Remote sensing with drones: The challenges of obtaining truly quantitative da...ARDC
We develop Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and image processing techniques for environmental, agricultural, and high-precision aerial mapping applications
Our focus is on quantitative remote sensing of vegetation with the use of sophisticated UAS sensors to better understand the structure, distribution, and functioning of vegetation, and to bridge the observational scale gap between field samples and satellite observations.
The presentation introduces remote sensing technology and how it is used in studying atmospheric aerosols. Remote Sensing technology uses the optical property of aerosols to detect the presence and the type of aerosol. The type or the characteristics of an aerosol is determined by seven factors which are interpreted from the satellite image. The satellite image is retrieved from geosynchronous and polar satellites, of which the latter is preferred for aerosol applications.
In addition, features and terminologies associated with remote sensing, satellite and aerosol optical properties are discussed. This project emphasizes on an interactive material that is best supplemented with lecture video. It is not designed to be conventional lecture slide. Point to note: the question mark appearing in bottom of the slides indicates the author raised a question during the lecture.
This presentation was delivered in coming-of-age lecture style, in contrast to old-school conventional style. This presentation stimulates audiences to think and act than a banal display of abstract data. The lecture videos can be found at:
[1] Part-1/2 (52 minutes): https://youtu.be/-O_mYoeg-us
[2] Part-2/2 (51 minutes): https://youtu.be/IhHHHZYcY0o
This presentation is done as a part of graduate course titled Aerosol Mechanics in Spring 2016. The author was pursuing MS in Environmental Engineering Sciences at University of Florida during the making of this project.
Remote sensing with drones: The challenges of obtaining truly quantitative da...ARDC
We develop Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) and image processing techniques for environmental, agricultural, and high-precision aerial mapping applications
Our focus is on quantitative remote sensing of vegetation with the use of sophisticated UAS sensors to better understand the structure, distribution, and functioning of vegetation, and to bridge the observational scale gap between field samples and satellite observations.
The presentation introduces remote sensing technology and how it is used in studying atmospheric aerosols. Remote Sensing technology uses the optical property of aerosols to detect the presence and the type of aerosol. The type or the characteristics of an aerosol is determined by seven factors which are interpreted from the satellite image. The satellite image is retrieved from geosynchronous and polar satellites, of which the latter is preferred for aerosol applications.
In addition, features and terminologies associated with remote sensing, satellite and aerosol optical properties are discussed. This project emphasizes on an interactive material that is best supplemented with lecture video. It is not designed to be conventional lecture slide. Point to note: the question mark appearing in bottom of the slides indicates the author raised a question during the lecture.
This presentation was delivered in coming-of-age lecture style, in contrast to old-school conventional style. This presentation stimulates audiences to think and act than a banal display of abstract data. The lecture videos can be found at:
[1] Part-1/2 (52 minutes): https://youtu.be/-O_mYoeg-us
[2] Part-2/2 (51 minutes): https://youtu.be/IhHHHZYcY0o
This presentation is done as a part of graduate course titled Aerosol Mechanics in Spring 2016. The author was pursuing MS in Environmental Engineering Sciences at University of Florida during the making of this project.
Remote sensing in plants, botany, application in vegetation classification and conservation, basic mechanism of remote sensing,how it works, satellite mapping techniques and aerial mapping
Remote Sensing - A tool of plant disease managementAnand Choudhary
Definition, history , type of remote sensing, plateform used in remote sensing, type of resolution used in sensor, objective of remote sensing in plant disease management
Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+,
and EO-1 ALI sensors
Gyanesh Chander a,⁎, Brian L. Markham b, Dennis L. Helder c
a SGT, Inc. 1 contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, Sioux Falls, SD 57198-0001, USA
b National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
c South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
Introduction -Remote means – far away ; Sensing means – believing or observing or acquiring some information.
Remote sensing means acquiring information of things from a distance with sensors. (without touching the things)
Sensors are like simple cameras except that they not only use visible light but also other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum such as infrared, microwaves and ultraviolet regions.
Distance of Remote Sensing, Definition of remote sensing - Remote Sensing is:
“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).
India’s National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) defined as : “Remote sensing is the technique of deriving information about objects on the surface of the earth without physically coming into contact with them.”
Remote Sensing Process, - (A) Energy Source or Illumination.
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere.
(C) Interaction with the Target.
(D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor.
(E) Transmission, Reception, & Processing.
(F) Interpretation and Analysis.
(G) Application.
Remote sensing platforms , History of Remote Sensing, Applications of remote sensing - In Agriculture, In Geology, Applications of National Priority.
Remote sensing in plants, botany, application in vegetation classification and conservation, basic mechanism of remote sensing,how it works, satellite mapping techniques and aerial mapping
Remote Sensing - A tool of plant disease managementAnand Choudhary
Definition, history , type of remote sensing, plateform used in remote sensing, type of resolution used in sensor, objective of remote sensing in plant disease management
Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+,
and EO-1 ALI sensors
Gyanesh Chander a,⁎, Brian L. Markham b, Dennis L. Helder c
a SGT, Inc. 1 contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, Sioux Falls, SD 57198-0001, USA
b National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
c South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD 57007, USA
A remote sensing system uses a detector to sense the reflected or emitted energy from the earth's surface, perhaps modified by the intervening atmosphere. The sensor can be on a satellite, aircraft, or drone. The sensor turns the energy into a voltage, which an analog to digital converter turns into a single integer value (called the Digital Number, or DN) for the energy. Alternatively a digital detector can store the DN directly. We can then display this value with an appropriate color to build up an image of the region sensed by the system. The DN represents the energy sensed by the sensor in a particular part of the electromagnetic spectrum, emitted or reflected from a particular region. The principles can also be applied to sonar imagery, especially useful in water where sound penetrates readily whereas electromagnetic energy attenuates rapidly.
Definitions,
Remote sensing systems can be active or passive: active systems put out their own source of energy (a large "flash bulb") whereas passive systems use solar energy reflected from the surface or thermal energy emitted by the surface. Active systems can achieve higher resolution.
Satellite resolution considers four things: spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution.
Electromagnetic radiation and the atmosphere control many aspects of a remote sensing system.
Satellite orbits determine many characteristics of the imagery, what the satellite sees, and how often it revisits an area.
The signal to noise ratio is important for the design of remote sensing systems.
Satellite band tradeoffs.
Interpreting satellite reflectance patterns and images uses various statistical measures to assess surface properties in the image.
The colors used on the display are gray shading for single bands, and RGB for multi-band composites. We can also perform image merge and sharpening to combine the advantages of both panchromatic (higher spatial resolution) and color imagery (better differentiation of surface materials).
Keys for image analysis
Hyperspectral imagery
Spectral reflectance library--different materials reflect radiation differently
Introduction -Remote means – far away ; Sensing means – believing or observing or acquiring some information.
Remote sensing means acquiring information of things from a distance with sensors. (without touching the things)
Sensors are like simple cameras except that they not only use visible light but also other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum such as infrared, microwaves and ultraviolet regions.
Distance of Remote Sensing, Definition of remote sensing - Remote Sensing is:
“The art and science of obtaining information about an object without being in direct contact with the object” (Jensen 2000).
India’s National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) defined as : “Remote sensing is the technique of deriving information about objects on the surface of the earth without physically coming into contact with them.”
Remote Sensing Process, - (A) Energy Source or Illumination.
(B) Radiation and the Atmosphere.
(C) Interaction with the Target.
(D) Recording of Energy by the Sensor.
(E) Transmission, Reception, & Processing.
(F) Interpretation and Analysis.
(G) Application.
Remote sensing platforms , History of Remote Sensing, Applications of remote sensing - In Agriculture, In Geology, Applications of National Priority.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE HUMAN CONQUEST OF SPACE, ITS OTHER APPLICATION...Faga1939
This article aims to present how Artificial Intelligence is being and could be used by the space sector in the human conquest of space, the use of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics in the Aerospace and Defense Industry in the world and the risks of Artificial Superintelligence and the need to its regulation to avoid its harmful consequences. Robotic missions from NASA and other space agencies already use Artificial Intelligence. As an example, we can mention rovers (with locomotion capacity, to analyze a larger area of a planet or moon) and landers (which land on a planet or moon to analyze it in loco) and the probes and space telescopes that are dedicated to the discovery and analysis of exoplanets (worlds existing in other star systems). Artificial Intelligence can make a decisive contribution to scientific and technological advancement in order to provide humanity with the necessary resources for human beings to implant new habitats in the solar system and outside it in search of their survival in the face of catastrophic events on planet Earth. Artificial Intelligence and Robotics have their applications in the World Market for the Aerospace and Defense Industry, whose highest revenues occur with their application for military purposes, followed by commercial aviation and, to a lesser extent, in the space sector. Even if Artificial Intelligence produces benefits for humanity, there is a risk that it will be used more for the evil and not for the good of humanity with the trend of its greater application for military purposes, that is, for cyber warfare in the race armaments in the world. With Artificial Superintelligence, the extinction of the human species could occur if it turns against humans producing killer robots. This situation imposes the need to develop control mechanisms for Artificial Superintelligence and intelligent systems in general. Recently, the European Union took a big step by establishing rules – the first in the world – on how companies can use Artificial Intelligence. That similar regulation be adopted all over the world.
Planet Labs is making use of information gathered from space to help with life on Earth. The group of scientists considered
the problem with most satellites to be their large and clunky form, prompting them to build inexpensive and compact satellites to be manufactured in bulk, called CubeSats.
Using Satellite Imagery To Better Plan, Monitor and Measure Interventions UN Global Pulse
An information brief by the UN Innovation Network (UNIN) which provides an introduction to satellite imagery and highlights how different UN Agencies are already using satellite imagery in their work, incl. monitoring water quality, creating population maps, mapping schools, and monitoring asset and engineering projects.
How can the use of computer simulation benefit the monitoring and mitigation ...BrennanMinns
This research essay will attempt to explore the understanding that accurate computer simulation could vastly benefit the future mitigation and monitoring of orbital debris.
Similar to Assignment level 3 applied science (20)
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
1. Hazrat Billal
Assignment3
ExploringScience
Task 1
The Hubble telescope isspace telescopetoobserve space thatwaslaunchedintothe low orbitof
earthin 1990 and remainsinthe operation,itrunsbyconvertingsunintoelectrical energy.
The instrumentthathas beenusedinHubble telescope.
Advancedcameraforsurveys(itstudiesUV lightemissionsfromstars,takingpicturesof
otherplanetsinthe solarsystem)
Cosmicoriginsspectrograph( itbreaksultravioletradiationintocomponentsthatcanbe
studiedinmore detailsandtofindoutmore about the cosmicwebof gas betweengalaxies)
The fine guidance sensors( itlockontoguide stars,measure theirpositions andalsobeen
usedto performcelestial measurements)
Nearinfraredcameraand multi objectspectrometer (it’saheatsensoritssensitivityt9o
infraredlightmakesituseful forobservationandforpeeringintodeepestspace)
Wide fieldcamera3 ( usedtostudyobjectseverywhere eveninfaruniverse toourownsolar
System,ithelpsastronauttoexamine the waygalaxiesevolveovertime andtheirhistory)
Space telescope imagingspectrograph( itact somewhatlikeaprismseparatinglightfrom
the cosmosintoits componentcolours,asshownat rightit’susedto studyblackholes,the
compositionof galaxies,andthe atmosphereof planetsaroundotherstars.
Task 2 Part evidence for (P3)
Equipment
Light
Lenses/mirror
Ruler
Pencil
Ray box
Thinmetal piece withsmall holesinit
2. Hazrat Billal
Method
We have usedlightandcoveredit fromthe top to reduce lightlose,onthe side there wasathin
piece of metal withthree small,wideholesinitwhere the lightbeampassedthrough,thenwe had
lenseswhere the beamhitlenseswe hadtomove lenses/mirrorarounduntil we locate the focal
length,andwe alsousedrulerandpencil tomeasure the focal lengthandpencil todraw dotsand
the ray diagram.
Explanation ofthe experiment
The experimentwasverystraightforwardandmetmyprediction,forusing converginglenses,cause
the lightbeamto refract(change the directionthe lighttravelsin) itmeansthatthe lightraysare
comingout of it come togetherat a point,theycoverage the pointinwhichthe lightraysmeet
whichcalledfocal point,thisfocal pointisthe distance betweenthe centre of the lensandthe
image.
We placeda concave mirrornextitcollectedparallel raysfromthe objectandformedanimage at
the focal point. Concave mirrorcan collectlightfromdistance andfocusit all inone eyepiece,in
astronautit isuseswhere lightraysfromdistantobjectsreacha telescope asparallel rays,they
enterintothe telescope andhitthe primarymirror,thennextthere istypicallyanotherreflecting
surface hat sendsthe lightoutof the telescope toaconvenientplace tobe observed.Therefore our
aimfrom these twoexperimentwashow thisworkand where the focal lengthwillappear.
For the Convex lens (secondexperiment) we have usedexactlythe same methodaswe have used
for concave mirror(resultsare submittedinaseparate sheet)
Achieving space flight and the factors that needs to be consider
Factor Brief discerptionof the factor
Materials Such as equipment
Fuels Fuels,are importanttherefore,the astronauts
can reach intothe space suchas usingsolar
systemcan be the bestway to continue with
the space flight.
Hazards Hazards such as healthrisk,eventhe best
trainingforthe space flightcan’t avoidhealth
riskswhichare associatedtothe nature of
space and whichare therefore,inherently
present
Cost Cost,the price that the spaceflightwill costan
organization,itshuge amountit’simportantto
make sure that there isenoughmoneyfor
everythingtheyneedbefore arranging
spaceflight.
Communication Communicationisanimportantfactor,
communicate amongall participants,ground
person,vehiclesuchasvideo,audioanddata
3. Hazrat Billal
1-3 more
factors of
my own
Radiation,space isfull of dangerradiationthatcan harm the crew,such as
sun,cosmicrays and radiationfroma transmittingantenna.
Food&water,is an importantpartof the spaceflightsuchashow much
foodand waterneedstobe sentwill itbe enoughforeveryone whatif they
run out of foodand water.
Depression,space flightcantake upto monthsand year’sdepressioncan
make themlessactive anddecrease theirexplorationability.
The effectofthe spaceflighton human body,
Human existence inthe space canhave negative effectsonthe bodytheycan be longterm andshort
termaffectssuch as losingweight,astronautsmight have feltweightlessness thishappenswhenthe
effectsof gravityare not felt.Long-termaffectsastronautsforweeksandyearssuchas missionto
mars can take up to yearscan runintolongterm effectsontheirbodysuchas calciuminbones
secretesoutthroughurine,asthe bone gettingweakerastronautsare more likelytobreakthemif
theyslipandfall justlike peoplewithosteoporosis. Slowingof cardiovascularsystemdecreasesthe
productionof redbloodcells medicationandsome emergencytrainingshouldbe giventoeveryone
therefore,theycanhelpeachotherif needed.
Balance disorder,some of the astronautsmightlose theirbalance asthere iszerogravityupin the
space,some mightfeel dizzyandnotbeingable toeator drinkenoughfoodtherefore,theycan
survive upinthe space.Before sendingastronomersonmissiontospace ormars they mustmake
sure that theyare readyforthis longmission,practice forweeksandtheirhealthcheckcanbe an
importanttasktowardstheirspace mission.
RadiationexposureMicrogravityenvironment the mostdifficultaspectof travellingintospace such
as mars isspace radiations,the radiationinspace canbe 10 time strongerthan the radiationwe are
receivingonearth,ourplanetmagnetprotectingusfromthe dangerof those radiationsthatcause
skincancer andmany othertypesof diseases.There are manywaysthere are few waysto protect
astronomersfromthose dangerradiationthe foodthatastronomersare takingmustbe safe and
retaintheirnutrientsandpharmaceutical value,the coverandclothescouldbe designedeven
strongerto protecttheirbodyfromdangerradiations.
Social and physiological issues,space flightcantake up to monthsandevenyearssuch as missionto
mars can take up to 3 years,some astronomermightface these issue suchasmental healthdisorder
and beingaway fromtheirparentand familywithonlylittle hopeof returnfrommarsmission,
therefore,it’simportanttochoose the rightcandidate forthismissionwhowouldbe able todeal
withall physiological andsocial issuesandtoknow how to handle if thishas beenhappened.
4. Hazrat Billal
Task 4 D3
Report
Aim
Space missioncanbe veryexpensive,inotherhanditcan be beneficialtothe public,whichIwill be
exploringtwoproductsthatare beenmade inresultsof space missionbutit’sbeenusedineveryday
life forthe public.
Discussion
There are manydifferenttypesof productsthathas beendeveloped byNASA inresultof space
missionbutnowthese are the mustuse and beneficialproductsforpublic.
The listof fewimportantmaterialsandcomputerprogramme thathasbeenbuiltbyNASA.
Computerprogramming
NASA’sworldclasscomputerscientistsprovide engineers withthe computingresourcesand
stimulatingtoolstocarryout the agencymission,inwhichtheyreachedtodesignednew software’s
that nowbenefitall of ussuchas artificial intel-ligence software forcomplex scheduling,that
enhance graphicsmodellingandtoolstohelpprogrammerswrite errorfree code.
Intensive care monitors and heart rehabilitationswards
It was developedfromthe systemsusedinintensive care units,wasoriginallybuiltforastronauts
duringthe grooveswhichcreate channelsforexcesswatertodrainthe firstspace missioninearly
1960s, it’sbeennowusedwide worldmanypeople are recoveringfromheartattacksandother
seriousillnessesorinjuriesowe theirlivestothistechnologyadirectresultsof NASA’sspace
programme.
TV, communication
The technologyNASA developedforimprovingitsownmissiontocommunicate withthe
astronomershasresultedincommercial applicationsaroundthe world,it’smostwidelyusedfor
people towatchnews,sport,playinggamesetc.TV broughtallotof advantagestoeveryone around
the world,kidscan watchmovies,political people canshare theiragenda’switheveryoneintheir
countryand all around the world,people canwatchlive newsandknow whatisgoingonaround the
worldpeople canwatchlive sportandmany more thingscan be done usingTV communication.
Scratch resistantlenses
In 1972 the FDA decidedthateye glasslensesshouldbe shatteredproof,forthe astronauts,then
that wasthe yearthat we luckilygotplasticlenses theywere scratchresistance,thiswasvery
beneficial forall those whowantedtowearglassessuchassun sunglassesorregularitgive the
abilityfora pairof glassesto have a longlive thanthe one non scratch resistant.
5. Hazrat Billal
The water purifies
It’sveryimportantfor the astronomerstotake as much wateras theycould,therefore,NASA
researchercome across a way that theycan purifythe waterthat theyhave drinkalready sothey
can reuse itafter a device thatwouldpurifythe water,thenlateritbecome widelyused,suchas
manypeople aroundthe worldlackaccessto cleanwaterfiltrationandpurificationsystemsmaking
a lifesavingdifference inmanycommunities.
Highway safety
Safetygrooving,the cuttinggroovesinconcrete toincrease tractionandpreventinjurywasfirst
developedtoreduce aircraftaccidentsonwetrunways,representedbythe international grooving
and grindingassociation,the industryexpanded intohighwayandpedestrianapplication.The
technique originatedatLangleyNASA researchcentre.Skiddingwasreduced,stoppingdistance
decreasedanda vehicle corneringabilityoncurveswasalsoincreased.
Preventingbone lossthrough diet and exercise
In the earlydaysof the space station,astronautswere losingaboutone andhalf percentof their
bone massdensitypermonth,NASA researcherdiscoveredanopportunitytoidentifythe
mechanismthatcontrol bonesat a cellularlevel.it’snow widely usedtechniqueforthose patient
that facingby losingtheirbonesdensity.
Conclusion
The societiesandeveryonemustbe thanksfull toNASA researchcentre forbuildingveryimportant
equipment’sandmanydifferenttypesof computerprogrammes.NASA technologyisall aroundus,
turningtrash intooil,savingwomenfromdeadlycomplicationsof childbirthandputtingbubblesin
drink.
There are manymaterialsthathas beenbuiltbyNASA toimprove the qualityof life onearth,the
firstsatellitesdesignedtostudythe space environmentandtestinitial capabilitiesonearth
contributedcritical knowledge andcapabilitiesforsatellite telecommunicationglobalpositioning
and advancesinweatherforecasting,space explorationalsoinitiatedthe economicdevelopmentof
space that today,year afteryeardeliveringhighamountof investmentforspace.
There are numerouscasesof societal benefitslinkedtonew knowledgeandtechnologyfromspace
exploration,itcontributestomanydiversaspectsof everydaylife,fromsolarpanelstoimplantable
heartmonitorsfromcancer therapyto light-weightmaterialsandfromwaterpurificationsystemto
computingsystemsandtoa global searchand rescue system.Below are twocommonexamples.
The most importantdevelopmentbyNASA isthe purificationof water,the worldhasonly2.5
percentof freshwateras the time goesmanyof us mightrunout of waterinmany differentplaces
such as Africa,manypeople are strugglingtofindcleanwatertodrink,NASA producedadevice that
can cleanwaterwithinminutestoastandard level thatcanbe drinkable.
TV isanotherexample thathasbeenbuiltbyNASA tocommunicate withastronomers,nearly
everyone hasaTV intheirhomesinnow days.Scratch resistance glassesthathelpmanypeople
aroundthe worldtokeepthe same glassesratherthanbuyingnew if theyhave beenscratched.
6. Hazrat Billal
Reference
In-text: (NASA, 2018)
Your Bibliography: NASA. (2018). About the Hubble Space Telescope. [online] Available at:
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/story/index.html [Accessed 18 Feb. 2018].
In-text: (NASA, 2018)
Your Bibliography: NASA. (2018). The Human Body in Space. [online] Available at:
https://www.nasa.gov/hrp/bodyinspace [Accessed 18 Feb. 2018].
NEWSROUND
In-text: (Bbc.co.uk, 2018)
Your Bibliography: Bbc.co.uk. (2018). What are the effects of space travel on the human body? -
CBBC Newsround. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/22527246 [Accessed 18
Feb. 2018].
NASA TECHNOLOGIES BENEFIT OUR LIVES
In-text: (Spinoff.nasa.gov, 2018)
Your Bibliography: Spinoff.nasa.gov. (2018). NASA Technologies Benefit Our Lives. [online]
Available at: https://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2008/tech_benefits.html [Accessed 19 Feb. 2018].
12 Things You Didn't Know Were Invented By NASA
In-text: (Oliveto, 2018)
Your Bibliography: Oliveto, J. (2018). 12 Things You Didn't Know Were Invented By NASA. [online]
Thrillist. Available at: https://www.thrillist.com/tech/12-things-nasa-invented-that-you-use-everyday
[Accessed 18 Feb. 2018].
