This document discusses space technologies and spin-off technologies realized from space exploration. It provides examples of past space technologies from the 20th century that enabled space exploration. It also discusses present space technologies and applications that provide satellite communications, remote sensing, GPS, and benefits to various sectors. Examples of specific spin-off technologies are also outlined from space agencies in Europe and Japan that have applications in areas like living, safety/security, environment, healthcare, industry, and education. Potential new space technologies under development in 2013 are also mentioned, including improved spacesuits and reusable rocket technologies.
Now-a-days the field of Remote Sensing and GIS has become exciting and glamorous with rapidly expanding opportunities. Many organizations spend large amounts of money on these fields. Here the question arises why these fields are so important in recent years. Two main reasons are there behind this. 1) Now-a-days scientists, researchers, students, and even common people are showing great interest for better understanding of our environment. By environment we mean the geographic space of their study area and the events that take place there. In other words, we have come to realize that geographic space along with the data describing it, is part of our everyday world; almost every decision we take is influenced or dictated by some fact of geography. 2) Advancement in sophisticated space technology (which can provide large volume of spatial data), along with declining costs of computer hardware and software (which can handle these data) has made Remote Sensing and G.I.S. affordable to not only complex environmental / spatial situation but also affordable to an increasingly wider audience.
This document discusses space debris removal systems. It begins with an introduction that defines space debris and its sources. It then describes the different types of orbits where debris accumulate, such as low Earth orbit and geostationary orbit. The document outlines methods for tracking and measuring debris, including radar, optical detectors, and radio waves. It discusses various approaches for clearing space debris, such as electrodynamic tethers, space nets, laser brooms, solar sails, and collector satellites. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of space debris removal for the development of space exploration and technology.
The document summarizes key details about India's space program and satellites. It provides information on 50 Indian satellites launched between 1975 and 2008, including their names, launch dates, payloads, and purpose. It also discusses India's goals of developing its own GPS system and launching around 7 satellites by 2010. The first Indian satellite was Aryabhata, launched in 1975, and Chandrayaan-1 was India's first lunar mission, launched in 2008.
Types of satellite metrological & resource satellitesManish Kothe
The document discusses different types of satellites used for remote sensing including earth resource satellites, Landsat series satellites, SPOT satellites, Indian remote sensing satellites, IKONOS, meteorological/weather satellites like NOAA and GOES, and Indian national satellites like INSAT. It provides details on the sensors, spectral and spatial resolution, swath width, orbital altitude, and launch period of these various satellite systems used for monitoring earth's resources, weather, environment and climate.
Nano and Micro-satellite Market assessment_2014Prateep Basu
This document provides an assessment of the nano/microsatellite market from 2014-2020 conducted by SpaceWorks Enterprises. Some key findings include:
- SpaceWorks projects 410-543 nano/microsatellites will need launches globally in 2020, compared to 92 in 2013, representing significant growth.
- While the civil sector will remain important, contributing over 1/3 of future satellites, commercial companies are emerging and expected to influence the market greatly, contributing an estimated 56% of future satellites.
- Earth observation and remote sensing are projected to be the largest application areas for nano/microsatellites in the future, replacing technology demonstration as the main purpose in the past.
- Continued standardization, technology
The INSAT program was established in 1983 as a joint venture between Indian government departments to create India's national satellite system. INSAT is the largest domestic communication system in Asia Pacific, consisting of 11 operational satellites providing television, communication, meteorology, and other services to India. Key INSAT satellites include EDUSAT for educational services and those providing disaster warning, weather forecasting, and telemedicine applications.
Satellites have evolved significantly since Sputnik was launched in 1957. Early satellites were simple devices that gathered basic data and demonstrated orbital technology, while modern satellites can cost over $1 billion and provide advanced capabilities like global communications, weather monitoring, and GPS. However, the growth of space debris is a emerging environmental issue as defunct satellites and fragments threaten future space exploration due to collisions.
This document provides an introduction to Landsat and Google Earth Engine. It discusses what remote sensing is and gives an overview of Landsat, including its history, sensors, data access and applications. It also introduces Google Earth Engine, describing what it is, how it can be used to analyze large geospatial datasets, and provides some examples of analyses that can be done with it, including monitoring land use change.
Now-a-days the field of Remote Sensing and GIS has become exciting and glamorous with rapidly expanding opportunities. Many organizations spend large amounts of money on these fields. Here the question arises why these fields are so important in recent years. Two main reasons are there behind this. 1) Now-a-days scientists, researchers, students, and even common people are showing great interest for better understanding of our environment. By environment we mean the geographic space of their study area and the events that take place there. In other words, we have come to realize that geographic space along with the data describing it, is part of our everyday world; almost every decision we take is influenced or dictated by some fact of geography. 2) Advancement in sophisticated space technology (which can provide large volume of spatial data), along with declining costs of computer hardware and software (which can handle these data) has made Remote Sensing and G.I.S. affordable to not only complex environmental / spatial situation but also affordable to an increasingly wider audience.
This document discusses space debris removal systems. It begins with an introduction that defines space debris and its sources. It then describes the different types of orbits where debris accumulate, such as low Earth orbit and geostationary orbit. The document outlines methods for tracking and measuring debris, including radar, optical detectors, and radio waves. It discusses various approaches for clearing space debris, such as electrodynamic tethers, space nets, laser brooms, solar sails, and collector satellites. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of space debris removal for the development of space exploration and technology.
The document summarizes key details about India's space program and satellites. It provides information on 50 Indian satellites launched between 1975 and 2008, including their names, launch dates, payloads, and purpose. It also discusses India's goals of developing its own GPS system and launching around 7 satellites by 2010. The first Indian satellite was Aryabhata, launched in 1975, and Chandrayaan-1 was India's first lunar mission, launched in 2008.
Types of satellite metrological & resource satellitesManish Kothe
The document discusses different types of satellites used for remote sensing including earth resource satellites, Landsat series satellites, SPOT satellites, Indian remote sensing satellites, IKONOS, meteorological/weather satellites like NOAA and GOES, and Indian national satellites like INSAT. It provides details on the sensors, spectral and spatial resolution, swath width, orbital altitude, and launch period of these various satellite systems used for monitoring earth's resources, weather, environment and climate.
Nano and Micro-satellite Market assessment_2014Prateep Basu
This document provides an assessment of the nano/microsatellite market from 2014-2020 conducted by SpaceWorks Enterprises. Some key findings include:
- SpaceWorks projects 410-543 nano/microsatellites will need launches globally in 2020, compared to 92 in 2013, representing significant growth.
- While the civil sector will remain important, contributing over 1/3 of future satellites, commercial companies are emerging and expected to influence the market greatly, contributing an estimated 56% of future satellites.
- Earth observation and remote sensing are projected to be the largest application areas for nano/microsatellites in the future, replacing technology demonstration as the main purpose in the past.
- Continued standardization, technology
The INSAT program was established in 1983 as a joint venture between Indian government departments to create India's national satellite system. INSAT is the largest domestic communication system in Asia Pacific, consisting of 11 operational satellites providing television, communication, meteorology, and other services to India. Key INSAT satellites include EDUSAT for educational services and those providing disaster warning, weather forecasting, and telemedicine applications.
Satellites have evolved significantly since Sputnik was launched in 1957. Early satellites were simple devices that gathered basic data and demonstrated orbital technology, while modern satellites can cost over $1 billion and provide advanced capabilities like global communications, weather monitoring, and GPS. However, the growth of space debris is a emerging environmental issue as defunct satellites and fragments threaten future space exploration due to collisions.
This document provides an introduction to Landsat and Google Earth Engine. It discusses what remote sensing is and gives an overview of Landsat, including its history, sensors, data access and applications. It also introduces Google Earth Engine, describing what it is, how it can be used to analyze large geospatial datasets, and provides some examples of analyses that can be done with it, including monitoring land use change.
The document summarizes India's remote sensing satellite program. It began with the Aryabhata satellite in 1975 and includes both satellites launched on foreign rockets as well as India's indigenously developed satellites launched using the PSLV rocket. The IRS satellite program supports applications in agriculture, water resources, forestry, geology and other areas. Key satellites discussed include IRS-1A, IRS-1B, IRS-1C, Resourcesat and Cartosat. The IRS system currently includes 11 operational satellites providing data at a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to support civilian remote sensing.
Disaster monitoring by multi-temporal images of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake an...grssieee
PASCO analyzed data from satellites, aircraft, and vehicles after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami to monitor the affected areas. Multi-source and multi-temporal data allowed automatic detection of inundation areas within hours of acquisition. Flood maps covering over 12,000 km2 were created from various satellite images and distributed to authorities for disaster management.
The document discusses the history and development of India's space program and satellite technology. It summarizes that India launched its first satellite in 1975 using foreign satellites, conducted its own experiments in the 1970s, and launched its first experimental communication satellite in 1981. It then describes India's INSAT domestic communication satellite system, which now serves television and communication needs across India with multiple satellites.
GSAT-14 is an Indian communications satellite launched in 2014. It was constructed by ISRO based on the I-2K satellite bus, weighing 851 kg without fuel. GSAT-14 has a design life of 12 years and carries experiments in new technologies. After a scrubbed first launch attempt in 2013, GSAT-14 was successfully launched in January 2014 atop a GSLV Mk-II rocket, ending a streak of four previous GSLV failures. Aryabhata was India's first satellite, launched in 1975 to gain experience in space and conduct experiments in x-ray astronomy, agriculture, and solar physics. It helped establish India's space program and space science investigations.
Meteorology is a discipline concerned with observational earth sciences and theoretical physics. It has the task of providing an accurate knowledge of the state of the atmosphere. Before the advent of weather satellites the weathermen had been severely handicapped by having only a very limited knowledge of the state of the atmosphere at any given time. Meteorological satellites have to a large extent has enabled to overcome this deficiency.
The document summarizes recent space achievements of India from 2010-2014 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It discusses successful satellite launches using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), including launches of communication, earth observation, and navigation satellites. It also covers the first Indian Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013. Key missions highlighted include the launch of GSAT satellites, Resourcesat, and the successful development of India's own cryogenic rocket engine technology.
This ppt is about the basic information about Remote Sensing and GIS and their Apps. in Environmental Management (Prepared by Mandeep Poonia at GJU S&T, Hisar (Haryana) ,India)
Satellites orbit Earth for a variety of purposes such as communication, weather monitoring, and navigation. They come in different types depending on their distance from Earth, including low-Earth orbit, medium-Earth orbit, and geostationary orbit. The Global Positioning System is a constellation of 24 satellites that provides location and time information to GPS receivers anywhere on Earth.
The document summarizes the design process of Team RAPTOR for the 2015 NASA Robotic Mining Competition. It describes the systems engineering approach used, including defining requirements, developing a concept of operations, and conducting various design reviews. Key aspects of the preliminary and final robot design are discussed, such as using magnesium alloys for the structure to reduce weight and implementing a conveyor system for regolith transport to minimize tipping risks. The team's goal was to develop an autonomous robot called DAIR capable of deep icy regolith excavation.
This document discusses the potential role of nanosatellites in future geodesy missions. It describes several ways nanosatellites could improve geodetic measurements, such as increasing spatial and temporal sampling. Specific nanosatellite missions discussed include the Drag Free Satellite, Gravity Explorer, and the Canadian CanX-4 and CanX-5 formation flying satellites. Payloads that could be miniaturized for nanosatellites include accelerometers, atomic clocks, star cameras, GPS receivers, and intersatellite ranging instruments. Attitude control techniques like magnetic torquers would need to be studied further for precision formation flying applications. The conclusion is that nanosatellites have the potential to contribute useful data to future gravity field
Satellite communication involves transmitting signals between a sender and receiver using a satellite. The signal is sent to the satellite, which amplifies it and sends it back to the receiver on Earth. Johannes Kepler formulated laws concerning planetary motion, including that planets orbit the sun in ellipses. GSAT-16 is an Indian communication satellite launched in 2014 carrying 48 transponders across C-band, Extended C-band, and Ku-band frequencies to provide continuity of communication services.
The document provides information on 11 Indian remote sensing satellites (IRS) launched by ISRO. The IRS series began with the launch of IRS-1A in 1988 and now includes 12 satellites providing imagery for applications like agriculture, resources, and disaster management. Key details are provided on the specifications, payloads, orbits, and missions of each satellite launched. The satellites provide imagery at various spatial resolutions and spectral bands to support monitoring of natural resources and other civilian needs.
The evolution of GPS has transformed human lives and offered solutions for some highly critical as well as some mundane problems faced by us. The GPS navigation system has revolutionised industries and set new standards to consumer technology. This Ppt entails when & how the GPS technology came into existence and evolved worldwide over the years.
#navigationsatellite #evolutionofGPS #gpsnavigationsystems #gpstracking #mavericklabs #Trackoapp #USSattelite #Russia #USSR #IndianSatellite #EuopeanUnion #China #GPS #Evolution #SatelliteNavigation #gpstrackingsystem #NAVSTAR #BeiDou #GLONASS #Galileo #NAVIC #navigation
The document discusses nanosatellites and their advantages over larger satellites. It defines different classes of small satellites based on mass, including nanosatellites which are between 1-10 kg. Nanosatellites allow for lower costs, easier production, and more opportunities for new missions compared to larger satellites. Examples of nanosatellite applications demonstrated include technology demonstrations, Earth observation, and biological experiments. The global market for nanosatellite launches is projected to grow significantly in the coming years.
RISAT-2 is India's first heavy satellite with synthetic aperture radar, allowing all-weather, day-night monitoring. It was launched in 2009 to enhance India's earth observation capabilities, especially for disaster management. Potential applications include tracking hostile ships. RISAT-2 was used to search for wreckage from a helicopter crash in dense jungle that killed the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.
The document provides details about satellite communication history and technology. It discusses key events like the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 as the first artificial satellite and describes various satellite systems including low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO). It also covers topics like how satellites are launched, orbital velocities, satellite costs, and components of a basic satellite system.
This document provides an overview of Japanese space development. It discusses engineering test satellites that were used to develop technologies for actual use satellites. It then describes several types of actual use satellites developed by Japan, including earth observation, communication, meteorological, and positioning satellites. It also discusses space science exploration, including lunar and planetary exploration, asteroid exploration, solar observation, and astronomical observation. The overall purpose is to improve knowledge about Japanese space development programs and technologies.
The supply side gaps and opportunities of small & medium enterprises (sm es) ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the challenges faced by financial institutions in lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh. The study found that SMEs in Bangladesh are underserved by financial institutions, which lack customer-tailored products and specialized credit risk assessment systems. Providing loans to SMEs also requires a long time for credit clearance. To address these supply-side gaps, the study recommends identifying the risks faced by commercial banks in lending to SMEs and finding solutions to increase credit flows to the important SME sector.
The presentation of the arabic character in shakespeare's othelloAlexander Decker
This summarizes a research document about the presentation of the Arabic character in Shakespeare's play Othello. It discusses how Othello, as the main Arabic character, faces racial and religious discrimination as a Moor in Venice. While Othello possesses noble traits as a military leader, he is still viewed as an outsider due to his race and religion. The document analyzes how Othello is portrayed through negative imagery and language that emphasizes his darkness and exoticism in contrast to the fair Venetians. It concludes that the portrayal of Othello reflects the racial prejudices against Arabs that were prevalent in Elizabethan England.
The document summarizes India's remote sensing satellite program. It began with the Aryabhata satellite in 1975 and includes both satellites launched on foreign rockets as well as India's indigenously developed satellites launched using the PSLV rocket. The IRS satellite program supports applications in agriculture, water resources, forestry, geology and other areas. Key satellites discussed include IRS-1A, IRS-1B, IRS-1C, Resourcesat and Cartosat. The IRS system currently includes 11 operational satellites providing data at a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to support civilian remote sensing.
Disaster monitoring by multi-temporal images of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake an...grssieee
PASCO analyzed data from satellites, aircraft, and vehicles after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami to monitor the affected areas. Multi-source and multi-temporal data allowed automatic detection of inundation areas within hours of acquisition. Flood maps covering over 12,000 km2 were created from various satellite images and distributed to authorities for disaster management.
The document discusses the history and development of India's space program and satellite technology. It summarizes that India launched its first satellite in 1975 using foreign satellites, conducted its own experiments in the 1970s, and launched its first experimental communication satellite in 1981. It then describes India's INSAT domestic communication satellite system, which now serves television and communication needs across India with multiple satellites.
GSAT-14 is an Indian communications satellite launched in 2014. It was constructed by ISRO based on the I-2K satellite bus, weighing 851 kg without fuel. GSAT-14 has a design life of 12 years and carries experiments in new technologies. After a scrubbed first launch attempt in 2013, GSAT-14 was successfully launched in January 2014 atop a GSLV Mk-II rocket, ending a streak of four previous GSLV failures. Aryabhata was India's first satellite, launched in 1975 to gain experience in space and conduct experiments in x-ray astronomy, agriculture, and solar physics. It helped establish India's space program and space science investigations.
Meteorology is a discipline concerned with observational earth sciences and theoretical physics. It has the task of providing an accurate knowledge of the state of the atmosphere. Before the advent of weather satellites the weathermen had been severely handicapped by having only a very limited knowledge of the state of the atmosphere at any given time. Meteorological satellites have to a large extent has enabled to overcome this deficiency.
The document summarizes recent space achievements of India from 2010-2014 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). It discusses successful satellite launches using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), including launches of communication, earth observation, and navigation satellites. It also covers the first Indian Mars Orbiter Mission in 2013. Key missions highlighted include the launch of GSAT satellites, Resourcesat, and the successful development of India's own cryogenic rocket engine technology.
This ppt is about the basic information about Remote Sensing and GIS and their Apps. in Environmental Management (Prepared by Mandeep Poonia at GJU S&T, Hisar (Haryana) ,India)
Satellites orbit Earth for a variety of purposes such as communication, weather monitoring, and navigation. They come in different types depending on their distance from Earth, including low-Earth orbit, medium-Earth orbit, and geostationary orbit. The Global Positioning System is a constellation of 24 satellites that provides location and time information to GPS receivers anywhere on Earth.
The document summarizes the design process of Team RAPTOR for the 2015 NASA Robotic Mining Competition. It describes the systems engineering approach used, including defining requirements, developing a concept of operations, and conducting various design reviews. Key aspects of the preliminary and final robot design are discussed, such as using magnesium alloys for the structure to reduce weight and implementing a conveyor system for regolith transport to minimize tipping risks. The team's goal was to develop an autonomous robot called DAIR capable of deep icy regolith excavation.
This document discusses the potential role of nanosatellites in future geodesy missions. It describes several ways nanosatellites could improve geodetic measurements, such as increasing spatial and temporal sampling. Specific nanosatellite missions discussed include the Drag Free Satellite, Gravity Explorer, and the Canadian CanX-4 and CanX-5 formation flying satellites. Payloads that could be miniaturized for nanosatellites include accelerometers, atomic clocks, star cameras, GPS receivers, and intersatellite ranging instruments. Attitude control techniques like magnetic torquers would need to be studied further for precision formation flying applications. The conclusion is that nanosatellites have the potential to contribute useful data to future gravity field
Satellite communication involves transmitting signals between a sender and receiver using a satellite. The signal is sent to the satellite, which amplifies it and sends it back to the receiver on Earth. Johannes Kepler formulated laws concerning planetary motion, including that planets orbit the sun in ellipses. GSAT-16 is an Indian communication satellite launched in 2014 carrying 48 transponders across C-band, Extended C-band, and Ku-band frequencies to provide continuity of communication services.
The document provides information on 11 Indian remote sensing satellites (IRS) launched by ISRO. The IRS series began with the launch of IRS-1A in 1988 and now includes 12 satellites providing imagery for applications like agriculture, resources, and disaster management. Key details are provided on the specifications, payloads, orbits, and missions of each satellite launched. The satellites provide imagery at various spatial resolutions and spectral bands to support monitoring of natural resources and other civilian needs.
The evolution of GPS has transformed human lives and offered solutions for some highly critical as well as some mundane problems faced by us. The GPS navigation system has revolutionised industries and set new standards to consumer technology. This Ppt entails when & how the GPS technology came into existence and evolved worldwide over the years.
#navigationsatellite #evolutionofGPS #gpsnavigationsystems #gpstracking #mavericklabs #Trackoapp #USSattelite #Russia #USSR #IndianSatellite #EuopeanUnion #China #GPS #Evolution #SatelliteNavigation #gpstrackingsystem #NAVSTAR #BeiDou #GLONASS #Galileo #NAVIC #navigation
The document discusses nanosatellites and their advantages over larger satellites. It defines different classes of small satellites based on mass, including nanosatellites which are between 1-10 kg. Nanosatellites allow for lower costs, easier production, and more opportunities for new missions compared to larger satellites. Examples of nanosatellite applications demonstrated include technology demonstrations, Earth observation, and biological experiments. The global market for nanosatellite launches is projected to grow significantly in the coming years.
RISAT-2 is India's first heavy satellite with synthetic aperture radar, allowing all-weather, day-night monitoring. It was launched in 2009 to enhance India's earth observation capabilities, especially for disaster management. Potential applications include tracking hostile ships. RISAT-2 was used to search for wreckage from a helicopter crash in dense jungle that killed the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.
The document provides details about satellite communication history and technology. It discusses key events like the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957 as the first artificial satellite and describes various satellite systems including low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), and geostationary orbit (GEO). It also covers topics like how satellites are launched, orbital velocities, satellite costs, and components of a basic satellite system.
This document provides an overview of Japanese space development. It discusses engineering test satellites that were used to develop technologies for actual use satellites. It then describes several types of actual use satellites developed by Japan, including earth observation, communication, meteorological, and positioning satellites. It also discusses space science exploration, including lunar and planetary exploration, asteroid exploration, solar observation, and astronomical observation. The overall purpose is to improve knowledge about Japanese space development programs and technologies.
The supply side gaps and opportunities of small & medium enterprises (sm es) ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the challenges faced by financial institutions in lending to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh. The study found that SMEs in Bangladesh are underserved by financial institutions, which lack customer-tailored products and specialized credit risk assessment systems. Providing loans to SMEs also requires a long time for credit clearance. To address these supply-side gaps, the study recommends identifying the risks faced by commercial banks in lending to SMEs and finding solutions to increase credit flows to the important SME sector.
The presentation of the arabic character in shakespeare's othelloAlexander Decker
This summarizes a research document about the presentation of the Arabic character in Shakespeare's play Othello. It discusses how Othello, as the main Arabic character, faces racial and religious discrimination as a Moor in Venice. While Othello possesses noble traits as a military leader, he is still viewed as an outsider due to his race and religion. The document analyzes how Othello is portrayed through negative imagery and language that emphasizes his darkness and exoticism in contrast to the fair Venetians. It concludes that the portrayal of Othello reflects the racial prejudices against Arabs that were prevalent in Elizabethan England.
This document discusses the top IT management concerns in Kenya. It identifies several key concerns, including IT strategic alignment, cost reduction, business productivity, business agility, and generating revenue from IT investments. It also notes Africa-specific challenges such as developing IT infrastructure, improving IT governance, and developing IT human resources and skills. The document provides context on the IT management concerns through references and background on the author.
The relationship between the eps the market stock returnAlexander Decker
This document discusses research on the relationship between earnings per share (EPS) and stock market returns. It notes that previous studies have found EPS explains less than 11% of changes in returns. The study aims to test this relationship for industrial companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange. It discusses two models for representing unexpected earnings - using change in EPS or level of EPS. The study hypothesizes that both measures will significantly affect returns but that level of EPS may better explain returns. It also hypothesizes that using multiple earnings variables could improve explanation of returns. The literature review discusses a previous Jordanian study on the relationship between stock prices, current EPS, and future profits.
Urban transformation in 1950’s the case of hacettepe district, ankaraAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper on the urban transformation of the Hacettepe district in Ankara, Turkey during the 1950s due to modernist planning approaches. It provides historical context on Ankara's development as Turkey's capital city beginning in the 1920s. Plans in the 1950s to develop Hacettepe University led to significant physical and socio-cultural changes in the historical Hacettepe district. The paper analyzes how the modernist ideology of the time period shaped the transformation of the urban form and conservation approaches in Hacettepe through archival documents and interviews.
Uranium concentration in human blood using fission track etch techniqueAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that measured uranium concentration in human blood samples from exposed and control groups in Iraq using fission track etching technique. The main findings are:
1) Uranium concentrations were higher in the exposed group (1.84 ppb) compared to the control group (0.88 ppb), likely due to military activities contaminating the exposed areas.
2) Female uranium concentrations were higher than males in both groups, due to females having lower total blood volume.
3) Uranium concentrations varied between individuals but were highest in older females from more contaminated areas.
Use of gender exclusive language in secondary school english textbooks in kenyaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the use of gender-exclusive language in secondary school English textbooks in Kenya. Specifically, it looks at the textbook "New Integrated English Student’s Book 3" and identifies examples where the pronouns "he" and nouns containing "man" are used generically to refer to people but unintentionally exclude women. The research paper provides the identified examples, suggests more gender-inclusive alternatives in brackets, and gives a short comment on how the original phrasing assigns stereotypical gender roles. The goal of the research is to promote more inclusive language in educational materials in order to shape learner attitudes and represent both genders equally in societal development.
Theoretical study of the effect of hydroxy subgroup on the electronic and spe...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a theoretical study that used density functional theory calculations to investigate the effect of adding hydroxyl groups to the azulene molecule in different positions. The study found that adding hydroxyl groups (electron-withdrawing groups) decreases the energy gap of the molecules, making electrons easier to excite. It also decreases the ionization potential and increases the electron affinity, improving the electronic properties and making the molecules more soluble and conductive. Molecule 6, with hydroxyl groups in specific positions, was found to have the best properties for use as an n-type organic semiconductor. Vibrational frequency calculations showed good agreement with experimental data for the azulene molecule and identified characteristic vibrations induced by the addition of hydroxyl groups
This document describes the design and implementation of a directional object sensing and ranging system. It uses an ultrasonic range sensor mounted on a stepper motor to detect objects within a 2.5m radius as the motor rotates continuously. When an object is detected, the microcontroller records the angle of the stepper motor and distance to the object, displaying it on an LCD. The system differs from stationary detectors by providing directional detection capabilities through the rotational motion of the sensors.
This document discusses the evolution of nanosatellites and CubeSats. It begins with a brief history of early satellites from Sputnik 1 to Vanguard 1. The CubeSat standard was then developed in 1999, defining small satellite sizes and interfaces to allow universities to design and build complete small satellites. Since 2013, commercial companies have launched large constellations of CubeSats for applications like Earth observation and weather monitoring. The CubeSat standard continues to evolve with larger form factors being developed and defined.
This document provides an overview of different types of orbits used for satellites, including low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO), geostationary orbit (GEO), and highly elliptical orbit (HEO). It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each orbit type, as well as their applications. Specific orbits like LEO are discussed in more detail, including factors like altitude and advantages like lower latency for communication satellites. The document also examines space debris and the increasing threat it poses to operational satellites from collisions. It notes there are over 20,000 pieces of debris larger than 10cm tracked in Earth's orbit.
The document discusses various types of satellites and their applications. It describes communications satellites that enable broadband internet, direct broadcasting, and fixed satellite services. It also covers earth observation satellites used for environmental monitoring, agriculture, forestry, geology, and risk management. These satellites observe the Earth's surface and collect data on topics like climate, natural resources, and natural disasters. Finally, the document lists reconnaissance satellites, astronomical satellites, weather satellites, and navigation satellites as other major categories of satellites and their purposes.
La red de telescopios robóticos BOOTES y el proyecto GLORIAcampusmilenio
Bootes es el primer observatorio astronómico robótico ubicado en España para complementar desde Tierra la observación de fuentes celestes estudiadas en altas energías (rayos X y gamma) desde el espacio. En 1998 comienza a funcionar en Huelva, en 2001 en Málaga, y en 2009 se produce la internacionalización del proyecto con Bootes-3 en Nueva Zelanda.
Ponente: Alberto Castro Tirado (España) es licenciado en Físicas por la Universidad de Granada Doctor en Astrofísica por la Universidad de Copenhague. Es Investigador Científico del C.S.I.C desde 2007 y es el Investigador Principal del proyecto Bootes en el Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA). Es miembro de la IAU y ha publicado más de 190 artículos en revistas especializadas como Nature, Science, de divulgación sobre Astronomía y prensa.
Propulsion System in Hypersonic Spacecraft Rocket: A Review of Recent Develop...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of propulsion systems for hypersonic spacecraft. It discusses the history of hypersonic vehicle development from early concepts in the 1930s to current programs. Various propulsion technologies are described, including nuclear thermal rockets, air-breathing engines like scramjets, and combinations of ducted jet and rocket engines. Challenges in developing efficient hypersonic propulsion systems are also reviewed.
This document discusses space debris removal systems. It begins by introducing the problem of space debris and its sources. It then describes the different types of orbits where debris accumulate, including low Earth orbit, medium Earth orbit, geostationary orbit, and highly elliptical orbit. The document discusses methods for tracking and measuring debris, as well as different approaches for debris removal, such as electrodynamic tethers, laser brooms, solar sails, space nets, and collector satellites. It concludes by stating the importance of debris removal for continued space development and exploration.
Space Debris and Present Active Debris Removal TechniquesV!vEk@nAnD S
The document discusses space debris and present active debris removal techniques. It provides an introduction to space debris, describing the current debris situation and categories. It then discusses various active debris removal concepts and techniques being researched, such as solar sails, lasers, electrodynamic tethers, and capture vehicles. Some of the challenges to implementing effective debris removal are also outlined, such as the technical difficulties, costs, and need for international cooperation and policy.
A Mathematical Modeling Approach of the Failure Analysis for the Real-Time Me...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a simulation of the Mathematical Model for Real-Time Satellite Launch Platform approach in
Mexico is presented. Mexico holds the fourth best place in the world for building a platform to launch space
satellites, since its geographic location is optimal for its construction. It is essential to have the Probabilistic
Failure Analysis in Space Systems Engineering from its design, in order to minimize risks and avoid any
possible catastrophe. The mathematical approach of Failure Analysis presented throughout this paper, is
complementary to the simulation results, previously obtained with Windchill Quality Software. The final results
were performed with the Failure Analysis through fault trees (FTA) by means of a probabilistic approach
Quantitative Mathematical Model. This is the first step to propose and build the first Satellite Launch Platform
in Mexico.
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Development Challenges, South-South Solutions: September 2013 Issue David South Consulting
Development Challenges, South-South Solutions is the monthly e-newsletter of the United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation in UNDP (www.southerninnovator.org). It has been published every month since 2006. Its sister publication, Southern Innovator magazine, has been published since 2011.
ISSN 2227-3905
Stories by David South
UN Office for South-South Cooperation
Contact the Office to receive a copy of the new global magazine Southern Innovator. Issues 1, 2 and 3 are out now and are about innovators in mobile phones and information technology, youth and entrepreneurship, and agribusiness and food security. Why not consider sponsoring or advertising in an issue of Southern Innovator?
Follow @SouthSouth1.
In this issue:
Affordable Space Programmes Becoming Part of South's Development
Solar Bottle Bulbs Light Up Dark Homes
China Sets Sights on Dominating Global Smartphone Market
Poorest Countries Being Harmed by Euro Currency Crisis
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Transition of space technologies and the spin off technologies realised
1. Information and Knowledge Management
ISSN 2224-5758 (Paper) ISSN 2224-896X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
www.iiste.org
Transition of Space Technologies and the Spin-Off Technologies
Realised: An Incentive for Continued Investment in Space
Exploration
Samuel Ayokunle Olowosejeje
Department of Engineering and Space Systems (Graduate Intern), National Space Research and Development
Agency (NASRDA), Nigeria. 2012-2013
* E-mail: kunle.olowosejeje@gmail.com
Abstract
Technology development and advancement is being embraced by the world for its potential long term benefits.
The role of technology in development is vast, with technology playing an integral part in everyday human
activities and practices. Technology development and application is pivotal in ensuring full system functionality
and operation of key economic sectors of respective countries. The trend in advancing technology over the years
has helped many businesses stay competitive and remain in the global market. Space and other aviation
industries’; following the advent of space exploration has helped in realising spin-off technologies. These
technologies have contributed to the efficacy of current industrial methods and practices. Space exploration
investment remains a gateway for advancing space technology development, and subsequently realising spin-off
technologies.
Keywords: Space Technology, Space Application, Spin-Off Technology, Transition, Investment, Future
1. Introduction
Space technology has recorded remarkable success over the years following initial space exploration in the 20th
century. The advent of these technologies has made it easier for human activities and processes to be
implemented through their applications [1].
NASA through space exploration has successfully embarked on numerous voyages and ground breaking
expeditions enlightening the world on the advantages of continued explorations and the accruing long term
benefits.
Other nations are also actively involved in space exploration and activities through their various national
structures and agencies i.e. ROSCOSMOS, ESA, JAXA and CSA. This is all aimed at implementing their
country’s space explorations and collectively advancing further development of space technologies and
applications [2].
The following will shed more light on milestone achievements realised and those predicted through space
exploration activities in three (3) distinct headers i.e. Past, Present and the Future.
2. Past
The breakthrough recorded in the past century, pertinent to space exploration has been pivotal in setting a bench
mark for future research and development. These are outlined as follows [1]:
1915 Robert Goddard proves validity of rocket propulsion principles in a vacuum. 1926
Goddard launches first liquid-fuel rocket engine.
1932 Wernher von Braun begins experimenting with rocket engines for his doctoral
dissertation.
1933 Russia's first liquid-fuelled rocket is launched.
1934 Von Braun built his first successful rocket, the A-2.
1942 Von Braun achieves the first successful launching of a V-2 rocket.
1950 A two-stage bumper rocket is launched from Cape Canaveral.
1957 Sputnik I is launched by liquid-fuelled rocket built by Sergei Korolev.
1958 The U.S. launches Explorer 1, signalling the beginning of the space program. 1959
Russian lands a Luna probe on the moon and takes the first pictures of its far side.
1961 Russian Yuri Gagarin orbits Earth one time.
1961 Alan Shepard is launched 115 miles into space, lands 15 minutes later in Atlantic Ocean.
1962 John Glenn orbits Earth three times in a Mercury capsule, Friendship 7.
1962 Mariner 2 flies past Venus, the first probe to fly beyond another planet.
1963 RL-10 rocket engine, the world's first high-energy liquid hydrogen engine.
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ISSN 2224-5758 (Paper) ISSN 2224-896X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
www.iiste.org
1963 Valentina Tereshkova, Soviet cosmonaut, becomes the first woman in space. 1963 The
first communications satellite to reach synchronous orbit, Syncom II, is launched.
1964 First spacewalk, U.S. Gemini program.
1965 Early Bird is launched for use by communications services.
1965 Gemini spacecraft makes first rendezvous in space between two spacecraft. 1969 Apollo
11 moon landing, Neil Armstrong is first person to walk on moon.
1971 Earth-orbiting space station, USSR.
1973 Skylab is placed in orbit.
1976 Mars space probes, NASA's Viking I and Viking II, launched.
1977 U.S. Space Shuttle program begins.
1981 Columbia Space Shuttle, the first reusable winged spaceship, is launched.
1997 The robotic explorer, Sojourner, lands on Mars.
1997 Pioneer 10 spacecraft exits the solar system for interstellar space, and is still functioning.
1997 Discovery Shuttle mission with John Glenn aboard at age 77.
3. Present
Presently, on-going activities by government and private bodies through space technologies have been able to
create industries centred on providing the following services [3]:
Provide satellite communications (VSAT business communication systems, mobile telephones,
data direct to home TV, satellite radio and wide band data services).
Remote Sensing (mapping, resource management and land use).
Global Positioning System (GPS) for positioning, navigation and timing services.
These services have been pivotal in mitigating problems associated with executing human activities and
processes more adequately [8]. Their practical applications encompass all sectors i.e. transportation,
communications, agriculture, health, banking & finance and power amongst others. Furthermore, target specific
examples of on-going work primed at improving livelihood and human activities are [3]:
ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast): Employs satellite based navigation to increase the
number of aircrafts that can be managed in a nation’s airspace.
NPOESS (National Polar Orbital Environmental Satellite System): To obtain precise atmospheric and
environmental measurements from space in massive quantities.
3.1 Network of European Regions using Space Technologies (NEREUS)
More so, the “Network of European Regions Using Space Technologies” (NEREUS) publication, documents
spin off technologies realised from space explorations that have real life applications. Respective developed and
developing technologies and their application areas pertinent to this are as follows [4]:
3.1.1 Life Marker Chip (LMC)
An instrument used in extracting organic matter from disintegrated particles in Mars and also
exploring the existence of extant life. Its application is evident in “green” chemistry for the
extraction of petrochemicals from low grade oil production sources i.e. Oil Shale. The
instrument is also applicable in medical and environmental sample processing in the 3rd world.
3.1.2 Mini Gamma Ray Camera (MGRC)
The MGRC is a device in the development and testing stage intended for commercialisation
subsequent to medical evaluation and approval. The technology employed in its design and
implementation builds on space exploration projects and X-ray astronomy satellite missions.
Underlying technologies are “Charged Coupled Devices (CCDs)” for scintillator materials,
high performance x-ray imaging and miniaturization for space missions.
Its wide application will be in the medical environment for efficient and effective diagnosis of
terminal illnesses particularly cancer.
3.1.3 RiskNat
RiskNat is realised through simulations, depicting real life occurrences, resulting from space
exploration technology. RiskNat is built upon a virtual simulation framework capable of
simulating 4D environments. RiskNAT’s three geological risk event focus areas are:
Debris Flows.
Snow Avalanches.
Land Slides.
RiskNat provides the necessary information required by designated authorities to effectively
manage geological risks and dangers through requisite analysis and understanding of the
simulation environment.
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3. Information and Knowledge Management
ISSN 2224-5758 (Paper) ISSN 2224-896X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
www.iiste.org
3.1.4 HIT09
The spin off technology is adopted from technologies employed in the simulation, design and
implementation of helicon plasma and hybrid rocket propulsion systems.
HIT09 technology is applicable in the design of advanced wind turbines and plasma solar
panels as means of energy generation. Other application areas are in disaster management and
advancing nano-technologies. The former seeks to employ an advanced, quick-response,
rocket-launched device, specifically designed to operate in hazardous conditions by providing
quick view of the affected area.
3.2 Spin-Off Cases of Space Technology in Japan
The tables below cover the various problem specific areas and economic sectors that space technologies are
finding solutions to. The “Key” alimentary to the table is shown below, with the tables following after [7]:
KEY: A - Spin-Off Cases that are transferred from JAXA’s technology and based on license agreement.
B - Spin-Off Cases that are transferred from JAXA’s technology but not based on license agreement
i.e. paper publications.
C - Spin-Off Cases that are transferred from shared technology between JAXA and enterprise and
implemented by the counter enterprise.
D - Spin-Off Cases that are transferred from space technology owned by Japanese enterprises.
Table 1 – Contribution to Living
Category Space Technologies – Spin-Off Cases
Enterprise
Spin-Off
Implementing
A
Water Renewal Technology for Space -Water Purification
System
New Median Tech
Corporation.
B
Structural Design Technology for Space Engineering –
Diamond Cut can
Kirin Brewery Co. Ltd,
Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd.
B
Material technology for Space Plane – Functionally
Graded Material
Mizuno Corporation,
Citizen Holdings Co Ltd.
B
Deployment Technology of Solar Array Paddle in Space –
Miura Fold (Map)
Orupa Co Ltd.
D
Image Analysis Technology Associated with Optical
Sensor for Earth Observation Satellites – Sugar Content
Sensor for Fruits
Mitsui Smelting and
Mining Co Ltd.
D
Rose onboard Space Shuttle Discovery - Perfume of Smell
of Rose Blossomed in Space
Shisheido Co Ltd.
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ISSN 2224-5758 (Paper) ISSN 2224-896X (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 2 – Contribution to Safety and Security
Category Space Technologies – Spin-Off Cases
Enterprise Implementing SpinOff
A
Sensor for X-ray Astronomical Satellite - Realisation
of Next Generation radiation imager used for
security checks in Airports
Acrorad Co Ltd.
D
Basic Material of Rocket Nozzle and Heat Resistance
– Fire proof Screen and Fire extinguishing Cloth
Nippon Muki Co Ltd.
D
Pyrotechnic Technology to Ignite Solid Motors –
Initiator Technology for Gas Generator of Air Bag
IHI Aerospace Co Ltd, Nissan
Motor Co Ltd.
C
Spectro-Polariradiometer for Earth Environment
Observation – Road Surface Freezing Monitoring
System
Yokogawa Bridge Corp.
B
Blast Simulation Programme at Rocket Launch –
Design of Lead Vehicle of 500-Serise Nozomi, Linear
Motor Car
Railway Technical Research
Institute, Central Japan Railway
Company.
D
Technology on Flexible Joint of Rocket - Laminated
Rubber Bearing for Seismic Isolation for
Construction
BridgeStone Corp.
D
OmniDirectional Camera for Monitoring of Solar
Array onboard ADEOS-II - Monitoring Camera on
Ground
Mitsubishi Electric Co, Nagasaki
Ryoden Technica Co Ltd.
A
Network Security of Super Computers – Internal
Security Protection Management System
Seer Insight Security Inc.
A
Recovery Technology on Sea of Stratosphere
Platform Airship – GPS-Based Wave Measuring
System
Zeni Lite Buoy Co Ltd.
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Table 3 – Contribution to Environmental Issues
Category Space Technologies – Spin-Off Cases
Enterprise Implementing SpinOff
A
Combustor Technology for Aircraft Engine – Dioxin
Reduction Device/ Burned Ash Detoxifying Device
Materials and Energy
Research Institute Tokyo
(MERIT), Ltd.
A
Combustor Technology for Aircraft Engine – HighPerformance Detoxifying Burner for manufacturing of
Liquid Crystal Panel
Koganei Tex Co, Ltd.
A
Thermal Insulation Material of Rocket Fairing –
Coating-Type Thermal Insulation Material for
Buildings
Nissin-Sangyo Co.
A
Processing technology for Organic Waste in Space –
Waste processing Facility (Animal Manure)
Tokyo Koatsu Co.
C
Power Generation system for Space (Stiring Engine) –
Low-Pollution, High Efficiency Power Generation
System
Matsushita Electric Industrial
Co, Ltd.
A,C
Jet Engine for Aircraft - Low-Pollution Gas Turbine
for Power Generation
Niigata Power Systems Co,
Ltd.
Table 4 – Contribution to Medical Service and Welfare
Category Space Technologies – Spin-Off Cases
Enterprise
Implementing SpinOff
A
Protein Crystal Creation Equipment in the International Space
Station – Crystal Creation Experimental Equipment and Service
for Dual-Use in Ground and Space
Confocal Science
Inc.
A
Sensors for X-ray Astronomical Satellite – Realization of precise
Gamma-Ray Sensor for Medical Service and Security
Howa Sangyo Co,
Ltd.
D
Special Optical Filter Technology for Satellites – Surgery
Microscope Capable in Identifying Cancer Cells
Mitaka Kohki Co,
Ltd.
D
Optical Instrument Technology for Satellites– High-Resolution
Stereoscopic microscope for Surgery
Mitaka Kohki Co,
Ltd.
D
Balancing Technology of Camera Driving System for X-ray
Doppler Telescope onboard Satellite – Medical Microscope/Stand
Mitaka Kohki Co,
Ltd.
A
Numerical Simulation Technology/ Visualisation Technology –
Medical Image Processing System
SGI Japan, Ltd.
A
Cell Culture System to be onboard International Space Station –
Cell Culture System for Medical Research
Chiyoda Advanced
Solutions Corp.
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Table 5 – Contribution to Industry
Category Space Technologies – Spin-Off Cases
Enterprise
Spin-Off
Implementing
A,C
Design and Analysis Supporting System for Electronics
Equipment onboard Satellites – Solution for Embedded
Software Development in the Ubiquitous Society
InterDesign Technology Co,
Ltd.
A
Next Generation Network Standard for Space Vehicle –
Micro Network
Shimafuji Electric Ltd.
B
Space Semiconductor Chip (SOI) – Applications to
Electronic Equipment in Commercial Sector
Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries, Ltd. Oki Electric
Industry Co, Ltd.
A
SSPS (Space Solar Power System) – Solar Light and Heat
Combined Power Generation System
Ryokushu Co, Ltd.
D
Precise Coordinate Measurement Technology for Stars
by Telescope – Precise Measurement of Camera Lens
Mounted on Mobile Phone
Mitaka Kohki Co, Ltd.
B
Large Capacity Condenser onboard MUSES-C – Toy,
Digital Camera and Liquid Crystal Projector
ELNA Co, Ltd.
Table 6 – Contribution to Education, Hobby and Entertainment
Category Space Technologies – Spin-Off Cases
Enterprise Implementing
Spin-Off
A
Space Power Generation System (Stirling Engine) – Stirling
Engine Kit for Educational Material
Concept Plus
Corporation.
A,C
Minute Space Debris Detection Technology – Star Detection
Kit for Amateur Astronomer
AstroArts Inc.
A
Bio-Filter for Experiment in Space – Bio-Filter for Tropical
Fish Aquarium Purification Material
AES Co, Ltd.
D
Planetary Orbital Data – Fishing Result Prediction Program
NOI Co, Ltd.
3.3 10 - Potential Space Technology Development for the Current Year
Space technology advancements intended for the current year (2013) are: Space suits, Space crafts and
MCC’s amongst others. These are covered as follows [6]:
3.3.1 NASA’s Z1 Spacesuit
NASA's scientist and engineers at Johnson Space Center completed a prototype of the new Z1 spacesuit.
The new suit is equipped with superior mobility, large entrance port for easy donning, and increased
radiation protection for longer spacewalks.
3.3.2 Space X’s Grasshopper
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SpaceX is the first private company to dock spacecrafts at the International Space Station i.e. Falcon 9
rocket and Dragon spacecraft. The Grasshopper reusable rocket is the first ever completely reusable
spaceflight system. The rocket has the potential to lower the cost of future launches if successfully sent into
low-earth orbit.
3.3.3 Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Demo Flight
Orbital Sciences- A Dulles, Va. based Space Company, scheduled to launch its Cygnus spacecraft in 2013,
as part of its NASA Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) agreement. The spacecraft was developed under
a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) contract with NASA. Its successful implementation
will open the US commercial space race, increasing privatisation and improved technology creation.
3.3.4 Asteroid Mining
The potential exhaustion of earth’s natural resources has led scientists into suggesting or exploring the
possibility of elements such as platinum and cobalt being mined from asteroids to meet current demands.
Planetary Resources, a US based company is dedicated to achieving this goal. So far, the firm has developed
three satellites (Akyrd 100, 200 and 300) employed in assessing asteroids for viability.
Possible activities this year involve:
- Developing spacecraft asteroidal samples
- Performing extraction experiments.
3.3.5 Kicksat’s Launch
CubeSat was developed in 1999 by Stanford University and California Polytechnic State University. This
miniaturized satellite has a volume of 1 litre and has a mass below 1.33 kg. Academics have welcomed the
idea because of its low launch cost.
Zachary Manchester adapted this concept as a mode of mass deployment for miniature spacecraft, whilst
following his doctorate at Cornell University. The project which draws its name from kickstarter funding
platform is slated to launch in 2013, and if successful, could revolutionize future access to space research.
3.3.6 Space Tourism and Virgin Galactic’s Spaceship Two
Space Adventures, Ltd took the first civilians, Mark Shuttleworth and Anousheh Ansari on an expedition to
the international space station (ISS) after paying the sum of $20 million each. Virgin Group subsidiary,
Virgin Galactic, in a bid to eradicate the exclusivity of this venture, completed the first privately-funded
human spaceflight with its Spaceship One vehicle in 2004. Mike Melvill was the only pilot and passenger
aboard, as well as the first non-governmental astronaut. Virgin Galactic will look to expand on this success
in 2013 with the new Spaceship Two vehicle, with pre-bookings selling at $200,000 per seat, a significant
discount over Space Adventures' prices.
3.3.7 Spaceport Colorado
Increased interest in the commercial space industry has seen the United States investing $660000 into the
development of Colorado’s Front Range airport. The next pressing agenda, will be establishing “Spaceport
Colorado,” after satisfactory completion of FAA feasibility studies, slated for the first six months of 2013.
Following this, launch activity could commence in early 2014.
3.3.8 NASA’s Maven Probe
Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) probe, an unmanned spacecraft that will be used to
sample Mars' environment is scheduled for launch in November 2013 and is expected to reach Mars in
2014. MAVEN will provide measurements from Mars' atmosphere, allowing for a more complete picture of
the planet's environment.
3.3.9 Russia’s Angara Rocket
Russia’s Angara rocket, scheduled for launch from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in 2013, seeks to secure
Russia's independent access to space. This will be achieved by phasing out the Ukrainian rocket technology
currently used for launches and also keeping future launches contained within the country.
3.3.10 China’s Tiangong-2 Space Station
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Tiangong-2 is a space laboratory expected to launch in 2013. The station is expected to succeed Tiangong-1,
a prototype module launched in the last quarter of 2011. China’s successful implementation of this project
will establish them as a serious space power after lagging behind countries like the USA and Russia in
recent years.
4. The Future
NASA through space programs i.e. Space Technology Program (STP) and Game Changing Development (GCD)
has identified potential space technology development areas. These programs are aimed at improving future
space explorations for realising spin-off technologies.
STP encompasses areas in space technology and application for advancing future space activities. They are
further broken down into three separate technology readiness levels (TRLs) [5]:
4.1 Low TRL – Technology R&D
Space Technology Research Grant Program.
NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program.
Centre Innovation Fund (CIF) Program.
4.2 Mid TRL – Technology Development
Game Changing Development (GCD) Program.
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR)
Program.
4.3 High TRL – Technology Capabilities Demonstrations
Flight Opportunities (FO).
Technology Demonstration Missions (TDM) Program.
Centennial Challenges Prize Program.
Small Spacecraft Technologies Program.
More attention is drawn towards the GCD, as the link between the Low and High TRLs (intermediary between
ideas and implementation). Before any further discussions, what the GCD represents is outlined as follows [5]:
• Transformative Technologies.
• Orders of Magnitude advancement enabling new missions and capabilities.
• Principal Investigator-led investment strategy.
• Planning for technology infusion to future NASA missions, other government agencies, the larger
aerospace enterprise and national needs.
• Investing in High-Payoff Technologies.
• Changing the way a thing is done or made.
The program’s goals are also outlined below:
• Formulate and implement high payoff, high risk technology projects that capitalize on:
Short development cycles (2-3 years).
Lean development strategies.
Competitive acquisitions.
Accountability through continuation reviews.
• Deliver technological knowledge and develop technology infusion plans that are used for supporting
NASA missions, the aerospace community, and other government agencies.
• Effectively engage and partner within STP, across the Agency, and with industry to enable technology
maturation from concept to flight.
4.4 GCD
GCD is overseeing 4 of STPS Big 9 Projects set up to facilitate future space missions as covered in the headers
below [5]:
4.4.1 GCD: Human Exploration Tele-robotics & Human Robotic System
Developing advanced systems capable of remotely operating robots to assist in future explorations.
Maturing new robots capable of assisting humans in routine and tedious work.
Human and Science Mission.
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4.4.2 GCD: CCTD
Demonstrating large composite, light weight fuel that can reduce the mass and cost of the next
generation Space Launch System (SLS).
Human Mission.
4.4.3 GCD: HIAD
Demonstrates new inflatable braking systems for use at hypersonic velocities enabling precise landing
of large payloads on planetary surfaces, and returning payloads from the (ISS) to earth.
Human and Science Mission.
4.4.4 GCD: Robotic Satellite Servicing
Develops and improves technology to enable service, repair, refuelling and relocating satellites through
the use of robotics.
Human and Science Mission.
4.5 TDM
The remaining 5 STPs centre on Technology Demonstration Missions and are listed below [5]:
4.5.1 TDM: Laser Communications
Increases space-based broadband, delivering data rates 10-100 times faster than today’s systems,
addressing the demands of future missions.
Human and Science Mission.
4.5.2 TDM: Cryogenic Propellant Storage and Transfer
Better fuel handling technology will improve spacecraft fuel economy. Required for cryogenic
propulsion stage Space Launch System (SLS).
Human Mission.
4.5.3 TDM: Deep Space Atomic Clock
This tiny atomic clock is 10 times more accurate than today’s ground based navigation systems,
enabling precise, in space navigation.
Human and Science Mission.
4.5.4 TDM: Large Scale Solar Sail
This solar sail has an area 7 times larger than ever flown in space, enabling propellant free propulsion
and next generation space weather systems.
Science Mission.
4.5.5 TDM: Low Density Supersonic Decelerators
Demonstrates new parachutes and inflatable braking systems at supersonic velocities enabling precise
landing of large payloads on planetary surface.
Human and Science Mission.
5. Conclusion
As the world becomes more aware of the advantages of the technologies realised through explorations; increased
funds from government, international organisations and private bodies will be dedicated towards advancing
R&D. The transition of space technologies over the years and the breakthroughs recorded, has elicited various
interests, with more countries establishing their national agencies for this cause i.e. South Africa.
Eventually, continued investments towards increased space missions, will enhance the rate of space technology
developments for humanity’s long term interests and benefits.
6. Recommendation for Further Developments
This review paper will be alimented by addressing the following issues:
Taking Nigeria into perspective, investments in Clean rooms and industrial/Technical parks should
be prioritised for manufacturing semi-conductor devices employed during prototype, testing and
final production.
Africa should set-up a network of African countries in space, for better networking, support and
monitoring of individual country’s progress, as well as collectively.
The world at large should sustain its continued investment in research and also follow-through on
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implementation i.e. through the various agencies, bodies and committees set up. Leading agencies
such as NASA is at the fore-front of this.
Acknowledgement
Appreciation goes to God, my parents for their continuous support and the National Space Research and
Development Agency (NASRDA) for the graduate placement opportunity. I will also like to acknowledge the
efforts of the leading Agencies and Institutions involved in space exploration and activities, where most of my
information was sourced.
References
[1] National Academy of Engineering (2000). Greatest Achievements of the 20th Century.
[2] International Space Station Guide (nd). ISS International Facilities and Operations. International Partners.
[3] Rosen S (2009). How Space can Improve Life on Earth. AD ASTRA.
[4] Nereus – Network of European Regions Using Space Technologies (2011). Applications of Space
Exploration Technologies in the NEREUS Regions. Nereus Working Group.
[5] Balint T and Gaddis S (2013). Innovation within NASA Space Technology and its Game Changing
Development Program. OPAG meeting Atlanta, GA.
[6]Policymic (2013) 10 Amazing Space Technology Developments to watch For in 2013 illustrated
[online] available from http://www.policymic.com/articles/21505/10-amazing-space-technology-developmentsto-watch-for-in-2013 [29th July 2013]
[7] Spin-Off Cases of Space Technology in Japan (2009). Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. JAXA Special
Publication.
[8] Down to Earth (2001). Everyday Uses for European Space Technology. ESA
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