This document provides an overview of SQL (Structured Query Language) including key statements and concepts. It discusses the different types of SQL statements including DDL for definitions, DML for data manipulation, and DCL for access control. It also summarizes important SQL statements and clauses like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY and more. The document is intended as an introduction to the SQL language and relational database concepts.
Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML) , Transaction Control Language (TCL) , Data Control Language (DCL) - , SQL Constraints
Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML) , Transaction Control Language (TCL) , Data Control Language (DCL) - , SQL Constraints
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
3. SQL Language
DDL - DDL is abbreviation of Data Definition Language. It is used to create and modify the structure
of database objects in database.
Examples: CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements
DML - DML is abbreviation of Data Manipulation Language. It is used to retrieve, store, modify,
delete, insert and update data in database.
Examples: SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT statements
DCL - DCL is abbreviation of Data Control Language. It is used to create roles, permissions, and
referential integrity as well it is used to control access to database by securing it.
Examples: GRANT, REVOKE statements
TCL - TCL is abbreviation of Transactional Control Language. It is used to manage different
transactions occurring within a database.
Examples: COMMIT, ROLLBACK statements
4. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
The verbs for the basic SQL commands are:
SELECT - to retrieve (query) data
UPDATE - to modify existing data
DELETE - to modify existing data
INSERT - to add new data
We further break down SQL commands into the following categories:
Data Creation
Data Manipulation
Data Retrieval
Advanced SQL with JOINS, Subqueries and UNIONS
5. Systems Development
Life Cycle
Project Identification
and Selection
Project Initiation
and Planning
Analysis
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
Logical Design
Enterprise modeling
Conceptual data modeling
Logical database design
Physical database design
and definition
Database implementation
Database maintenance
Database
Development Process
6.
7.
8.
9. SQL Database Definition
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Major CREATE statements:
CREATE SCHEMA – defines a portion of the database owned by a particular user
CREATE TABLE – defines a table and its columns
CREATE VIEW – defines a logical table from one or more views
Other CREATE statements: CHARACTER SET, COLLATION, TRANSLATION, ASSERTION, DOMAIN
10. SQL - Insert
The SQL INSERT INTO clause is used to insert data into a SQL table. The SQL INSERT INTO is
frequently used and has the following generic syntax:
The SQL INSERT INTO clause has actually two parts - the first specifying the table we are inserting
into and giving the list of columns we are inserting values for, and the second specifying the values
inserted in the column list from the first part.
INSERT INTO Table1 (Column1, Column2, Column3)
VALUES (ColumnValue1, ColumnValue2, ColumnValue3)
11. SQL - Insert
Inserting a record with all fields
INSERT INTO CUSTOMER_T VALUES (001, ‘Contemporary Casuals’, 1355 S. Himes Blvd.’,
‘Gainesville’, ‘FL’, 32601);
Inserting a record with specified fields
INSERT INTO PRODUCT_T (PRODUCT_ID, PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION, PRODUCT_FINISH,
STANDARD_PRICE, PRODUCT_ON_HAND) VALUES (1, ‘End Table’, ‘Cherry’, 175, 8);
Inserting records from another table
INSERT INTO CA_CUSTOMER_T SELECT * FROM CUSTOMER_T WHERE STATE = ‘CA’;
12. SQL – Delete
The SQL DELETE Query is used to delete the existing records from a table.
You can use WHERE clause with DELETE query to delete selected rows, otherwise all the records
would be deleted.
Removes rows from a table
Delete certain rows
DELETE FROM CUSTOMER_T WHERE STATE = ‘HI’;
Delete all rows
DELETE FROM CUSTOMER_T;
13. SQL - Drop
The SQL DROP TABLE statement is used to remove a table definition and all data, indexes, triggers,
constraints, and permission specifications for that table.
NOTE: You have to be careful while using this command because once a table is deleted then all the
information available in the table would also be lost forever.
The SQL TRUNCATE TABLE command is used to delete complete data from an existing table.
You can also use DROP TABLE command to delete complete table but it would remove complete
table structure form the database and you would need to re-create this table once again if you wish
you store some data.
14. SQL - Update
The SQL UPDATE command is used to modify data stored in database tables.
Modifies data in existing rows
UPDATE PRODUCT_T
SET UNIT_PRICE = 775
WHERE PRODUCT_ID = 7;
15. SQL - Select
SQL SELECT is without a doubt the most frequently used SQL command that's why we are starting
our tutorial with it. The SQL SELECT command is used to retrieve data from one or more database
tables.
Clauses of the SELECT statement:
SELECT - List the columns (and expressions) that should be returned from the query
FROM - Indicate the table(s) or view(s) from which data will be obtained
WHERE - Indicate the conditions under which a row will be included in the result
GROUP BY - Indicate columns to group the results
HAVING - Indicate the conditions under which a group will be included
ORDER BY - Sorts the result according to specified columns
17. SQL Comparison Operators
Operator Meaning
= Equal To
> Greater Than
>= Greater Than or Equal To
< Less Than
<= Less Than or Equal To
<> Not Equal To
!= Not Equal To
18. SQL Aliases
SQL aliases are used to give a database table, or a column in a table, a temporary name.
Basically aliases are created to make column names more readable.
SELECT CUST.CUSTOMER AS NAME, CUST.CUSTOMER_ADDRESS
FROM CUSTOMER_V CUST
WHERE NAME = ‘Home Furnishings’;
19. SQL Aggregate Functions
SQL aggregate functions return a single value, calculated from values in a column.
Useful aggregate functions:
AVG() - Returns the average value
COUNT() - Returns the number of rows
FIRST() - Returns the first value
LAST() - Returns the last value
MAX() - Returns the largest value
MIN() - Returns the smallest value
SUM() - Returns the sum
20. SQL Aggregate Functions
Using the COUNT aggregate function to find totals
The COUNT(column_name) function returns the number of values (NULL values will not be counted)
of the specified column:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ORDER_LINE_V
WHERE ORDER_ID = 1004;
21. SQL Boolean Operators
AND, OR, and NOT Operators for customizing conditions in WHERE clause
The AND operator displays a record if both the first condition AND the second condition are true.
The OR operator displays a record if either the first condition OR the second condition is true.
SELECT PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION, PRODUCT_FINISH, STANDARD_PRICE
FROM PRODUCT_V
WHERE (PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION LIKE ‘%Desk’
OR PRODUCT_DESCRIPTION LIKE ‘%Table’)
AND UNIT_PRICE > 300;
22. SQL Between Operator
The BETWEEN operator selects values within a range. The values can be numbers, text, or dates.
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2;
23. SQL Wildcards
In SQL, wildcard characters are used with the SQL LIKE operator.
SQL wildcards are used to search for data within a table.
With SQL, the wildcards are:
Wildcard Description
% A substitute for zero or more characters
_ A substitute for a single character
[charlist] Sets and ranges of characters to match
[^charlist]
or
[!charlist]
Matches only a character NOT specified within the brackets
24. SQL Order Clause
The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the result-set by one or more columns.
The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in ascending order by default. To sort the records in a
descending order, you can use the DESC keyword.
SELECT CUSTOMER_NAME, CITY, STATE
FROM CUSTOMER_V
WHERE STATE IN (‘FL’, ‘TX’, ‘CA’, ‘HI’)
ORDER BY STATE, CUSTOMER_NAME;
25. SQL Group Clause
Categorizing results
SELECT STATE, COUNT(STATE)
FROM CUSTOMER_V
GROUP BY STATE;
26. SQL Having Clause
For use with GROUP BY
SELECT STATE, COUNT(STATE)
FROM CUSTOMER_V
GROUP BY STATE
HAVING COUNT(STATE) > 1;
Like a WHERE clause, but it operates on groups (categories), not on individual rows. Here, only
those groups with total numbers greater than 1 will be included in final result
27. SQL Unions
The SQL UNION clause/operator is used to combine the results of two or more SELECT statements
without returning any duplicate rows.
To use UNION, each SELECT must have the same number of columns selected, the same number of
column expressions, the same data type, and have them in the same order, but they do not have to
be the same length.
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition]
UNION
SELECT column1 [, column2 ]
FROM table1 [, table2 ] [WHERE condition]
28. SQL Distinct
The SQL DISTINCT keyword is used in conjunction with SELECT statement to eliminate all the
duplicate records and fetching only unique records.
There may be a situation when you have multiple duplicate records in a table. While fetching such
records, it makes more sense to fetch only unique records instead of fetching duplicate records.
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2,.....columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition]
29. Summary
The Structured Query Language (SQL) defines a standard for interacting with relational
databases
Most platforms support ANSI-SQL 92
Most platforms provide many non-ANSI-SQL additions
Most important data modification SQL statements:
SELECT: Returning rows
UPDATE: Modifying existing rows
INSERT: Creating new rows
DELETE: Removing existing rows
Editor's Notes
Relational Model
Note: the LIKE operator allows you to compare strings using wildcards. For example, the % wildcard in ‘%Desk’ indicates that all strings that have any number of characters preceding the word “Desk” will be allowed
Note: the IN operator in this example allows you to include rows whose STATE value is either FL, TX, CA, or HI. It is more efficient than separate OR conditions
Note: you can use single-value fields with aggregate functions if they are included in the GROUP BY clause