, dropping, renaming columns or modifying column properties. DROP removes tables from the database. Examples are provided for each command demonstrating how to define, modify and remove tables for a university database schema.
This document defines SQL data definition statements and basic SQL query structure. It discusses DDL statements like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP that are used to define and manage database structures. It also explains the typical components of an SQL query including the SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses. Finally, it outlines several set operations in SQL like UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and MINUS.
in this presentation the commands let you help to understand the basic of the database system software. how to retrieve data, how to feed data and manipulate it very efficiently by using this commands.
1. The document describes experiments related to SQL DDL, DML commands and SELECT statements.
2. It discusses commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE and provides syntax and examples for each.
3. Queries are provided at the end of each experiment to create tables, insert data, modify structure, retrieve and manipulate data using the studied commands.
The document discusses maintaining data integrity in a relational database through the use of constraints. It describes several types of constraints including NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, FOREIGN KEY, CHECK, and ASSERTION constraints. These constraints ensure accuracy and consistency of data by restricting what values can be inserted into columns and defining relationships between tables. The document also discusses database security, authorization, and triggers.
The document discusses SQL database concepts including:
- The SQL data definition language allows specification of schemas, integrity constraints, and other metadata.
- Relations are defined using CREATE TABLE statements which specify attributes and their data types.
- Basic queries use SELECT, FROM, and WHERE clauses to retrieve and filter tuples from one or more relations.
- Integrity constraints like PRIMARY KEY and NOT NULL can be defined to enforce data validity.
- SQL supports operations like JOIN, aggregation, sorting, and more.
This document provides an introduction to SQL and the Oracle database system. It includes sections on SQL queries, data definition and modification, views, stored procedures and functions using PL/SQL, embedded SQL, integrity constraints, triggers, and database architecture. The document also references additional recommended literature for further learning about Oracle and SQL. It aims to provide a detailed overview of the core concepts for working with Oracle databases using SQL.
SQL - Structured query language introductionSmriti Jain
SQL is a language used to define, manipulate, and control relational databases. It has four main components: DDL for defining schemas; DML for manipulating data within schemas; DCL for controlling access privileges; and DQL for querying data. Some key SQL concepts covered include data definition using CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements; data manipulation using SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE; and joining data across tables using conditions. Advanced topics include views, aggregation, subqueries, and modifying databases.
The document discusses various SQL concepts like database and tables, RDBMS terminology, SQL commands categories, data types, creating and manipulating tables. It explains concepts like primary key, foreign key, aggregate functions like MAX(), MIN(), AVG(), SUM(). Examples are provided for queries using SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, UPDATE and DELETE statements. Logical and relational operators used for filtering data in WHERE clause are also explained.
This document discusses various SQL functions and concepts including:
1. Single row and multiple row/aggregate functions where single row functions return one result per row and aggregate functions return one result for a group of rows. Common aggregate functions discussed are AVG, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and SUM.
2. The GROUP BY clause which combines records with the same field values and the HAVING clause which specifies conditions for grouped data.
3. Joins which combine data from multiple tables. Types discussed are Cartesian products and equi-joins.
4. SQL constraints including NOT NULL, DEFAULT, UNIQUE, and PRIMARY KEY constraints.
This document provides an overview of SQL and relational database concepts. It discusses how SQL is used to interact with relational database management systems like MySQL, including inserting and querying data. The summary also provides a brief history of SQL and explains some basic SQL syntax. Examples are given to demonstrate creating tables and relating data between tables to represent real-world entities and their relationships.
The document provides information about Structured Query Language (SQL) including its basic concepts, data types, CREATE TABLE and INSERT commands, constraints, operators and data modifications. It defines key SQL concepts such as relations, attributes, tuples, primary keys, foreign keys and discusses SQL's capabilities for data definition, manipulation, queries and transaction control. Examples are given for creating a table and inserting records into the table.
This document provides information about SQL and database management systems. It discusses:
- SQL is a standard language for querying, manipulating, and defining data in databases. It was developed by IBM in the 1970s.
- SQL can be used to perform functions like retrieving data from a database, inserting new records, updating existing records, and deleting records.
- The main components of SQL are DDL, DML, DCL, and DQL which allow creating, modifying and deleting database structures, manipulating data, controlling access to data, and querying data respectively.
- Common SQL statements are discussed including SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, CREATE TABLE, and DROP TABLE. Data types and
This document provides an introduction to SQL (Structured Query Language). It defines SQL as a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. The key points covered include:
- SQL lets you perform queries against a database to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data. It can also be used to create and modify database structures.
- Common SQL commands covered are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE.
- Additional SQL concepts explained are data types, WHERE clauses, ORDER BY clauses, GROUP BY clauses, and JOIN operations.
- RDBMS systems like MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, etc. use SQL to communicate with the databases they manage.
Structured Query Language
SQL Commands:
• The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and DROP
The document discusses various SQL commands used for data manipulation:
1. The INSERT command is used to add rows to a table by specifying column values.
2. The SELECT command is used to retrieve data from one or more tables.
3. The UPDATE command modifies existing records in a table by changing column values.
4. The DELETE command removes rows from a table.
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard programming language used to manage data in relational database systems. SQL is used to perform tasks like querying data, inserting, updating, and deleting data. The core SQL statements are SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT. The SELECT statement is used to query data from one or more tables, the WHERE clause adds conditions to a SELECT, and DISTINCT returns only unique results.
This document discusses how to create, manage, and modify database tables in Oracle. The key points covered include how to create tables with column definitions and datatypes, alter tables by adding, modifying or dropping columns, rename and truncate tables, and add comments to tables. Operations like create, alter, drop, and truncate allow managing the structure of tables, while comments provide descriptive information.
The document provides an introduction to SQL and database concepts. It defines key terms like data, information, fields, records, databases, tuples, attributes, primary keys, and foreign keys. It also describes SQL commands for creating tables, inserting data, querying data using conditions, sorting results, and using aggregate functions. Common data types and constraints in SQL are explained. Functions for mathematical operations, string manipulation and date/time are also listed.
This document provides an overview of structured query language (SQL) and basic database concepts. It defines common database terms like data, information, fields, records, tuples, attributes, and keys. It also describes SQL's data definition language for creating tables, data manipulation language for inserting, updating and deleting data, and transaction control language. The document outlines various SQL data types, constraints, operators and functions. It provides examples of SQL commands for creating tables, inserting data, querying with select statements, and ordering and grouping query results.
The document describes Data Definition Language (DDL) commands in SQL. It explains that DDL allows the specification of relations, schemas, domains, integrity constraints, indices, security, and storage structures. The core DDL commands are CREATE, ALTER, and DROP. CREATE is used to define new tables with columns, data types, primary keys, foreign keys and other constraints. ALTER modifies existing tables by adding, dropping, renaming columns or modifying column properties. DROP removes tables from the database. Examples are provided for each command demonstrating how to define, modify and remove tables for a university database schema.
This document provides an overview of Oracle SQL and its key components. It covers data types, SQL statements including DDL, DML, DQL, DCL, TCL, and system control statements. It also discusses constraints, joins, set operators, clauses, expressions and operators, functions, subqueries, views, indexes, and other Oracle-specific components like sequences, synonyms, and database links. Examples are provided for many SQL statements. The document is intended as a reference for the Oracle 11g SQL exam.
The document discusses Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS). It defines key concepts such as data, database, DBMS, RDBMS and provides examples of how data is structured in tables with rows and columns. It also summarizes common RDBMS features like SQL queries, data types, integrity constraints, functions and joins. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of RDBMS components and functionality.
The document discusses various SQL commands and concepts. It begins by defining SQL and explaining its purpose and architecture. It then covers the different types of SQL commands - DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL. Specific commands like CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE are discussed along with their uses. Data types like NUMBER, CHAR, VARCHAR, DATE and LONG are also explained. The document provides examples of creating a table and altering it using SQL statements.
SQL is a language used to store, retrieve, and manage data in relational database management systems. It contains commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE to query and manipulate data. SQL also allows functions, operators, transactions, and other capabilities to ensure data integrity and security. Integrity constraints like primary keys and foreign keys help maintain relational integrity between tables.
This document outlines the contents of a manual for a database management systems laboratory course. It covers 5 chapters on different lab programs involving creating database tables, inserting data, and writing queries. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to basic SQL commands including DDL, DML, TCL, and DCL commands. It describes commands like CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE. Subsequent chapters provide the problem statements, ER diagrams, schema diagrams, code for creating tables and inserting sample data, and solutions to queries for 5 different database domains - library, orders, movies, college, and company.
DATABASE MANAGMENT SYSTEM (DBMS) AND SQLDev Chauhan
(i) DDL (Data Definition Language) is used to define the schema of the database. It is used to create, modify or delete definitions of database objects like tables, indexes, views etc.
(ii) DML (Data Manipulation Language) is used to manipulate the data present in the database. It is used to insert, update or delete rows/records from tables. Examples are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements.
(iii) Primary Key is a column or set of columns in a table that uniquely identifies each row/record in the table. It must contain unique values and cannot contain NULL values.
(iv) Candidate Key is a column or set of columns that can uniquely identify rows/records in a
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases. It allows users to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data as well as create, modify and delete tables. The main SQL commands are grouped into four categories: data definition language for creating/modifying database structures, data manipulation language for interacting with data, transaction control language for managing transactions, and data control language for security. Common SQL commands include CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, and DROP.
This document provides an overview of Structured Query Language (SQL) including its core components: Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining database schemas, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for querying and modifying data, and Data Control Language (DCL) for managing permissions and transactions. It describes SQL statements for creating tables, defining constraints, and querying data using SELECT statements. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like joins, aliases, and pattern matching. Data types, NULL handling, and nested queries are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of SQL programming including:
- A brief history of SQL and how it has evolved over time.
- Key SQL fundamentals like database structures, tables, relationships, and normalization.
- How to define and modify database structures using commands like CREATE, ALTER, DROP.
- How to manipulate data using INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and transactions.
- How to retrieve data using SELECT statements, joins, and other techniques.
- How to aggregate data using functions like SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN, and COUNT.
- Additional topics covered include subqueries, views, and resources for further learning.
SQL is a language used to communicate with databases and manage data. It allows users to create, update, and retrieve data from databases. The document outlines the history of SQL and its evolution over time. It also describes key SQL concepts like data types, commands, primary keys, database normalization, and techniques for ensuring data integrity.
This document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language) including key statements and concepts. It discusses the different types of SQL statements including DDL for definitions, DML for data manipulation, and DCL for access control. It also summarizes important SQL statements and clauses like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY and more. The document is intended as an introduction to the SQL language and relational database concepts.
This document provides an introduction and overview of key concepts related to SQL Server databases including:
- The database engine and its role in storing, processing, and securing data
- System and user databases
- Database objects like tables, views, indexes, stored procedures
- Structured Query Language (SQL) and its sublanguages for data definition, manipulation, and transaction control
- Guidelines for writing SQL statements
- Creating and using databases along with creating tables and defining data types and constraints
SQL is a language that provides an interface to a relational database system.
SQL is developed by IBM in 1970s and it is a defacto standard as well as ISO & ANSI standard
SQL also supports DML for insert, update & delete operations and DDL for creating and modifying tables and other database structures.
SQL is a language used to interface with relational databases. It allows users to create, modify and delete database structures and data. Key features include using commands like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. SQL follows specific syntax rules and uses delimiters like semicolons. It supports various data types and operators to perform queries and manipulations. Common SQL statements are used for data definition (DDL), data manipulation (DML), and data control (DCL).
This document provides an introduction to SQL (Structured Query Language). SQL is a language used to define, query, modify, and control relational databases. The document outlines the main SQL commands for data definition (CREATE, ALTER, DROP), data manipulation (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE), and data control (GRANT, REVOKE). It also discusses SQL data types, integrity constraints, and how to use SELECT statements to query databases using projections, selections, comparisons, logical conditions, and ordering. The FROM clause is introduced as specifying the relations involved in a query.
The document discusses different types of joins in SQL including inner joins, left outer joins, right outer joins, and full outer joins. It provides visual illustrations and examples of each join type using sample tables and fields. Inner joins return records that match between both tables, while outer joins also return records from one or both tables that don't meet the join condition between the tables.
The document discusses SQL views and provides examples of creating views. It defines a view as a query expression that computes and stores results but does not persist them on disk. Views allow restricting access to only specific columns of a table. Examples shown create views to list faculty without salaries, biology course sections, and total salaries by department.
The document discusses nested SQL subqueries and various operations that can be performed with them such as set membership tests, set comparisons, and determining set cardinality. It provides examples of using subqueries with operators like IN, NOT IN, > ALL, > SOME, and EXISTS to find course information taught during certain semesters, instructor names and salaries, and departments with the highest average salary.
The document discusses various SQL aggregate functions like COUNT, AVG, SUM, and MAX. It provides examples of finding the average salary of instructors in the Computer Science department, giving a column an alias name, and counting the number of instructors teaching in spring 2010. It also covers the GROUP BY clause for aggregating data by groups like department, and the HAVING clause for filtering groups based on aggregate conditions like departments with average salary over $42,000.
This document discusses SQL queries and provides examples of different types of queries:
1) Queries on a single relation to retrieve instructor names, department names, and salaries.
2) Queries with joins across multiple relations to retrieve instructor names, department names, and building names.
3) Queries to find instructor names and courses taught using a Cartesian product between the instructor and teaches relations.
The document discusses the SQL INSERT command which is used to insert data into tables in a database. It describes the basic syntax for inserting a single row with and without specifying column names. It also provides the syntax for inserting multiple rows or selecting data from one table to insert into another table. The UPDATE command is also summarized, providing the syntax for updating column values in a table.
The document discusses SQL and its components including data definition language, data manipulation language, views, transactions, and integrity constraints. It also describes common domain types in SQL like character strings, integers, and floating point numbers. Finally, it outlines the key entities and relationships in a university database including departments, courses, instructors, students, classrooms, and course registrations.
The document discusses the design of a database for a university. It identifies the major entities like departments, courses, instructors, students, classrooms and their attributes. It also identifies the relationships between these entities like the relationship between instructors and departments, students and departments, instructors and sections, students and sections etc. Finally, it provides an entity-relationship diagram that depicts the conceptual model of the university database including all the entity sets, attributes, relationship sets and their mapping cardinalities.
The document discusses three-address code, which is an intermediate representation used in compilers. It describes three-address code as consisting of statements in the form of x := y op z, where x, y, and z are operands and op is an operator. There are several types of three-address statements including assignment, copy, jump, conditional jump, procedure calls, indexed assignments, and pointer assignments. Three-address code can be implemented using quadruples, triples, or indirect triples, which represent the statements using records with fields for operands and operators.
The document discusses the two-pass approach for compiler construction. The first pass analyzes the source code and generates an intermediate representation (IR) including symbol tables. The second pass analyzes the IR to perform code synthesis for the target program. The front end performs lexical, syntax and semantic analysis to build the IR. The back end performs memory allocation and code generation based on the target architecture.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
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UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
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countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
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Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
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CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
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solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
Assignment#01
1. Database System Sunita M. Dol
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HANDOUT#01
Aim:
Implementation of SQL DDL commands- CREATE, ALTER, DROP and constraints on
relations link Primary Key, Foreign Key and Check
Theory:
The SQL(Structured Query Language) Language has several parts:
1. Data-definition language (DDL). The SQL DDL provides commands for defining
relation schemas, deleting relations, and modifying relation schemas.
2. Interactive data-manipulation language (DML). The SQL DML includes a query
language based on both the relational algebra and the tuple relational calculus. It
includes also commands to insert tuples into, delete tuples from, and modify tuples in
the database.
3. View definition. The SQL DDL includes commands for defining views.
4. Transaction control. SQL includes commands for specifying the beginning and
ending of transactions.
5. Embedded SQL and dynamic SQL. Embedded and dynamic SQL define how SQL
statements can be embedded within general-purpose programming languages, such as
C, C++, Java, PL/I, Cobol, Pascal, and Fortran.
6. Integrity. The SQL DDL includes commands for specifying integrity constraints that
the data stored in the database must satisfy. Updates that violate integrity constraints
are disallowed.
7. Authorization. The SQL DDL includes commands for specifying access rights to
relations and views.
Domain Types in SQL:
char(n). Fixed length character string, with user-specified length n.
varchar(n). Variable length character strings, with user-specified maximum length
n.
int. Integer (a finite subset of the integers that is machine-dependent).
smallint. Small integer (a machine-dependent subset of the integer domain type).
numeric(p,d). Fixed point number, with user-specified precision of p digits, with n
digits to the right of decimal point.
real, double precision. Floating point and double-precision floating point numbers,
with machine-dependent precision.
float(n). Floating point number, with user-specified precision of at least n digits.
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DDL
Data Definition Language (DDL) allows the specification of not only a set of relations but also
information about each relation, including:
The schema for each relation.
The domain of values associated with each attribute.
Integrity constraints
The set of indices to be maintained for each relations.
Security and authorization information for each relation.
The physical storage structure of each relation on disk.
Following are the DDL commands
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
CREATE Command
An SQL relation is defined using the create table command:
create table r (A1 D1, A2 D2, ..., An Dn,
(integrity-constraint1),
...,
(integrity-constraintk))
• r is the name of the relation
• each Ai is an attribute name in the schema of relation r
• Di is the data type of values in the domain of attribute Ai
Constraints on relations
• primary key (Aj1 , Aj2, . . . , Ajm ): The primary-key specification says that
attributes Aj1 , Aj2, . . . , Ajm form the primary key for the relation. The primary
key attributes are required to be nonnull and unique
• foreign key (Ak1 , Ak2, . . . , Akn ) references s: The foreign key specification
says that the values of attributes (Ak1 , Ak2, . . . , Akn ) for any tuple in the relation
must correspond to values of the primary key attributes of some tuple in relation s.
• not null: The not null constraint on an attribute specifies that the null value is not
allowed for that attribute; in other words, the constraint excludes the null value
from the domain of that attribute.
• check(P): The check clause specifies a predicate P that must be satisfied by every
tuple in the relation.
ALTER Command
The Oracle ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, modify, or drop/delete columns in a table.
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Add column in table
To ADD A COLUMN in a table, the Oracle ALTER TABLE syntax is:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name column-definition;
Add multiple columns in table
To ADD MULTIPLE COLUMNS to an existing table, the Oracle ALTER TABLE
syntax is:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD (column_1 column-definition,
column_2 column-definition,
...
column_n column_definition);
Modify column in table
To MODIFY A COLUMN in an existing table, the Oracle ALTER TABLE syntax is:
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY column_name column_type;
Modify Multiple columns in table
To MODIFY MULTIPLE COLUMNS in an existing table, the Oracle ALTER TABLE
syntax is:
ALTER TABLE table_name
MODIFY (column_1 column_type,
column_2 column_type,
...
column_n column_type);
Drop column in table
To DROP A COLUMN in an existing table, the Oracle ALTER TABLE syntax is:
ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP COLUMN column_name;
DROP Command
To remove a relation from an SQL database, we use the drop table command. The drop
table command deletes all information about the dropped relation from the database. The
command
drop table r
is a more drastic action than
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delete from r
The latter retains relation r, but deletes all tuples in r. The former deletes not only all
tuples of r, but also the schema for r. After r is dropped, no tuples can be inserted into r
unless it is re-created with the create table command.
Queries and Output:
CREATE Command and Adding Constraints on Relation
SQL> create table branch
2 (branch_name char(15),
3 branch_city char(15),
4 assets numeric(16,2),
5 primary key(branch_name),
6 check(assets>=0));
Table created.
SQL> desc branch;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
BRANCH_NAME NOT NULL CHAR(15)
BRANCH_CITY CHAR(15)
ASSETS NUMBER(16,2)
SQL> create table account
2 (account_number char(10),
3 branch_name char(15),
4 balance numeric(12,2),
5 primary key(account_number),
6 foreign key(branch_name)references branch,
7 check(balance>=0));
Table created.
SQL> desc account;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ACCOUNT_NUMBER NOT NULL CHAR(10)
BRANCH_NAME CHAR(15)
BALANCE NUMBER(12,2)
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SQL> create table student(roll_no char(10),first_name char(30),middle_name
char(30),last_name char(3
0),address char(50),city char(20),pincode numeric(6,0),state char(20),mobile_number integer);
Table created.
ALTER Command
SQL> desc student;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ROLL_NO CHAR(10)
FIRST_NAME CHAR(30)
MIDDLE_NAME CHAR(30)
LAST_NAME CHAR(30)
ADDRESS CHAR(50)
CITY CHAR(20)
PINCODE NUMBER(6)
STATE CHAR(20)
MOBILE_NUMBER NUMBER(38)
SQL> alter table student drop column mobile_number;
Table altered.
SQL> desc student;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ROLL_NO CHAR(10)
FIRST_NAME CHAR(30)
MIDDLE_NAME CHAR(30)
LAST_NAME CHAR(30)
ADDRESS CHAR(50)
CITY CHAR(20)
PINCODE NUMBER(6)
STATE CHAR(20)
DROP Command
SQL> desc student;
Name Null? Type
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----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ROLL_NO CHAR(10)
FIRST_NAME CHAR(30)
MIDDLE_NAME CHAR(30)
LAST_NAME CHAR(30)
ADDRESS CHAR(50)
CITY CHAR(20)
PINCODE NUMBER(6)
STATE CHAR(20)
MOBILE_NUMBER VARCHAR2(10)
SQL> drop table student;
Table dropped.
SQL> desc student;
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object student does not exist
Conclusion:
We have studied the various DDL command
a. CREATE Command
b. ALTER Command
c. DROP Command and
d. Constraints like Primary Key, Foreign Key and Check
References:
• Database system concepts by Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
(McGraw Hill International Edition) sixth edition.
• Database system concepts by Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan
(McGraw Hill International Edition) fifth edition.
• http://codex.cs.yale.edu/avi/db-book/db4/slide-dir/
• http://codex.cs.yale.edu/avi/db-book/db5/slide-dir/
• http://codex.cs.yale.edu/avi/db-book/db6/slide-dir/